INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

CONCEPT OF CRIMINOLOGY
° CRIMINOLOGY - It is the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of the
society to prevent and suppress them. It is also a study of crime as a social phenomenon. It includes
within its scope the making of laws, the breaking of law and the reactions towards the breaking of
laws.
° CRIMINOLOGY is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It defined also as
a multidisciplinary study of crimes.
° PAUL TOPINARD - He was the Anthropologist who introduced the word criminology, sometime in
1889. He derived it from the Latin word “crimen”, which can be translated to offense.
° R.A. 6506 - An act that created the Board of Criminologists of the Philippines and for other
purposes. It took effect on July 1, 1972.
° CRIMINOGENIC PROCESSES — explain human behavior and the experiences which help the
nature of a persons' personality as reaching mechanism. Factors and experiences in connection
thereto infringe differently upon different personalities producing conflict which is the aspect of crime.
° CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS — study of mental process of criminals in action
° DEMENTIA PRAECOX — a collective term of mental disorder that begins shortly after puberty and
leads to general failure of the mental faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment.
Delusion — a false belief about self cause by morbidity, paranoia and dementia praecox.
° EROTOMANIA — a morbid propensity to love or make love; uncontrollable sexual desire by
members of either sex.
° EPISODIAC CRIMINAL — a non criminal person who commits crime when under emotional stress.
° LOGOMACY — a statement that we would have no crime if we have no criminal law and that we
can eliminate crimes by merely abolishing criminal law.
KLEPTOMANIAC — an uncontrollable morbid
propensity to steal. He is pathological stealer. Masochism — a condition of sexual perversion in which
a person derives pleasure from being dominated or cruelly treated.
° MELANCHOLIA — a mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and depression of spirits.
Megalomania- a mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself ad great or exalted.

° ANTHROPOLOGY — science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its
physical, mental and cultural history.
° CRIMINALISTICS - the sum total application of all science in crime detection.
° CRIMINALIST - a person who is trained in science of application of instruments and methods to the
detection of crime
°
° CRIME- An act committed or omitted in violation of a law, forbidding or commanding it. It is a
generic term for offense, felony and delinquency.
° DELINQUENCY - An act or omission that violates simple rules and regulations, punishable by a
short period of imprisonment or a small fine.
°
FELONY - An acts or omission punishable by the revised penal code.
° OFFENSE - is an acts or omission punishable by special law.
° MISDEAMEMOR - is act or omission in violation of city or municipality ordinances
° DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - refers to a behavior which is outside the range of normal societal toleration
° CRIMINAL - one who committed acts punishable by the laws and has been convicted by final
judgment.
DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
1Criminal Etiology - it is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of the crime.
2Sociology of law — an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions which penal/criminal laws has
developed as a process of formal and social control.
3Penology — concerned with the control and prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology cannot be considered as a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity, not
stable and homogenous as it varies from one place to another. However, it is a science when applied
to law enforcement and prevention of crimes under the following nature:
1 It is an applied science- by application of different scientific instruments. In can also be applied in
the study of causes of crime, anthropology, sociology, psychology and other natural science.
2 It is a social science — its study is a part of social science because crime is a social phenomenon
and a social creation.
3 It is dynamic — criminology changes as the social condition changes.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1 It is an Applied Science- It involves other sciences such as psychology, sociology, psychiatry,
anthropology, medicine, chemistry, mathematics, etc., in a process known as instrumentation.
2 It is a Social Science- Crime is a social
phenomenon, thus, its study involves the society as a whole.
3 It is Dynamic- Criminology changes as social condition does.
4 It is Nationalistic- Practice of criminology must be in adherence to the laws of the nation.
OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY
1Crime
2Criminals
3Criminal Behavior
4Victims of Crime
°
MAJOR ALLIED SCIENCES OF CRIMINOLOGY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
1 Sociology (Sociological Criminology) - The study of crime that is focused on a group of people and
the society as a whole.
2 Psychology- (Psychological Criminology) - Deals with the study of behavior and mental processes
of criminals.
3 Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology) - A science that deals with the study of criminal behavior in
terms of motives and drives.
4Anthropology (Anthropological Criminology) - Deals with the study of mankind, particularly,
the culture and physical features of distinctive groups of people.
5Physiology (Physiological Criminology) - Studies function of various organs of the body, in relation to
the behavior of a particular person.
