Practical No:09

Aim: - Creation of Networks using routers.

Procedure: -
Router: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer
networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through
the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets.

Steps to create a network topology with router.

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer: Open Cisco Packet Tracer simulator or some related
tool to simulate a network topology and simulate web traffic in it.

2. Place some end devices in the topology: These end devices will communicate
each other in the network through switch and router.

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 3. Place network devices (router and switch) in the topology: Use the relevant
router and switch, which are compatible with another devices.

4. Connect every device with a relevant connection media for making a connection.

5. Configure IP Address and Subnet mask on every host: Configure every machine
including host (PC) and router by assigning it an IP address and subnet mask in
order to make them communicate with each other in the network. Add Default
gateway to every host.

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 6. Configuring Router’s Interfaces: Configure router by assigning a IP address to each
interface. Add Gateway of hosts as the IP address of Router’s Interface of respective
network.

7. Check for connectivity: After configuring the given network a packet should be ping
from one machine to another

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 Practical No:10

Aim: Subnet planning and its implementation.

Subnetting:
The process of subnetting involves dividing a network up into smaller networks called
subnets or sub networks. Each of these subnets has its own specific address. To create these
additional networks we use a subnet mask. The subnet mask simply determines which
portion of the IP address belongs to the host. The subnet address is created by dividing the
host address into network address and host address.

The network address specifies the type of subnetwork in the network and the host address
specifies the host of that subnet. Subnets are under local administration. As such, the outside
world sees an organization as a single network and has no detailed knowledge of the
organization's intema1 structure. Subnetting provides the network administrator with
several benefits, including extra flexibility, more efficient use of network address and the
capability to contain broadcast traffic. A given network address can be broken up into may
subnetworks. For example, 172.16.1.0, 172.16.2.0, 172.16.3.0 and 172.16.4.0 are all subnets
within network
171.16.0.0.

A subnet address is created by. Borrowing bits from the host field and designating them as
subnet field. The number of bits borrowed varies and is specified by the subnet mask. Fig.
shows how bits are borrowed from the host address field to create the subnet address field.

The subnet mask does not alter the class of the IP address; it simply "borrows" bits from
the host portion and uses these to create subnets. This naturally reduces the maximum
number of hosts your network can have, because you are using some of your host bits for
your subnet bits.
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 Practical No:11
Aim: - Practical implementation of basic network command and Network
configuration commands like ping, ipconfig, netstat, tracert etc. for troubleshooting
network related problems.

Procedure: -

Ping (Packet Internet Groper): Ping command is used to ensure that a computer can
communicate to a specified device over the network. Ping command sends Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages in the form of packets to the destination
computer and waits in order to get the response back. Once the packets are received by the
destined computer, it starts sending the packets back. This command keeps executing until
it is interrupted.

Ping command provides details such as:

● Number of packets transmitted

● Number of packets received
● Time taken by the packet to return

Ping command in generally used for the following purposes:

● Measuring the time taken by the packets to return to determine speed of the
connection.
● To make sure that the network connection between host and the destined
computer can be established.

tracert: This command is used to get the route of a packet. In other words, traceroute
command is used to determine the path along which a packet travel. It also returns the
number of hops

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 taken by the packet to reach the destination. This command prints to the console, a list of
hosts through which the packet travels in order to the destination.

How to use for troubleshooting: You can use TRACERT to find out where a packet
stopped on the network. In the following example, the default gateway has found that there
is no valid path for the host on 22.110.0.1. Probably, either the router has a configuration
problem, or the
network does not exist, reflecting a bad IP address.

netstat: Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening,
Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP
protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6
protocols). Used without parameters, this command displays active TCP connections.

ipconfig: Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used

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 without parameters, ipconfig displays Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6 addresses,
subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.

nslookup: Displays information that you can use to diagnose Domain Name System (DNS)
infrastructure. Before using this tool, you should be familiar with how DNS works. The
nslookup command-line tool is available only if you have installed the TCP/IP protocol.

The nslookup command line utility has two modes: interactive and non-interactive.
Interrupt Interactive mode anytime by pressing CTRL + B.

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 Practical No:12

Aim: - Configuration of networks using static and default routes.

Procedure: -

Static Routes: In static routing, the routes show the path between two routers that cannot
be updated automatically. The path is manually updated. If the changes occur at the network
side, we need to update the changing path in the routing table. Routing tables are the tables
that contain the routing information. Static routing is easy to design and implement as
there is not a complex path. Static routing is the best choice when the number of routers is
less as it requires manual updates. Static routing is also known for non-adaptive routing as
it does not adopt the routing path automatically.

Static routing is the most secure way of routing. It reduces overhead from network
resources. In this type of routing we manually add routes in routing table. It is useful where
numbers of route are limited. Like other routing methods static routing also has its pros and
cons.

Advantage of static routing:

● It is easy to implement.
● It is most secure way of routing, since no information is shared with other routers.
● It puts no overhead on resources such as CPU or memory.

Disadvantage of static routing:

● It is suitable only for small network.

● If a link fails it cannot reroute the traffic.

Topology on which Static route is being configured:

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 Configuration:

1. Assign IP Address to PC: Assign IP address 10.0.0.2/8 to PC0.

2. Assign IP Address to the interfaces of router:

Router 0
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.253 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth
64 Router(config-if)#no
shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit
Router 1
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.254
255.255.255.252 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.249 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth
64 Router(config-if)#no
shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit
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 Router 2

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.250
255.255.255.252 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.245 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth
64 Router(config-if)#no
shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit
Router 3
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.246
255.255.255.252 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

1. Configuring Static Route:

Router 0
Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.254
Router 1
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.253

Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.250

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 Router 2
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.249
Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.246

Router 3
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.245

Default Route: The default route is a route that a router uses to forward an incoming packet
when no other route is available for that packet in the routing table. Routers use the
routing table to make the forwarding decision. A routing table entry consists of two pieces:
the remote network and the local interface that is connected to that network.

When a packet arrives on an interface of a router, the router reads the destination network
address of the incoming packet and finds that network address in the routing table. If the
routingtable contains an entry for the destination network, the router forwards the incoming
packet from the interface that is written next to the destination network in the entry.

If the routing table does not contain an entry for the destination address, the router drops
the incoming packet. This is the point where the concept of default route fits. A default
route gives a route to a router to forward all incoming packets whose destination network
addresses are not available in the routing table.
Default route address:

A default route contains all zero in the IP address. There are two versions of IP protocol,
IPv4 and IPv6. In both versions, the address of the default route is the following:

IPv4 default route: - 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

IPv6 default route: - ::/0

Command or Syntax to configure a default route:

Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {ip-address | exit-interface}

The following command configures an IPv4 default route that forwards all packets from the
serial 0/0/0 interface.

Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

The following command configures an IPv4 default route that forwards all packets to the
next- hop 192.168.1.1.

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 Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1
Static default route v/s Dynamic default route:

A default route configured by the "ip route" command is called the default static route.
Some routing protocols such as RIP and EIGRP allow us to advertise the default static route.
A default static route configured on other router and learned via a routing protocol is known
as the dynamic default route.

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