Modern Approaches on

Material Science
DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149

ISSN: 2641-6921 Research Article

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical

Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet
Anupam Kumar1, Ramratan2* and Rohit Kumar3
1
Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Punjab Technical University, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit
Singh Punjab Technical University, India
3
Research Scholar Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit
Singh Punjab Technical University, India
*Corresponding author: Ramratan, Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of
Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda-151001, Punjab, India

Received: March 31, 2020 Published: April 30, 2020

Abstract
In this experiment short flax fiber pulp is the natural fiber component chemically treated with alkaline solutions. Six specimens
will be prepared in different volume percentage of flax fiber pulp and epoxy resin in order to get more accurate results. In this
study it has been aimed to use flax fibres in composite materials and to study the mechanical properties of the produced samples.
The mechanical tests results (thickness test, Tensile strength and impact strength tests) and SEM micrographs indicated flax fibres
as an alternative natural fibre source for developing reinforced composites for various industries. The content of short flax fiber
pulp is varied (35%,45%,55%) weight percentage whereas the epoxy resin is varied (50%,40%,30%) percentage is kept constant
15% in hardener. Composites have been fabricated using hand layup technique using a suitable mold developed in industry. All the
sample have been tested in universal testing machine as per ASTM standard for tensile strength and impact strength it is observed
that composite with 35% flax fiber pulp is having highest tensile strength of 4 mm (4.34 Mpa) and 8 mm (6.02 Mpa). The impact
strength of composite with 35% flax fiber pulp was highest than 45%to 55% flax fiber pulp.

Keyword: Flax fiber pulp; Tensile strength; Impact strength

Introduction
engineering field due to their noble mechanical properties.
Nowadays, scientists and engineering working in the field
Advantages of this like as corrosion resistance, electrical insulation,
of material are too concerned with sustainability issues and
more stiffness and strength, fatigue resistance lesser in weight than
environmental protection. Therefore, environmentally friendly,
metal, easy process ability at less energy requirements in tooling
natural, recycled, or biodegradable material are attracting lot of
and assembly costs widely acceptable in structure Application
interest [1,2]. Due to environmentally friendly, bio degradation
[5,6]. A lot of advanced research literature is mentioned on natural
and sustainability, natural fiber composites are preferred as
fiber reinforced green composites in the way of refining mechanical
compared to conventional synthetic fiber-based composite.
strength and mark them suitable in many engineering applications.
Composites material are those materials which built from two or
The composite prepared from thermosetting resin which cannot
more constituent material with considerably different physical or
be reproduce or recycle. Because of these aims the attention of
chemical properties that when joined to develop composite [3,4].
composite material going in the direction of the green composites.
Composite material depends on the properties of constituent
Which do not have a negative effect on the environment and they
material the fiber and the resin used. At present day, the advance
are biodegradable, full sustainable, environment friendly in nature.
composites material has been broadly used composite in the

Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ramratan. 304

Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

All the above reasons force the researches to develop material that of different plant fibers and compared it with glass fibers. The
are biodegradable in nature and have good mechanical properties tensile strength and the young’s modulus of the synthetic fibers are
[7,8]. This research paper aims to discuss the development of visibly much higher than that of the natural fibers. However, the
different form of flax fiber pulp rein forced polymer composites difference in the specific values of synthetic and natural fiber, most
and their mechanical characterization and their mechanical important with respect to applications, is not as great. Jute and flax
characterization as per ASTM standard. natural fiber is composed have similar and better mechanical properties compared to other
of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and pectin. This resulted in natural fibers. Further the jute fibers are less dense than flax [18].
the important problem of compatibility between fiber and matrix It has surveyed the use of natural fibers in automotive sectors and
due to weakness in the adhesion between to surface fiber and the have found that demand is increasing day by day. We can also see
polymer matrix so changing the fiber surface by treatment. It is the the importance of compression molded parts. Major automotive
best method that researchers use to improve the strength and the suppliers make the most substantial contribution to the use of
compatibility between the interfacial bond strength [9,10]. natural fibers for composites. For the future, one can expect other
models in other vehicle segments and means of transport (e.g.
The surface treated fibers showed better efficiency then
small cars, trucks, trains), as well as in other European countries, to
the untreated. This sodium hydroxide treatment removes
be fitted with natural fiber press-molded parts [19].
hemicelluloses and lignin hiding the surface of the fiber. It is accepted
that the sodium hydroxide treatment result from increases surface The aim of this study is utilized agricultural waste which may
roughness which create better mechanical interlocking between be profitable, pollution free and economically viable for the farmer
fiber pulp. This research paper aims to discuss the development of and industries. These composites are also used in panel for partition
different form of flax fiber pulp reinforced polymer composites and and false ceiling, wall sheet, floor, window and door frame. This
their mechanical characterization as per ASTM standard [11-13]. present research works a short flax fibres pulp reinforced epoxy
The developed sisal fibre and its composites. The properties of sisal composite material sheet has been utilized with 35%, 45%, 55%.
fibre itself interface between sisal fibre and matrix, properties of but previous literature view studies according to was utilized flax
sisal-fibre in forced composites and their hybrid composites have fibre composite sheet 15% to 25%. Application of high-performance
been reviewed. It is observed Sisal and glass fibres can be combined composites using natural fibers is increasing in various engineering
to produce hybrid composites which take full advantage of the best field. Composite material comprising one or more phase belonging
properties of the constituents. Almost all the mechanical properties to natural or biological origin. The composites produced today
show `positive’ hybrid effects [14]. The highlighted that natural with the incorporation of natural fiber as reinforcements. In
fibers are suitable for load bearing materials such as roofs and epoxy matrix are used for boat hulls, surfboards, sporting goods,
beams. If the materials have tensile strength more than 50Mpa they building panel this not only reduces the cost but also save from
can be used in roofs. Furthermore, for infrastructure applications environmental pollution.
where the use of synthetic fibers is not suitable, natural fibers can
Materials and Methods
be a suitable substitute. Jute mats reinforced composites have been
used for trenchless rehabilitation of underground drainpipes and Materials
water pipes. Availability of fibers is also an important parameter for Raw Materials: Short flax fiber put 1 kg fiber in the cooking
mass production [15]. Mechanical properties of woven jute fabric pot. Make a solution of sodium hydroxide pour the solution in the
reinforced poly (L-lactic acid) composites. Woven jute composites pot with flax fiber and boil for 2 to 3 hour, after that, it will become
in warp and weft directions presented superior mechanical pulp and we will wait for it to cool down and wash him with water
properties than non-woven jute fabric (NWJF) composites. The three to four time, after that we will blend with the help of blending
influence of woven structure and direction on the properties such machine and then we will are squeeze with help of cotton fabric.
as tensile, flexural and impact properties was investigated. Finally,
Reinforcement: The purpose of the reinforcement in a
it can be concluded that PLLA based woven jute fabric composites
composite material is to increase the mechanical properties of the
might be a good alternate of synthetic fiber composites and are
neat resin system. All of the different fibers used in composites have
suitable for high load bearing applications [16]. The investigation
different properties and so affect the properties of the composite
on bidirectional jute fiber, a natural fiber abundantly available in
in different ways. For most of the applications, the fibers need to
India. The minimum and maximum void content are in neat epoxy
be arranged into some form of sheet, known as a fabric, to make
and 12 wt. % fiber loading specimens respectively. It is also found
handling Possible.
from the study that the void content decreases with the increase in
fiber loading. The hardness, tensile properties and impact strength Natural fiber composites: Natural fiber composites are made
of the jute-epoxy composites increases with the increase in fiber of cotton, flax, jute, sisal, hemp and non-conventional fiber such as
loading. Flexural strength and inter-laminar shear strength are coir & different EFBs (empty fruit bunches) and wood fibers. Wood
greatly influenced by the void content [17]. Tabulated the values fiber thermoplastic composites are attractive, insect- and rot-

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 305
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

resistant, and paintable that can be made to have the look of wood. cost glass fibers for low load bearing applications.
In addition, they are stiffer, cheaper than plastic products, with
Preparation of composites sheet: After that, the polyester
more life cycle coseo, vegetable fiber thermoplastic composites are
resin and hardener mixed in a container and stirred well for 3 to 5
attractive to the automotive industry because of their low density
minutes. The flax fiber pulp was then added gradually and Stirred
and ecological advantages over conventional composites natural
to allow proper dispersion of fiber pulp within the gel like mixture.
fibres are lingo cellulosic in nature. These composites are gaining
Before the mixture were poured inside the mould, the mould was
importance due to their non-carcinogenic and bio-degradable
initially polished with a release agent to prevent the composites
nature. The natural fiber composites can be very cost-effective
from sticking to the mould upon removal. Finally, after the mixture
material especially for building and construction industry (panels,
had been poured into the mould, it was left at sunlight for 3 to 5 day.
false ceilings, boards etc.) packaging, automobile and railway coach
For fully cured and hardened.
interiors and storage devices. This also can be a potential candidate
in making of composites, especially for partial replacement of high Hardener: To convert epoxy resin to epoxy plastic a reaction
take place with a suitable substance called hardener. Tables 1&2.

Table 1: Chemical composition of flex fiber.

S.no Properties (%) Range %

1 Cellulose 56.5
2 Hemi-cellulose 15.4
3 Lignin 2.5
4 Pectin 3.8
5 Fat & wax 1.3
6 Water soluble materials 10.5

Table 2: Sample composition.

