1.

Constituent structure is accurately characterized as:

a) Horizontal groupings of phrases
b) Grouping of words called constituents
c) Hierarchically organized groupings of words and phrases
d) Vertically organized groupings of words and phrases
2. Decide in which of the following the underlined sequence is a constituent
a) Natural language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers
b) Natural language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers
c) Natural language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers
d) Natural language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers
3. The VERB characterizing categories in one of the following sets are signalled by INFLECTIONAL endings
a) Tense, aspect
b) Aspect, voice
c) Voice, number
d) Number, mood
4. Certain verb forms in English are called NON-FINITE. Mark the sequence which includes such verb form only
a) Present tense, infinitive
b) Past tense, past participle
c) Past participle, present participle
d) Present tense, past tense
5. According to an established FORMAL DEFINITION adjectives are words which are
a) Gradable
b) Names of properties/characteristics
c) Heads of adjective phrases
d) A and C
6. Only one of the answers gives the INFLECTED FORMS of the English adjective and adverb
a) Synthetic comparative, analytic superlative
b) Synthetic comparative, synthetic superlative
c) Positive, comparative, superlative
d) Synthetic positive, analytic comparative, analytic superlative
7. The compliexity of NP modification is determined by the type of noun in the position of the head. Select the type of noun which
permits the smallest number or no modifiers at all
a) Personal pronoun
b) Common noun
c) Proper noun
d) Indefinite pronoun
8. Which of the following grammatical structures can function as NP postmodifiers
a) Only relative clauses
b) Adjectives, prepositional phrases and participles
c) Only prepositional phrases
d) Prepositional phrases, participles and relative clauses
9. What are the names of grammatical aspects in English according to descriptive grammar
a) Passive, reflexive
b) Passive, reflexive, perfective, progressive
c) Perfective, progressive
d) Passive, perfective, progressive
10. Which of the following are transformational categories, i.e. categories which denote rearrangement of entire sentences rather
than of the verbs which occur in these syntactic structures
a) Tense, aspect mood
b) Emphasis, mood, tense
c) Voice, negation, interrogation
d) Person, number, tense
11. English VGrs can be characterized by several categories. Select the sequence which includes only VGr characterizing categories
a) Tense, aspect, mood
b) Mood, voice, number
c) Emphasis, negation, interrogation
d) Person, number, tense
12. Verbs and their complements fit into three types of patterns. Mark the sequence fitting ONE-COMPLEMENT pattern
a) Monotransitive and intensive verbs
b) Complex transitive and ditransitive verbs
c) Monotransitive and prepositional verbs
d) A and C
 13. AP complements are taken by the verbs of
a) Intensive and complex-transitive type
b) Intransitive and complex-transitive type
c) Complex-transitive and ditransitive type
d) Monotransitive and complex-transitive type
14. The sequence of elements in the structure of AUX is correctly given in
a) Tns M perf prog
b) Tns M Prog Perf
c) M Pref Prog Pass
d) Tns Pref Prog Pass
15. The top-to bottom arrangement of levels within VP is correctly given in
a) AUX level – VGr level – Adjunct level – Complement level
b) Complement level – Aux level – VGr level – Adjunct level
c) Adjunct level – Complement level – VGr level – AUX level
d) VGr level – Complement level – Adjunct level – AUX level
16. In structural terms the PREDICATE FUNCTION should be defined as
a) VP immediately dominated by another VP
b) An expression used to say something about subject
c) VP modified by complement
d) VP immediately dominated by S
17. From structural viewpoint, the governor function should be assigned to
a) VP immediately dominated by another VP
b) An expression used to say something about the subject
c) VP modified by complement
d) VP immediately dominated by S
18. Unlike adjuncts , disjuncts are modifiers of
a) An element within an entire sentence
b) The whole of the sentence
c) VP in the sentence
d) VGr within VP
19. Conjuncts differ from disjuncts in that their basic function is to
a) Express comment by the speaker
b) Link sentences into a coherent discourse
c) Link adjuncts into grammatical sequence
d) Modify sentence they belong to
20. Phrases and sentences result from the interaction of various grammar rules. Put the names of the relevant rules on the dotted
lines
1………Structure building rules 2 lexical insertion rules…………..

…Deep structure

3………structure changing rules..

