APPERAPFORIS OF Computer Graphros ts Concerned with all aspects of prodecrng pictures or Impages uséng & computer fF COMPUTER GRAPHICS # Applications ef computer graphics are chided ito pour majot areas , +) Display ef taorm ation i bestan 1 semulatran and animabhon Pyy eger (nterfaces, Display of information + Architects, mechanical destaners , and araptspeopl< uses graphies system to ferevate eesepul safpormm anon [arr ICATIONS Whe floor plans % building etc # Graphics can be used to develop and manipula ye mapt to desplay geographical and celestral 19 ¥ Worhers in the pretel of Statistics user qoaphies system (computer plotting packages ) ter pinerating plots Ural acd the viewer in understanding the (njormatron in a Sek of data, yr-d data generakd by cT (computed Tomography ) , MRE(Magnetic resonance (maging ) 5 qitras ound , ‘ind positron -emusslon~Tomography( PET) sing computer graphics HY feted of setentryte viuahzaton provides graphral tools brat helps recearcheys inter preF the vast quant ty date that theg enesra le > Worleing on aa Li3 Design ¥ Today , the uce of meteractive graphical tools mm commpuber-athed decign (CAD) pervades juide inoluding Al archttectire, mechanical engg. rhe desegn of VEST e/reures , and the creanon of characters fey animations, Yin att these applicattens , graphics ave waged 1 number of wags listiner ways ) for ex3 ta a VEST olecign, the g raphres prevde an intetachre enters Qe byw the user and the design patkage , Usually ty means wf such Fool¢ as ments aaa eons, Simulation and Animation PP RO ON I Pa art on tence qpaphict cyctme evolved fo be Capable of generating Sophisticated image m real Mme, engnecys and. Yerearchers began to use therm as simulators One of the mee smpuytank eves has been in the training af pilok com puter light simulators led to the use of Pielaye, ¥ he Success of, raphics por anrmenen in feleletion, motion and advertising wndustotes, sf time varying behaviour of Teal and Stmutated. eb feats ) user interface ae eee + Most applications that mur On PC and workStahens have User interface that rely en desktop window System to Were mulpiple Simultaneous activefsec. ¥ ese User interpace are working wilh cCompure qephis,]A aka PHICS SYSTEM ¥ Tere are pie major elements (A a graphics vy she , r input devices 2. Poocessoyr 2. Memory 4 Frame Buffer $. butpub devices, qq AG hres syste bg 0 Grophres sy wy | Pee bole, F a” [it | -—“— es | rreeroy : “Frame bubjer (core clement of ghaphic system ¥ presentty almost ali graphics systems are waster Raced, A picture 1% prodciced as an avray (the vecter J of plefure elements » Om pixels within the geaphles system Pixel 16 the Smaltest component of an tage , € Pixels are stored (n a Park uf memory Called. Exams bopper. Ite TeLolation (ne of Pixels (nN the jrame bufper ) cle kermines the detatl thar YOU Can See the meet are # Depth or precision oy the [rome Pel jer cs ae fined Pya the Muribev of b(H that ase used for each pinet. It defermines the P¥opertins Such ag how many colors Can be reprecented on WET? SYS fen Cx! Mbit deep frame bujfger aiiows only i tclors Sb re elec p fraere buyger allows o& 2.6% estors ,pew pixel ~s- tf dtpth = 2y bils Aor more Auth a SYSHims are cat llect Fall color syskms or frase color syshms or RGBxcolor tyskme ¥ Frome buffer witatly te rmplemented with spectal types of chips that enable fest Deel. see ef Con tens memor tf frame upper. ¥ in cemple syskms, there may be Only the cpu of the syskm, whith must do berm the normal processing % graphical processing the man ; yaphicat function of ch Processor 14 fo take Specrpican ens of graphical Primi brres (Such as lines, Polygons venerated by apphcation progranss and to aseyn values ‘to the pluets tn the Jrame buffer that best represent these ertines, forex; AA treangle Is spectpied by Its Face vevhces, but to elisplay tht outhne by the three line Segments s Connecter, the vertices , the | 7a ph te SysSkMm must gentrak & arp 4 