SCOPE OF STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY
1 Criminal Ecology — study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community.
2 Criminal Epidemiology — study of the relationship between environment and criminality.
3Criminal Physical Anthropology — study of criminality in relation between mind and behavior of a
criminal.
4Criminological research — study of crime correlated with antecedent variables, state of crime trend
5Victimology — study of the role of the victim of crime
6 Criminological Theories — study of the different theories as the genesis of criminal behavior
WHERE CAN INCREASE IN CRIME IN URBAN CENTERS BE ATTRIBUTED?
1 Lack of sound prevention planning
2Interplay of accelerated social changes which are the aftermath of the development
3 Apathy of the community towards involvement in the campaign against criminality.
BROAD WAYS OF SOCIAL RESPONSES TO THE CRIME
PROBLEM
1Prevention per use
2Rehabilitation
3Control
APPROACHES TO THE GOAL OF PRODUCING CRIMES
1Crime suppression or reaction measures undertaken after the commission
2Crime prevention or proaction measures undertaken before the commission of crime.
TRIAD OF CRIME
° The so called triad of crime consists of desire, capability and opportunity. These are the factors
which led to the commission of crime.
AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF CRIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES DIFFICULT TO PORTRAY: REASONS
1A lot of crimes are not reported to the police
2Not all crimes are reflected in the records in the police crime registers.
3Many crimes which are directly referred to the prosecutors are recorded in the police crime registers.
4There is yet no earnest and persistent effort on the part of the police or any agency of the
government for determining systematically the extent of unreported crimes in the country.
WAYS OF COMBATING A CRIME
1 To wage a massive information dissemination campaign on crime prevention
2To strengthen law enforcement agencies
3To formulate effective rehabilitation program for the convicted offender.
LEVELS OF CRIME PREVENTION
1Primary level — identification of factors in the environment which contributes to criminally deviant
behavior.
2Secondary level - identification of individual or group of persons with criminally deviant behavior.
3Tertiary level - formulation of rehabilitation measure to prevent recidivism.
AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT THAT IS PRIMARILY CHARGED WITH THE CAMPAIGN TO
PREVENT CRIMES
1The CRIME PREVENTION AND COORDINATION SERVICES of the NAPOLCOM
2The Regional Offices of the NAPOLCOM for the provinces and the cities.
3Offices of the NAPOLCOM provincial Officers in every province for the municipalities or towns.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME
° It does not respect age, sex, culture, customs, race, and religion of the society.
° It is a worldwide phenomenon.
° It occurs in all existing economic strata.
° Its causes are multifarious.
° It is difficult to eradicate.
° There must be a certain external consequence or harm caused.
° The harm must be forbidden by law
° There must be an intentional or reckless action.
° “Mens Rea” must be present.
° There must be a fusion or concurrence of mens rea and conduct
° There must be a casual relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the act.
° There must be a legally prescribed punishment for the act.
FACTORS THAT ENHANCES CRIMINALITY
1 Criminal Demography - Study of the relationship between criminality and population.
2 Criminal Epidiomology - Study of criminality in relation to the uneven distribution of crime
3 Criminal Ecology - Study of the relationship between criminality and the environment.
4 Criminal Physical Anthropology - Study of criminality in relation to the physical condition of man.
5Criminal Psychology - Study of behavior and mental processes in relation to crime.
6Criminal Psychiatry - Study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives.
7Victimology - Study of the role of the victim in the commission of crime. It also refers to the scientific
analysis of the adverse effects of crime. It was initiated by Benjamin Mendelson, a European defense
lawyer who created his own classification of victims
OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
1 Traditional Crime- committed every now and then
2 Crimes Due to Social Change- poverty crimes ex.
Prostitution
3Emergency Crime- committed to take advantage of an abnormal situation
4Victimless Crime- act committed by consenting persons in private, there is no intended victim.
5Index Crime- act that involves actual physical harm to a victim by another
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL
1 Acute Criminal- one who commits crime due to fit of passion
2 Chronic Criminal- one who plans the commission of crime ahead of time
3 Ordinary Criminal- lowest mammal in criminal profession
4Professional Criminal- engaged in criminal activities with a high degree of skill
5Active Criminal- commits crime due to aggressiveness
6Passive Criminal- commits crime due to reward or promise
7Socialized Delinquent- one who lacks proper moral values due to defective socialization process.
