SISTER NIVEDITA GOVERNMENT

NURSING COLLEGE

IGMC, SHIMLA

SUBJECT: NURSING EDUCATION

TOPIC: ANECDOTAL RECORDS AND CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. Sangeeta Sharma Archita Sharma

Lecturer MSC(N) 1st Year

SNGNC, IGMC SNGNC, IGMC

Shimla Shimla

SUBMITTED ON:
INTRODUCTION

Name of the student: Archita Sharma

Name of the evaluator: Mrs. Sangeeta Sharma

Topic: Anecdotal Records and Critical Incident Technique.

Date:

Group: MSc (N) 1st year

Venue of teaching: MSC (N) 1st year

Language: English

Method of teaching: Lecture cum discussion

Duration: 30-45 minutes

Previous knowledge: Students have adequate knowledge about Anecdotal records and Critical Incident technique.
Sr. No. Time Specific Content Teaching AV- Aids Evaluation
 Objective Learning
method

1. 1 min To introduce self. INTRODUCTION OF SELF - - -

Good morning, ma’am. Good morning class. My name is

Archita Sharma and I am here to present my presentation on
the topic ‘Anecdotal records and Critical incident technique.’

So, anyone of you know about the Anecdotal records and

Critical incident technique.

2. 2 min To introduce the ANECDOTAL RECORDS Lecture cum What are

topic ‘Anecdotal Discussion anecdotal
An anecdotal record is an observation that is written like a
Records.’ records?
short story. They are descriptions of incidents or events that
are important to the person observing. Anecdotal records are
short, objective and as accurate as possible.

3. 2 min To define DEFINITION Lecture cum PowerPoint Define

Anecdotal According to Randall, Discussion Presentation Anecdotal
records. Anecdotal records are a record of some significant item of records.
conduct, a record of an episode in the life of students, a word
picture of the student in action, a word snapshot at the
 moment of the incident, any narration of the events in which
may be significant about his personality.
4. 4 min To explain the CHARECTERISTICS OF ANECDOTAL RECORDS Lecture cum PowerPoint What are the
characteristics of Anecdotal records must possess certain characteristics as Discussion Presentation characteristics of
anecdotal records. given below- Anecdotal
 They should contain a factual description of records?
what happened, when it happened, and under
what circumstances the behaviour occurred.
 The interpretations and recommended action
should be noted separately from the description.
 Each anecdotal record should contain a record of a
single incident.
 The incident recorded should be that is considered to
be significant to the student’s growth and
development of example.
 Simple reports of behaviour
 Result of direct observation.
 Accurate and specific.
 Gives context of child's behaviour.
 Records typical or unusual behaviour.
5. 3 min To discuss the PURPOSES OF ANECDOTAL RECORDS Lecture cum What are the
purposes of  To furnish the multiplicity of evidence needed for purposes of
 anecdotal records. good cumulative record. Discussion. anecdotal
 To substitute for vague generalizations about records?
student’s specific exact description of behaviour.
 To stimulate teachers to look for information i.e.,
pertinent in helping each student realize good self-
adjustment.
 To understand individual’s basic personality pattern
and his reactions in different situations.
 The teacher is able to understand her pupil in a
realistic manner.
 It provides an opportunity for healthy pupil- teacher
relationship.
 It can be maintained in the areas of behaviour that
cannot be evaluated by other systematic method.
 Helps the students to improve their behaviour, as it is
direct feedback of an entire observed incident, the
student can analyse his behaviour better.
 Can be used by students for self-appraisal and peer
assessment.
6. 5 min To explain the GUIDELINES FOR MAKING ANECDOTAL Lecture cum What are the
guidelines for RECORDS Discussion guidelines for
making anecdotal  Keep a notebook handy to make brief notes to remind making
 records. you of incidents you wish to include in the record. anecdotal
 Also include the name, time and setting in your notes. records?
 Write the record as soon as possible after the event.
The longer you leave it to write your anecdotal
record, the more subjective and vaguer the
observation will become.
 In your anecdotal record identify the time, child, date
and setting.
 Describe the actions and what was said.
 Include the responses of other people if they relate to
the action.
 Describe the event in the sequence that it occurred.
 Record should be complete.
 They should be compiled and filed.
 They should be emphasized as an educational
resource.
 The teacher should have practice and training in
making observations and writing records.