pixels thak appear as yene SEGMENIS to the Vie wer ene processor , LYO? The conversion of geemelsie entiies to pixel color and locatioré tn the frame buffer (Ss Frown as rash vieays oF Scan Conversion . a (Cor) If IS the process of converting graphical prim fives cr images ) ente Pixel repretenation ér [7ame Pyyer wep teenth Kon earter graphic syskm, frame buffer was pow ¥ Standart relm that Could directly accessea py e py Today , almesh all graphite cytkms are charachrirect 2 Apectal- purpose Graphics procetsing sy Units (GPU) which can be eumerpmomer beard of The £98 ™ oF br graphic cai the rame buffer iS accessed phrough GPU 4 maybe Inclerdok Inthe OF, : — ~ Teiipar Devices” for many years, the dominant type of clisplay hers beces the cathode way Tube Ceer ) #¥1g below shows x imphif rect picture ef a cerWorking : yy cK rwhen electrons stripe the phosphor Coat tong on the dethe 4 light i emitted. fhe airection op beam 1 controlled by tue pales op V . pele cue piatey “— ovis xeefect | t fe output of computer ts converted to Voltages across the % and ¥ dehlcHhon plates Chy digrtal to analog convertrs ) ¥ 'f the velfeeges Steeting the beam Change ata conste ay wate , the beans wi fyace ativaghi line , visible to a Viewer, Such a device ts Known as Fandom Acan, eatllig eaphie » OF vector ERT, because the beam can be moved directly POM any PesiHon to any otes poston, Refreshing. KA typical Cer will emit right for only a Short time G pecw milli vecends ) after phosphor 1s exerted by electron peam , therefore, per a human to ree x flicker pree image , the fame path must be retraced ox Defreshecl by the hear ar a Buppirently heh vak Capresh in us 7 60 cycles per see or 60 He orate D Test of the world —> 502 | * in waster syskm, the graphics System takes pixels from the frame buffer and displays them aS points on the Surpace of the display ta one Of two fundamental ways: 1) Non interlaced or progressive clisplay , Were, pirels ave Auplaged weaw ky Tew, OF Scanling by scan line ,at the refresh ale bh) fnterlacet display Heae edd rows Anck ven ®owWs ate ‘wef reshed alternatively This method 16 used tn Commerctal TV. Inan interlaced display operating at boHz . the screen in vedaawn in ths entivety Only 20 -fienes per second 2 Al Heugh visual Syotemn is treed Into Vn. thinking the Fe] ¥eth 14 fe Is 60M wether Hoan 20HeShadow- mask CRT Ccoloa crt) Ycolor CRTs have 3 different colored phosphors (ved, gteen ,and blue) ,ATFIrgEd 1 Seal groups, ene commen sigle arranges the phosphors in triangular cups called Triads ,each tread Consisting of three phosphors, ene of cach primary, ¥ Most coloy ¢RTs have three electron beams, copresponding fo the three types df Phesphors. In the shadow ~ Mosk CRT a metal screen with Sreoai) holes C8hadow mask) an ensures that an £lectron , beam 2xCrtes Enly phosphors op the proper csfor, pete ee coe ete gies ¥ Flat pane} monitors ave are Inberenty Faster, ¥ These ave thee technoleges available hight emitting diodes(L EPs D liquid -cwystal Display Cher) > Plasma panels. F All these Uses J.P grit to addvecs inclivedutal fight emitting elements ¥ fig.shows a generic flat-panel display , ¥ By sending electare signals to the Oper wire. in each grid , the. electrte pret at a locahen, eee determined by the Intersection of qwo wires, Can be Made Strong =| enough te centre! the Comres ponding elememt in the middte plate » ¥ Mtdctle Plorke I. on LED panel tomtains LEDs that can be turne mM Lopp by electere Signals Sent to “the grid # in an cep display ,clectrteal freld contacts the Polar izaten 6 the liqund Coystale 19 the middle Panel , thus turning on L ofy. the lisht Passing thrpugh the panel # A plasma panel Uses the veliage. en the grids to eneegre. gases embeddack mrt bls the glass panels hetding fhe enevatred aat pecemes a almwviiny miraprin Vetircot grid pal Morente grit the guidspect watro. FIIs the width to height ratio 6 the frame hitter FUN Kecemtly » mest displays hed a 