8Accidental Criminal- one who commits crime when the situation is conducive
9Habitual Criminal- one who commits crime due to lack of self control
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION
1 Earliest Theory of Crime Causation
A Demonological Theory- States that people commit crime because they are possessed by evil spirits
B Trial by Ordeal- Variety of procedures established to determine the guilt or innocence of an
accused
C Thucydides- A Greek historian who first wrote the usefulness of death penalty
2 Era of Classical Criminology
A PRE CLASSICAL THEORY - State that the criminal commits a crime because of supernatural
powers or he is posses by demons or dammed by the underworld forces or other wordily forces.
B CLASSICAL THEORY - Classical Theory — founded by Cesare Bacarria maintains that man is
essentially moral creature with absolutely free will to choose between good and evil, therefore stress
is a place upon the criminal himself that man is responsible to his act. The concepts include the
following:
-human free will
-Every man is responsible for his own act.
-in every mistake or violation of the law, one has to suffer the penalty
-Man is essentially a moral creature who was given a free will to choose what is right and evil.
HOWEVER, it is considered as:
A Unfair - it treats all men as if they are robot without regard to individual differences and surrounding
circumstances when the crime was committed.
B Unjust - it imposes equal punishment to first time offender and recidivist.
C NEO CLASSICAL THEORY - It asserted that certain categories of offender such a minor, insane
incompetence shall be treated leniently irrespective of their criminal acts because these People are
not capable of knowing what is right and wrong, they should not be regarded as criminals. children
and lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain mitigating circumstances must be taken into account
in imposing penalties.
D POSITIVE AND ITALIAN THEORY — founded by Lombroso. This theory says that crime is an act
as natural phenomenon and is comparable to a natural disaster or calamity. That crime and moral
phenomenon cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but rather rehabilitation
or the enforcement of individual measures.
A Man is subdued by morbid phenomenon who constrains to do wrong even against his own volition.
B Crime is essentially a social phenomenon and therefore cannot be treated by the imposition of
imprisonment.
CLASSES OF CRIMINALS:
A born criminal — atavism binsane criminal — idiots, imbeciles ccriminaloids — not born with
physical stigmata but who are of such mental makeup that they display anti social conduct.
3Period of Modern Criminology
aItalian/Positivist Theory- Made emphasis on the scientific treatment of criminals, not on penalties. It
asserted that crime, like any other act, is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or
calamity. This theory promoted the doctrine of determinism.
B Determinism- States that there are existing situations or circumstances that interferes in the
decision or action of man, thus, he is forced to commit crime, even without intention of doing it.
4 Period of Independent Criminology
A Anomie Theory- Advocated by Emile Durkheim, this theory states that the absence of norms in the
society provides a setting conducive to crime and other anti-social acts. Durkheim also proposed that
crime is a natural thing in the society and it helps society for changes.
B Psychoanalytical Theory- Proposed by Sigmund Freud, the Founder of Psychoanalysis. This theory
maintained that people are influenced by unconscious forces including innate sexual and aggressive
drives, thus they commit crime. He revealed that human personality has three-part structure:
-Id- most primitive part of human personality.
-Ego- guided by reality principle
-Superego- directs people towards morally acceptable behavior
C Human Ecology Theory- Advocated by Ezra Park, this theory is focused on the interrelationship of
people with the environment. It maintained that crime is a result of a social change that goes along
with the environmental changes.
D Differential Association Theory- Advocated by Edwin Sutherland, the Dean of Modern Criminology
and regarded as the most important criminologist of the 20th century, this theory maintained that the
society is composed of different groups of people and organization having criminalistic and
anticriminalistic tradition. It also asserts that criminal behavior is learned through the process of
communication and socialization and not inherited.
E Somatotype Theory- Advocated by William Sheldon, this theory asserts that inheritance is the
primary determinant of behavior and physique is a reliable indicator of personality. He classified body
types as follows:
-Endomorph- predominance of soft, roundness though the regions of the body, low specific gravity
and typically relaxed and comfortable disposition, extrovert, and has a viscerotonic temperance.
-Mesomorph- athletic type, predominance of muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally heavy,
hard and firm, smart and tough, routinely active and aggressive, characterized by romotonic or
somatotonic temperance and most likely to commit crime.