7. 4 min To briefly discuss ITEMS IN ANECDOTAL RECORDS Lecture cum What are the
the items to be  To relate the incident correctly for drawing discussion items to be
included in inferences the following items to be incorporated. included in
 anecdotal records.  The first part of an anecdotal record should be anecdotal
factual, simple and clear. records.
 Name of the students
 Unit/ ward/ department
 Date and time
 Brief report of what happened.
 The second part of an anecdotal record may include
additional comments, analysis and conclusions based
on interpretations and judgments.
8. 2 min To explain the USES OF ANECDOTAL RECORDS Lecture cum What are the
uses of anecdotal  Record unusual events, such as accidents. discussion. uses of anecdotal
records.  Record children's behaviour, skills and interests for records?
planning purposes.
 Record how an individual is progressing in a specific
area of development.
 It provides a means of communication between the
members of the health care team and facilitates
coordinated planning and continuity of care. It acts as
a medium for data exchange between the health care
team.
 Clear, complete, accurate and factual documentation
 provides a reliable, permanent record of patient care.
9. 2 min To introduce CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE Lecture cum Power point What do you
Presentation.
critical incident  The critical incident technique was originated and is Discussion understand by
technique. being used from the 1950’s by John Flanagan. The Critical incident
critical incident technique (CIT) is a set of technique?
procedures used for collecting direct observations of
human behaviour that have critical significance and
meet methodically defined criteria.
 Psychologist John Flanagan first introduced use of
critical incident during World War II while
attempting to evaluate men in armed forces.
Meaning of Critical incident technique:

According to Flanagan;

Critical incidents are defined as extreme behaviour, either

outstandingly effective or ineffective with respect to
attaining the general aims of the activity.

He named events/ incidents as critical as we all know that

extreme incidents can be more accurately identified than
behaviour which is more nearly average in character.
 An Incident is meant any observable human activity that is
sufficiently complete in itself to permit inferences and
predictions to be made about the person performing the act.

10. 2 mins To define critical DEFINITION Lecture Cum Define Critical

incident  The critical incident technique (CIT) is a systematic Discussion Incident
technique. procedure for obtaining rich, qualitative information Method. Technique.
about significant incidents from observers with
firsthand experience, which in turn helps researchers
understand the critical requirements for individuals,
processes or systems.
 It is a set of procedure used for collecting direct
observations of human behavior that have critical
significance and methodically criticize.

EFFECTIVE BEHAVIORS
Effective behavior includes positive behaviors which
especially contribute to patient care services, i.e. completion
of an assignment or achievement of an objective,
maintenance of quality in nursing care of patients.
INEFFECTIVE BEHAVIORS
Ineffective behaviors are negative behaviors which interfere
 with good nursing care or lead to poor nursing care.
11. 4 mins To describe the CRITERIA FOR USING CRITICAL INCIDENT Lecture Cum What is the
criteria for using  The actual behavior must be reported rather than general traits. Discussion criteria for using
critical incidents.  The behavior must be actually observed by the response. method. critical incident?
 All relevant factors in the incident must be given.
 The observer must make a definite judgement about the
behavior that is considered to be critical.
A collection of critical incidents is made on the basis of day-to-day
observation of nurses in providing nursing care, as soon as possible after
they occur.
The following procedure may help in keeping records of critical
incidents that are relevant and useful.
 Determine whether the incident observed was critical.
 Decide if the behavior was effective or ineffective,
 Relate the behavior noted to a specific standard and objective
for the performance of the activity surveyed.
 Record the incident indicating the date, time and a brief
description of the incident. Use as few words as possible.
12. 3 mins To explain the METHOD OF CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE
method of critical
incident
technique.
 Determine and It includes collecting all the information
review the incident related with an incident, which involves
collecting the details of the incident from the
participant.
Identify issues After gathering all information, need to
identify which issues are faced by persons in
a particular incident.
Determine ways to It includes finding out possible solutions and
resolve issues how to resolve an issue based on various
possible solutions.
Evaluation of Which will determine if the solution that
resolution was selected will solve the root cause of the
situation and will cause no further problems.
13. 3 mins To explain the RECORDING OF CRITICAL INCIDENT Lecture cum How will you
recording of  The student’s performance can have two parts. Discussion record Critical
critical incident.  Number of incidents, effective and ineffective can be Method. incident?
summarized.
 The period of observation can be mentioned in the form.
 Signature of the evaluator, signature of the person, who is
being observed and evaluated and comments should be
 included.
14. 3 mins To discuss the ADVANTAGES Lecture Cum What are the
advantages of  Data is collected from the respondent’s perspective and in his Discussion. advantages of
critical incident or her own words. Critical incident
technique.  Does not force the respondents into any given framework. technique?
 Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other
methods which only focus on common and everyday events.
 Useful when problems occur but the cause and severity are not
known.
 Inexpensive and provides rich information.
 Easy to understand.
 In certain agencies, this method is used for performance
appraisal.

15. 2 mins To discuss the DISADVANTAGES Lecture Cum What are the
disadvantages of  CIT may lack in accuracy or may even go unreported as they Discussion disadvantages of
critical incident rely on memory. Method. Critical Incident
technique.  The method has a built-in bias towards incidents that happened Technique?
recently, since these are easier to recall.
 Respondents may not be familiar to or willing to take the time
to tell (or write) a complete story when describing a critical
 incident.

CONCLUSION

An anecdotal record is a detailed descriptive narrative recorded after a specific behavior or interaction occurs. Anecdotal records inform teachers
as they plan learning experiences, provide information to families, and give insights into identifying possible developmental delays.
Whereas critical incident technique provides rich contextual information can be obtained using this technique. It generates information and
uncovers tacit knowledge through assisting participants to describe their thought processes and actions during the event.
SUMMARY