S. No. Thickness (mm) Pulp ratio % Epoxy % Hardener %

1 4 35 50 15
2 4 45 40 15
3 4 55 30 15
4 8 35 50 15
5 8 45 40 15
6 8 55 30 15

Reason to choose flax fiber pulp: Short flax fiber is most the distance between the plate is measured precisely. The thickness
widely use flax fiber pulp reinforced biodegradable polymer are test was performed as per ASTMD – 1777 standard.
the category of the composites in which flax fiber pulp is used
Tensile strength testing: Tensile strength is the ability of
as reinforcements. There are lot of biodegradable polymer are
material to Resist the forces that pulls it apart or it is the resistance
available as polylactic acid (PLA), poly hydroxyl – butyrate (PHB).
of material to breakage under tension. The tensile test was
A lot of research work has been done with the help of all these
performed as per ASTMD – 638 standards. For tensile testing the
is a wide scope of research is there in future specially on the
Specimen were cut as per the dimensions, detailed dimensions for
machining of these biodegradable polymer composites. Flax fiber
this are shown in figure the test were conducted using a universal
pulp superior on light weight and environmentally friendly. After
testing machine (UTM). Two sample of each composite were tested,
completing of usable life of product made up from green composite.
and their mean value are taken. (Figures 1-3)
It can be completely dissolved after buried in the soil and residual
left as carbon dioxide and water. Green composites are a renewable, Tensile strength = maximum load /Area of Specimen
environmentally friendly and biodegradable in nature. Impact strength: Impact strength is the ability of a material to
Methods absorb impact energy without breaking. Impact test are performed
to know the toughness of material. The specimen was subjected to
Thickness testing: For measuring the Thickness of a wire or a
a large amount of force for a small interval of time. A material with
plate, calipers micrometer is used. Principal of the measurement of
more impact energy will have more toughness. For impact strength
sheet thickness, the sample is kept between two plane parallel plate
testing the Specimen were cut as per the dimensions, detailed
and a known arbitrary pressure is applied between the plates than
dimensions for this are shown in (Figures 4-6).

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 306
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

Figure 1: Tensile specimen dimensions shape.

Figure 2: (a) tensile strength specimen, (b) After tensile strength testing.

Figure 3: Tensile strength instruments.

Figure 4: Impact strength instrument.

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 307
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

Figure 5: (a) Impact specimen, (b) after impact strength.

Figure 6: (a) Different beam light penetration of the SEM images for Composite.

Fractured surface morphology using field Emission beam with atom at or near the surface of the sample SEM can
scanning Electron microscope (FESEM) produce very high-resolution images of a sample surface Revealing
details about less than 1 to 5 min in size due to the very Narrow
SEM is basically an electron microscope that images the sample
electron beam. SEM micrographs have a large depth of field
surface by scanning it with a high. Energy beam of electrons. The
yielding a characteristic three-dimensional Appearance useful for
signals produced by SEM result from interaction of the electron
understanding the surface of a sample show below (Figure 7a & b).

Figure 7: (b) Different beam light penetration of the SEM images for Composite sheet.

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 308
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

Results and Discussions

Tables 3-10.
Table 3: Sheet thickness test.

S.no Pulp ratio (%) Various thickness (mm) Mean thickness(mm)

1 35 4.23,4.56,4.37,4.46,4.76,4.40,4.52,4.38,3.95, 4.02 4.365
2 45 4.44,4.25,4.45,4.35,4.65,4.75,4.98,5.07,5.17,5.12 4.723
3 55 4.02,4.12,4.23,4.39,4.27,4.52,4.56,4.75,4.37,4.44 4.372
4 35 8.12,8.25,8.45,8.52,8.75,8.42,8.35,8.21,8.42,8.72 8.421
5 45 8.21,8.23,8.24,8.44,8.12,8.62,8.36,8.54,8.41,8.75 8.392
6 55 8.35,8.46,8.65,8.37,8.56,8.28,8.14,8.19,8.23,8.40 8.363

Table 4: Sample GSM.

S. No Thickness (mm) Pulp ratio % Weight (gm) GSM (g/m2)

1 4 35 153 153gm/0.03 = 5100
2 4 45 138 138gm/0.03 = 4600
3 4 55 126 126gm/0.03 = 4200
4 8 35 243 243gm/0.03 = 8100
5 8 45 232 232gm/0.03 = 7733
6 8 55 222 222gm/0.03 = 7400

Table 5: Sample density.

S.no Thickness(mm) Pulp Ratio % Density (g/m3)

1 4 35 153gm/120 = 1.275
2 4 45 138gm/120 = 1.150
3 4 55 126gm/120 = 1.050
4 8 35 243gm/240 = 1.012
5 8 45 232gm/240 = 0.966
6 8 55 222gm/240 = 0.925

Table 6: Tensile specimen dimension size.