-Ectomorph - thin physique, flat chest, slender and poorly muscled, tend to look more exhausted and
withdrawn, introvert and characterized by cerebrotonic temperance.
F Containment Theory- Advocated by Walter Reckless, this theory asserts that for every individual,
there exist a containing external structure (blocked opportunities) and a protective internal structure
(conscience and self control), both of which provides defense, protection or insulation against crime
and delinquency.
G Instrumentalist Theory- Advocated by Earl Richard Quinney, this theory asserts that the state is a
device for controlling the exploited class- the class that labors for the benefit of the ruling class. It
asserts that the upper class creates laws that protect their interest.
H Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory- Advocated by Karl Marx, Frederick Engel and Willem
Bonger, this theory asserts that laws are created in favor of the ruling class, thus, crime is reflected
on the demoralized remaining population.
I Strain Theory- advocated by Robert King Merton, this theory maintained that the failure of man to
achieve a higher status of life causes him to commit crime in order to attain such status. It maintained
that people are law abiding, but when under great pressure will resort to crime.
J Sub-culture Theory of Delinquency- Advocated by Albert Cohen, this theory claimed that the lower
class cannot socialize effectively with the middle and the upper class, thus creates a sub-culture that
rejects middle and upper class values through a process referred to as reaction formation. The
subculture is called a gang and the kids are called delinquents.
K Neutralization Theory- Advocated by Gresham Sykes, this theory stated that an individual will obey
or disobey societal rules, depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected from
hurt or destruction.
L Differential Opportunity Theory- Advocated by Lloyd Ohlin, this theory explained that the society
leads the lower class to want things. It claimed that there is a differential opportunity or access to
success goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means, depending on the specific location of the
individual within the social structure.
M Labeling Theory- Advocated by Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker, this theory
maintained that the original cause of crime cannot be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal.
Behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.
N Theory of Human Evolution- Advocated by Charles Darwin, this theory claimed that humans, like
other animals are parasite. Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on
other animals for survival.
OTHER THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY
A QUETELETS THERMIC LAW - Hypothesized that violent crimes predominate in warmer climates
while property crimes are more prevalent in colder weather zone
B HUMAN ECOLOGY - Deals with the relationship between human organism and physical
environment.
C ECONOMIC THEORY - In Marx’s the emergence of capitalism produce economic inequality
(resulting to the commission of crime) in which proletariats are exploited by the bourgeoisie.
D SOCIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY - The most varied in refuted and
developed theory emphasizing the importance of “imitation” in crime causation
E Anomie (Normlesness) - lawlessness where there is disjunction between means and goals.
F Social Process Theory - emphasize that the criminality can be considered as social disorganization
or social condition due to the impact upon human behavior.
G Social Control Theories - address the issue of how society maintains or elicits social control and
the manner in which it obtain conformity or fails to obtain it in the form of deviance
H Social Disorganization Theory- states that social indicators present in a society such as large
number of single parent households, high percentage of out of school youth, unemployment problems
and breakdown of social values are the causes of crimes.
I Cultural Deviance Theory- a theory that views crime as a result of man’s cultural values that permit
or allow crime to happen or even demand behaviors that will violate the laws.
J Cultural Transmission Theory- a theory which states that the cause of crime is the handling down of
delinquency behavior as a socially learned behavior, transmitted from one generation to the next,
especially among depressed and disorganized urban areas.
K Culture Conflict Theory- states that different groups have different conduct norms and the conduct
norms of one group may be in conflict with those of another, causing individual to commit crimes by
conforming to the norms of their own groups which is in conflict with another.
L Conflict Theory- states that people band together as a group because they are social animals with
needs that are best served through collective action. It states further that people constantly clash as
they try to advance the interest of their particular group over those of the others.
EXPLANATIONS TO CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
° PERSONALITY
A Psychopathic personality - emotionally abnormal but who do not manifest breaks with reality that
characterized psychosis
B Psychomatic Person - one whose Behavior is largely amoral and asocial and who is characterized
by the irresponsibility, lack of remorse or shame or aggravated by the physics or emotionally process
of the individual
C Alcoholism - when a person is intoxicated,
he is almost certain to start a fight
° ENVIRONMENTAL
A home - the “Cradle” of human personality”
children are the mirror of the family
b bad neighborhood
c broken homes - communication gap and disrespect among parent and children rates Delinquency
CLASSES OF DELIQUENTS
1Environmental delinquent - occasional law breakers.