…………surface structure

4 ………………………………morphophonemic rules…

Spoken/written representation
21. Group and arrange hierarchically the given syntactic terms. The term given in bold belongs to the highest level of the hierarchy

SYNTAX – Syntactic structure – Syntactic rules -

structure-building rules: NP→ Det, P→P NP, S→NP VP

Stucture changing rules: Affix placement

Syntactic analysis: Subject-Predicate – head-modifier – Governor-Complement

Grammatical analysis: - NP, VP, AP, AdvP, PP ; NOM

Functional analysis: Modifier- Head, Governor-Complement

22. For the following complex and compound words draw constituent structures tree diagrams. In doing so apply square angle
notation

1.Analyz+2.abil 3.ity 2.re+1.consider +3.ation 4,personal 3.income 2.tax 1.report

23. Draw tree diagram showing the constituent structures of the following phrases and next give the words which make 2 nd and 4th
level constituents in the indicated places

L2: A thick carpet – on the ground

A thick carpet of snow on the ground = L4 (all sentence)

24. Due to the different grammatical functions of the underlined part the sentence below ( given twice for your convenience) is
2way ambiguous. By drawing different tree diagrams show the ambiguity. Apply square angle notation.

What excellent courses are available here? What excellent courses are available here!
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Function: question word Function: degree word
25. Mark the answer which correctly describes the dependency and the functions of the two bracketed parts of the sentence
(Grammars of English) ( usually recognize different kinds of grammatical functions)
a) Two-way dependency: head- complement
b) One-way dependency: head-modifier ???
c) Two-way dependency: subject-predicate
d) One-way dependency: governor-complement
26. Draw functional structure (e.g. modifier, predicate, governor etc.) tree diagram representing the following non-English structure
and name the function of each constituent. Apply square angle notation.

All the bohams could desom their tiffored conmels plenteously

27. Put into a brackets the symbols representing the names of parts of speech and phrases, and connect them to correctly illustrate
the constituent structure of the analysed phrase
Noun + verb
Sentences are
Vertical = adj.
Arrangements = Noun
Of constituents = PP

28. Identify the complement pattern and the class of verbs in each of the following sentences
a) The willness for the prosecution has disappeared – zero complement - intransitive
b) The candidate amused the board of examiners – One comp. - monotran
c) It doesn’t sound much fun – one comp. - intensive
d) Mary has been feeding her cat smoked tuna fish – two comp. ditransitive
e) I won’t apply for the membership any more – one comp – prepositional verb
f) The committee nominated her Cheerleader of the Year – two comp. – complex-trans.

29. Draw different diagrams showing the constituent of the four VGrs. Begin with the Vp nodes and give the complements that
agree with the type of verb in each VGr.
 Might have been nominated by them will have been transforming the system
30. In the following text identify the ADJUNCTS, DISJUNCTS and CONJUNCTS and list them below
Traditionally metaphors and metonymies have been regarded as ornamental devices used in the rhetorical style. However the
expressions like the foot of the mountain and talks between Tel Aviv and Washington indicate that the two phenomena play an
important part in everyday language. Moreover, cognitive linguistics has shown that we apply metaphors and metonymies
effectively in our conceptualizations of abstract categories. As a result, from now on metaphors and metonymies should be
viewed as powerful cognitive tool.
ADJUNCT… in everyday language……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DISJUNCT………Traditionally……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
CONJUNCT…………Moreover……………However………………As a result………………………………………………………………………..
31. Which of the given sequences of rules involved in the formation of the question- His son has been bought a notebook by John –
is the correct one?
a) Passive > object movement > affix placement> agreement
b) Affix placement> object movement> passive>agreement
c) Object movement>passive > affix placement > agreement
d) Passive > object movement > affix placement > agreement
32. Give the complete derivational history (from the deep structure, through the rules in the order in which apply, down to the
written representation)

His help has been offered to his wife by the husband

33. One of the following sentences s true about English

a) Celtic language of analytic character which lost its inflection in Old English Period
b) Germanic language of analytic character which lost its inflection in Middle English Period
c) Romance language of synthetic character which lost its inflection in Modern English Period
d) Scandinavian language of synthetic character which lost its inflection in Modern English Period
34. One of the following statements is TRUE ABOUT POLISH
a) Eastern Slavonic agglutinating language
b) Southern Slavonic analytic language
c) Northern Slavonic fusional language
d) Western Slavonic synthetic language