4/2 aspect rahe % VGA vesolutron —> 649% #4 ED resoluton fe 840 aspecd rahe VOXGA > 1024 xX 765. a ¥ HDTV —> 16:49. Input Devices | #eommen t/p devices are 3 mouse , Joystick , 4 the clela tablet . Each proves pesitienal wn format on to the system and each usually are equipped wIh me or more butfente te prvice Signals te the processes, # mouse > pombing devices , used for selecHhor of an image, Cub, copy, pase the ¥ Key hoard ws used for inserhing Hex t baced eee IMAGES. PliysicAL AND SYNTHETIC note. Any object is always 3°Demensisnal Image te always 2- Dimensional te. An object prom 3P IS convetted nfo an (mage iene) representation Objects and viewers x Two baste entities that are part of ang tmage -formotion process are ° objects, and viewers. objects + Physccal structure (or instance) of an image . 4 We form objects by specifying the positions in APace of vatrous geomefre prlmitres ey Points, Lines & polygons) + in most graphics syskm , de vertices are Sufbicrent to define most objects . “9 Cine can be Specified Ly tre wirtices , viewers ene whe forms the Image of the objects # Objects exesis tn real world Pit iu Bp. Viewer sees : an objec k in 2DCimaged F eq for viewer » Human Camera, digihzertq e? fig od # Fig b &hows the image Seen by! pee human F. Fig ¢ Shows the nage seen by human B V Fiad Shows the Image seen by camera dp fg cay. image Formation SS IE 1S the process by whith bye Specification ef the object 18 Combined with \ the speciftcatvon of the viewer to Prowuce a 2-Dimensienat nage Carnera Sy Stem Light and images J 4 tpthere are ne light Sources, The objects would be datk ,and shere would be nothing visible in our object oy Light prem the source Ctrykes variou. sarpaces of the object, & portion 4 weplec fed (eght aptets the Camera phyough the lens, : ¥ Light 1s a fotm of electromagnihe padi aton ¥ portion of this Speclruamn 13 Visible ford is calted VISIble Te caluilate wheve he tage Of the poral Cyr) is en the film plane 5 Too detangles ae similar as Shown above, “yp rts = [Yee ee? [ie ae] A similar coltulahon using top view ffklds * a"Qe he paint (ps Yp dd Called the prepectton 4 the point C4 y,2) the ftld , oY Angle ef vuw tt ts the angle made by the lavgeet ee that ouv Camera can wage en Us tlm plone angle o E a), = dtont be Je ator be tiew fre teu} pinhole comerra b has an unpinite depth ay \ pula ‘ l oC). Disady % Pinhole camera . fi pinhole tS 80 smart tod it adimtts poly a single rey prem a point Source » Almastno hobt KS Nhe camera, eed aaa, 2. Cannot be adpusted to have diflesent angle y view (Gi mo wooMm Im er 2M out 4 ‘gene dfiortens. wn 1 prlector : We find the tage of an point af the Dhhect en the Vidfual mage plone by deacsing a tine called ralector the canter of lens 0 pug ector, jor the porndes ra re ae Centre of Projetten (oP) rie ic (12)Tp ous Syothene Carer , p| bre. >. pwlechon plane: Virtual tmage plane that we 2. prefect on pla? 7 have moved Un [pent 4 the (ens 18 Called prejection Plone The mode ting ~ Rendering paradigm ay lenage jorration 16a dwo- Coordinae tranche matens > compute Coley por each verkx present each Change of coordinate syskme by a ywe can re f We can Wepresent CUllessl¥4 chonges In per malta. feevs by raul plying, or con catenaling the co ordinate Sys individual motrtices mio @ single mabrin, + As elgnment of perks Colors can be Sterple or corm plex : nitive Assembly. clippl®, and pier ippegand prions ore trey the Matrix 16 the tik yf bur wind ow and assemblies into apprepriale Jorrrap de that ch fds fo wur window. I] the image us fou lerge ~ 1b elps te, ¥ olp gf thes stage [6 a seh of preritives where [rPfchone can appear in the image Rat teri2ahon . yo Hete the primihyves a= Hre represented to ferms op Mer yerhces Are cessed fo gene tak peels 1A Phe 4 dame bapyer. + ofp of tne TasteTReEr 1S a sep ‘/ [Tagments por each Thm) Hye # Takes the jragrmenss & yates me pixels tn the frame bufjer te ation pda doancloimetiong , we checks whe