2Ecological approach - these approach concerns itself with the “biotic grouping of men” thus resulting
from migration competition another with sometimes create conflict between the immigrant and in
habitant of such place thus lending to social discrimination
3Economic approach - financial hardship is one of primary causes of criminality therefore; it is
necessary of every human being to contemplate or consider with deep regret and confession the
strong temptation which has frequently for so many years and want necessities to support life.
4Sociological and cultural approach - the social in its general sense include assessment of those
forces resulting from man’s economic, financial, education, political, religious as well recreational.
PROMINENT PERSONALITIES IN THE STUDY OF
CRIMINOLOGY
° DR. CHARLES GORING — English Statistician who studied the case histories of 2,000 convicts
and found that heredity is more influential as determinant criminal behavior than environmental
° ALPHONSE BERTILLON — one who originated a system of classifying criminals according to
bodily measurements. Human skeleton is unchangeable for the period of 20 years.
° W.A. BONGER — an international authority in criminology who classified crimes by motives of the
offender as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes, and vengeance as the principal motives.
° JEREMY BENTHAM(1823) - he advocate the “utilitarian hedonism” or “Hedonistic Calculus” the
theory that a person always in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain
° CESARE LOMBROSO - a famous authority in the field of criminology who advocated the positivist
theory. He classified crime into:
aatavist - born criminal bCriminaloids - those who have less physical stamina or luck of control.
cInsane criminal - because of their abnormalities or disorder
dOccasional criminal - who don’t seek for the crimes but they are drawn into it because of
insignificant reason that paused them to do Types of Criminaloids
-criminaloids or epileptoid - those who are suffering from disorders
-habitual - career offenders
-pseudo-criminals - those who kills in defense
° RAFAEL GAROFALO - Italian law professor who coin the term “CRIMINOLOGIA”. In 1885 He
developed a concept of the natural crime and defined it as violation of the prevalent sentiments of pity
and probity.
Types of criminal according to Garofalo:
amurders-satisfied from revenge bviolent and criminals cdeficient criminals-commit crimes against
property
dlascivious criminals-crimes against
chastity
° ENRICO FERRI - believe in the “law of saturation”. Society can tolerate only number crime.
Factors of criminality: a physical and geological environment b. the individual c. social environment
° DAVID EMILE DURKEIM - He focused on the sociological point of view of the posivitist theory.
Includes the consideration of customs, obligation, laws morality and religious belief as factors to
criminality
° SIGMUND FREUD - the use of psychology in understanding behavior. Freud view guilt as a motive
for bad behavior. In his “PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY” he maintains that:
A Criminal behavior is a form of neurosis
B Crime is a result of compulsive need for punishment to alleviate guilt and anxiety
C Criminal behavior is a means for obtaining gratification of need
D Criminal behavior is a result of traumatic experience.
E Criminal conduct represents displace hostility.
° ROBERT EZRA PARK- Strong advocate of the
scientific method in explaining criminality by a sociologist. The human ecology explain the isolation or
segregation, competition, conflict social, contract, interaction and social hierarchy as factor of
criminality.
° WILLIAM H. SHELDON – his key ideas are concentrated on the principle of “SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST” as a behavioral science. He combines the biological and psychological explanation to
understand the behavior. He advocated the” SOMATOTYPING THEORY” that explains the belief of
inheritances as the primary determinants of behavior and the body physique is reliable indicator of
personality.
Classification of body physique
A Endomorps - a type with a relatively predominance of soft, roundness throughout the regions of the
body, they have low specific gravity.
B Mesomorps - athletic type, predominate of muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally heavy,
hard or firm, strong and tough.
C Ectomorps - thin psyque, flat chest, delicacy, trough out the body, slender, poorly muscled
° EDWIN SUTHERLAND- advocated the” DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY” this maintains
that the society is composed of different group organization. He believes that behavior is learned not
inherited.
° WALTER RECKLESS- advocate of the “CONTROL THEORY” - it maintains that delinquency is the
result of poor self concept. The absent of social control leads to criminality
° ROBERT KING MERTON - Primer sociologist of the modern days. Advocated the “STRAIN
THEORY”. He maintains that the failure of man to achieve the higher status caused them to commit
crimes in order to attain their goal.