S.no. Symbol Description Dimension(mm)

1 I0 Gauge length 145
2 I1 Grip distance 160
3 I2 Overall length 240
4 B Width of narrow parallel portion 15
5 b1 Width end 30
6 T Thickness 4,8

Table 7: Impact specimen dimensions.

S. No Description Dimension (mm)

1 Length of specimen 63.5
2 Centering of notch 2.54
3 Radius of notch type V 0.25
4 Angle of notch 45°
5 Width 12.7
6 Thickness 4, 8

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 309
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

Table 8: Impact Specimen dimension.

S.no Description Dimension(mm)

1 Length of Specimen 63.5mm
2 Centering of notch 2.54mm
3 Radius of notch type V 0.25mm
4 Angle of notch 45°
5 Width 12.7
6 Thickness 4,8

Table 9: Tensile strength results.

Tensile strength Tensile strength 2

S. No Pulp ratio (%) Thickness (mm) Mean tensile strength
1(Mpa) ASTMD 638 (Mpa) ASTMD 638
1 35 4 4.72 3.96 4.34
2 45 4 3.86 3.44 3.65
3 55 4 2.56 2.92 2.74
4 35 8 7.35 4.69 6.02
5 45 8 5.12 4.21 4.66
6 55 8 3.46 3.23 3.34

Table 10: Impact strength results.

Impact energy 1(Kj/ Impact Energy 2(Kj/

S. No Pulp ratio (%) Thickness (mm) Mean Impact energy
m2) ASTMD 256 m2) ASTMD 256
1 35 4 1.76 1.21 1.485
2 45 4 1.16 1.27 1.215
3 55 4 1.46 1. 37 1.415
4 35 8 3.12 2.59 2.855
5 45 8 2.13 1.26 1.695
6 55 8 1.22 1.35 1.285

Density for the Composite Sheet c. But as the density increases results in increases of
hardness of sheet as measured above.
a. The density testing was done on six composite plate and
the result are noted in form of Table 5. d. As per shows (Figure 8) analysis of composite plate of
Density module of composites.
b. As we can see that as pulp to resin ratio, when the
percentage of pulp is decrease, we have increase in density of e. The decrease in pulp percentage give higher density as
composites. analyzed by the graph.

Figure 8: Pulp ratio and density of the composites sheet.

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 310
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

Tensile Strength for the Composite Sheet a. The tensile testing was done on six composite sheet and
result are noted in form of Table 9.
Six different types of composites sample are tested In DAK
series 7200 machine name universal testing machine. Sample are b. As per show the below (Figure 9). It clearly Analyze the
lifted to break till the ultimate strength occurs. The Table 9 the data which lead to highest tensile strength of composite sheet
variation in tensile strength of different samples. having composition of 35%pulp and 50% Resin.

Figure 9: Pulp ratio and mean tensile strength of the composites sheet.

Impact Strength for the Composite Sheet a. The impact testing was done on six composite sheet and
result are noted in form of Table 10.
The impact capability of sample impact test is carried out using
Izod–charpy digital impact testing machine. Absorbed energy b. The graph shows analysis of composite sheet of impact
obtained for six different composite sample from the machine. strength
The Table 10. Shows the variation in impact strength of different c. The below (Figure 10). It clearly Analyze the data which
samples. lead to highest impact strength of composite sheet having
composition of 35%pulp and 50% resin.

Figure 10: Pulp ratio and mean impact energy of the composites sheet.

Conclusion the optimum composition and methodology to manufacture

such a composite material. This study involves mechanical
The results of the work show that a useful composite with
Characterization of properties of Wheat straw pulp epoxy resin
good properties could be successfully development using wheat
composites. experimental and analytical observation of pulp or
straw pulp as reinforcing agent for the Polymer of composites
resin composites leads to following.
tensile strength and impact strength. This process leads to finding

Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 311
Mod App Matrl Sci. Volume 2 - Issue 5 Copyrights @ Ramratan, et al.

a. The decrease in pulp percentage give higher density of 7. Nasmi Herlina sari, I. N. G. Wardana, Yudy Surya Irawan, Eko S. Physical
and acoustical properties of corn husk fiber panels. Advances in
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the farmer and industries. 11. Sandhyarani Biswas, Alok Satapathy and Amar Patnaik (2010) Effect
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The Authors wishes to express their heartfelt gratitude to American journal of mechanical engineering 5(3): 76-86.
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conducting the Required test in their laboratories. Special thanks fiber reinforced polymer composites. Proceedings of an international
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Citation: Anupam K, Ramratan, Rohit K. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Flax Fibres Pulp Reinforced
Composites Material Sheet. Mod App Matrl Sci 2(5)- 2020. MAMS.MS.ID.000149. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000149. 312