° ALBERT COHEN (1918) - Advocated the “SUBCULTURE THEORY” and “DELIQUENCY
THEORY”. He includes the explanation of prevalence, origin, process and purpose, as factor to
crime.
° ERVING GOLFMAN AND HOWARD BECKER (1922-1982) - the advocate of the”LABELING
THEORY” the theory maintains that interaction cause them to behave criminally when one or both
interpretation of the meaning of such interaction is wrong.
° CHARLES DARWIN - his theory maintains that man is an organism which is parasite and has an
animalistic behavior.
° CHARLES BUCK MAN GORING (1870-1919) - An English statistician, who studied the case
histories of 3,000 convicts. He came up with a conclusion that heredity is more influential determiner
of criminal behavior than environment.
° ERNEST HOLTON – Accordingly, criminality is cause by heredity and the influence of environment.
He conclude that criminals are originally inferior
° QUETELET - he discovered on his research that crimes against person increased during summer
while crimes against property increase during winter
° PAUL TORPINARD - a French anthropologist who introduced the term “CRIMINOLOGIE” in 1987.
° EMILE DURKHEIM-(1858-1917) - father of anomie tradition, he argued that crime is a normal part
of society as birth and death. Criminal acts reflected society collective. Collectives sentiments will
reach a universal degree of acceptance
° WILLIAM BONGER - an international authority in criminology who classified crimes by motives of
the offenders as economic crimes, political crimes, and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the
principal motive.
° R.H GODDARD - He advocated the theory of “feeblemindedness”. Feebleminded person is unable
to appreciate the consequences of his behavior or appreciate the meaning of the law
° PETER RENIZEL - a private person who, in 1669, establish a work house in Hamburg at his own
expense because he had observed that thieves and prostitutes where made worse instead by better
pillory, and he hoped that they might improved by work and religious instruction in the work house.
° AUGUSTE COMTE - First proposed the positivist approach. He viewed the progression of
knowledge as consisting of stage reflect upon the meaning of event.
-Metaphysical stage - philosophy sought secular events to provide understanding thru a new spirit of
inquiry
-Scientific stage - combination of the rational spirit of investigation with the scientific method,
emphasizing empiricism or experimentation.
° LAVATOR - Stated the way to discover the character of a person is by observation and
measurement of outward appearance of an individual especially the face. He said that bald man,
beard women, shift eye, weak chin arrogant nose are criminally inclined.
(Physiological fragment)
° FRANZ JOSEPH GALL/CHARLES CALDWELL/AND JOHANN CHRISTOPHER SPURZHEIM-
claimed that the external formation of the skull indicates that confirmation of the brain and the
development of its various parts the shape of the heads of the criminals differs from that of the non-
criminals
TYPES OF MULTIPLE MURDERS
1Serial murder - involves killing several victims in hire.
2Spree murder - involves killing of two or more victims at two or more location.
3Mass murder - involves killing of four or more victim at one location within one event.
4Professional crimes - The use of knowledge that requires lengthy training in committing crimes.
5Occupational Crimes/white Collar crimes - A crime committed by a person of respectability and high
social statues in the course of his occupation.
6Organizational crime - refers to crime committed on behalf and for the benefit of a legitimate
organization.
7Political crime - refers to criminal activity which committed for ideological purpose.
- Ideology - Refers to distinctive belief system, ideas, and abstract ideals which are perceived as
providing the true meaning of life. Ex: communism, capitalism,
Christianity
8organized crimes - it includes groups of any individuals whose primary activity involves violating
criminals laws to seek profits and power by engaging in racketeering activities and when appropriate
in engaging intricate financial manipulation
TYPES OF ORGANIZED CRIMINALS
1POLITICAL - social organized crime
2MERCENARY ORGANIZED CRIME - crimes committed by group for direct personal profit, but
which profit upon unsmiling victims, such as juvenile and adults gang involve in robbery – akyat
bahay, bukas kotse, mafia
3IN-GROUP ORIENTED ORGANIZED CRIME - this group such a motorcycle gangs and some
adolescent gangs goals are psychological gratification rather that financial profit-Hell’s Angels
4SYNDICATE CRIME - a continuing group or organization that participate in activity in any society by
use of force, intimidation or threats- Yakuza, Chinese triad
5PUBLIC ORDER CRIME - sometimes referred to as “ crimes without crimes or” ‘ victimless crimes”
or legist rated morality refers to a number of activities that is illegal due to the fact of they offered
public morality- prostitution , illegal gambling, drug abuse, drunkenness
SEXUAL RELATED DISORDER
1PROSTITUTION - the practice of having sexual relations for certain consideration.
2FORNICATION - refers to a sexual intercourse between unmarried person
3SODOMY - may cover anal intercourse, mouthgenital contact, exchange of husband and wife for
sexual intercourse and even mutual masturbation
4EXHIBITIONISM - usually involves that purposive and unsolicited indecent exposure of sex organs
usually to male an unsuspecting female.
5VOYEURISM - involves the person invading the privacy of another by viewing him/her when in an
unclad state or sexual condition.
6FETISHISM - involves the obtaining of erotic excitement trough the perception and of collection
objects associated with the opposite sex.
7PEDOPHILIA OR CHILD MOLESTING - sexual relation between and adult a child, the later usually
as one under 12 years of age or one who has not yet reached the age of puberty
8PORNOGRAPHY - refers to erotic or sexual stimulating literature or materials
9BESTIALITY - having sex with animals
10 NECROPHILIA - sex with dead bodies
TYPOLOGY OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS
1CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - are individuals who live in subculture in which violence is
an acceptable problems-solving mechanism
2SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE - use as means of explaining the greater prevalence of violent crime
among low income from slum environment.
3CRIMINALITY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - use violence as a means of accomplishing criminal act,
such as in robbery
4PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS – mentally ill or brain damage
5SITUATIONAL VIOLENT OFFENDERS - commit acts of violence on rare occasion, often under
provocation such as in domestic disputes which gets out hand. Often described as “crimes of
passion”
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY

° ACUTE CRIMINAL - person, who violates criminal law because of the impulse of the moment, fit of
passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
° CHRONIC CRIMINALS - person who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking such as;
A neurotic criminals - person whose action arises from intra-physics conflict between the social and
antisocial components of his personality, example is a kleptomaniac
B normal criminal - person whose psychic organization resembles that of the normal individual except
that that he identify himself with criminal prototype
C Criminality - caused by an organic pathological process.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASE ON BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM;
° ORDINARY CRIMINALS- the lowest form of criminal career. They engage only the conventional
crimes which required limited skills. They lack organization to avoid arrest and conviction
° ORGANIZED CRIMINALS- this criminal have a high degree of degree to enable them to commit
crimes being detected and committed to specialized activities which can be operated in large scale
business. Force, violence, intimidation and bribery to use gain and maintain control over economic
activities.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASED ON ACTIVITIES
1PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS - those person who earn their living trough criminal activities
2ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances. 3HABITUAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal acts for such diverse reason
due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self control
4HABITUAL SITUATIONAL CRIMINALS - those who are actually not criminals but constantly in
trouble with legal authorities because they commit robberies, and embezzlement which are
intermixed with economic activities
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASED ON MENTAL ATTITUDES
1ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS - those who commit crimes in an impulsive manner usually due
to the aggressive behavior of the offender, such attitudes is clearly shown in crimes of passion,
revenge or resentment.
2PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS - those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by
inducement, reward or promise without
considering its consequences
3SOCIAL DELINQUENT – those who are normal in their behavior but merely defective in their
socialized process, this group belong to the educated respectable members of society who may turn
criminal on involved.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS (OTHER TYPES OF CRIMES)
1CRIMES OF THE UPPER WORLD - those who commit by people of the upper strata of society
2CRIME OF THE UNDERWORLD - those who commit by the members of the lower under privilege
class of society.
3CRIMES BY PASSION - those committed by the fit of passion, anger, anger, jealousy hatred
4CRIMES IMITATION - those committed and the pattern of which is merely a duplication of what was
done by others
5SERVICE CRIMES - those committed by rendering some service or satisfying the desire of
someone
6 CRIMINAL WORLD - it is the social organization of habitual and professional criminals.
7 ORGANIZED CRIME - it characteristics:
A control in all crimes in given geographical area or at least at all crimes of certain types by a small
group similar to the board of directors of a legitimate business organization
B Standard method of conducting crimes and rules of criminal conduct which are eternally enforce
among members of organization. Secrecy discipline in a crime commission.
C inclusion with the organization of personnel who performs services not essential to the commission
of the crime, but contribute to the protection, such as lawyers, doctors and others such as keepers of
hide outs
D Careful planning of its crime to achieve
maximum success.
THE 4 TYPES OF ORGANIZED CRIMES
1THE CRIMINAL GANG - is an intimate group bound by ties, friends and loyalty that tends to
establish its own folkways and mores, in opposition to those of conventional society. The criminal
gangs always resort to the physical force in perpetrating their crimes.
2THE CRIMINAL SYNDICATES - Stable business organization whose violence directed in
unwelcome confederation. The term syndicate is a combination of capitalism turn into for the purpose
of prosecuting illegal schemes, requiring large source of capital and the subject is to obtain control
market of the particular commodity.
3RACKETEERS - a racket is an organized method of existing money from that engage e in
illegitimate or legitimate enterprises by the illegal means often accompanied by threats of infliction of
injury or destruction of property.
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
° ACQUISITIVE CRIMES - when the offender acquire something as a consequence of his criminal
act
° EXTINCTIVE CRIMES - when the end results of criminal act is destruction
° SEASONAL CRIMES - those who committed only in a certain period of the year
° SITUATIONAL CRIMES – those committed only when given the situation conductive to its
commission
° INSTANT CRIMES - those committed on the short possible time
° EPISODICAL CRIMES - those committed by a series of commission in lengthy space of time
° STATIC CRIME - those committed only in one place
° CONTINUING CRIME - those committed in several places
° RATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed with intention and offender is in full possession of his
mental faculties
° IRRATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed by a person who does not know the nature and
quality of his act account of the disease of the mind
° WHITE COLLAR CRIME - those committed by a person in responsibility and upper socio economic
class in the course of their occupational activities
° BLUE COLLAR CRIMES - those committed by ordinary professional to maintain their livelihood
 Victimology, a branch of the study of criminology which deals with the victimization of crime which
is considered by political society as any act or omission punishable by law.
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME 1As a result of a crime:
A ACQUISITIVE — offender acquires something as a result or consequence of a crime like theft.
B EXTINCTIVE- end result is destructive like homicide.
2 Period of time committed:
A Seasonal crime — committed only during a period of time like tax evasion
B Situational crime — committed only when
given a situation like theft robbery.
3 As to length of time committed
A instant crime — committed in shortest possible time like snatching
B Episodial — committed by series of acts in lengthy space of time like KIDNAPPING. 4Continuing -
crime committed in several places,
like physical injuries resulting to homicide in an automobile.
5 As to mental faculties
a Rational crime - with intention like robbery, homicide
b Irrational crime - committed by one who does not know the nature or quality of his act on account of
disease of mind.
6 as to the type of offender:
A White collar crime - committed by persons of responsibility in the course of their occupational
activity, like plunder
B Blue collar crime - committed by ordinary criminals to maintain their livelihood like robbery.
JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT

1 RETRIBUTION – this rest of the basic premise that justice must be done. Punishment of the
offender was carried out in the form of personal vengeance.
2 EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT - this was in group vengeance where punishment is exacted publicly
for the purpose of appeasing the public or social group.
3 DETERRENCE OR EXEMPLARITY - punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing tom
others what would happen to them if they violate the law
4 PROTECTION OR INCAPACITATION - by placing offenders on prison, society is protected the
further depredation of criminal acts
5REFORMATION- society’s interest can be better served by the extension of help to the prisoner to
become a law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to
undergo an intensive Program of
rehabilitation in PRISON
TYPES OF NORMS
° formal- have been written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators
° Informal-are generally understood but is not precisely recorded.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN STUDYING OF CRIMINOLOGY 1CRIMINOGENIC PROCESS -
explain human behavior which helps in determining the nature of personality as a reacting
mechanism.
2CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS - study of the mental process of criminal in action; the study of
genesis, development and the motivation of human behavior that conflicts with accepted norms and
standard of society.
3CULTURAL CONFLICT - a class between societies because of contrary beliefs or substantial
variance in their respective custom, language, institution, habits learning, and tradition.
4DEMENTIA PRAECOX - a collective term of mental disorder that begin at, or shortly after puberty
and usually lead the general failure of the mental faculties
5DELUSION - a false belief about self, caused by morbidity, present in paranoia and dementia
praecox