CONVENTION MAGAZINE 2024

SOCIAL
HABITAT FOR
THE REGION
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2
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Speaker Profiles 15
Our Builds, Innovations, And Technology:
Transforming Affordable Housing In Kenya
19
Naserian Kantai

Sick Homes, Sick People

Michelle Ouma
22

Innovative Financing Models For Sustainable

Housing
31
Tsalwa Waburiri

Social Habitat And Technology: Our

Connection To Place
36
Griffiths Ochieng’

Landscape Architects’ Contribution To Social

Habitats
38
Anthony Kimondo
PUBLISHED BY
Architectural Association of Kenya
P. O. Box 44258 - 00100, Nairobi
Securing Land Tenure Through Comprehensive
Urban Planning: A Path To Affordable Housing
42
Tel. +254 20 2224806
Mobile: 0721 691 337 In Kenya
Email: aak@aak.or.ke Plan. Cyrus Mbisi And Mary Ngaruiya
www.aak.or.ke
Collaborative Partnerships And Community
Engagement In Social Habitats In East Africa
44
EDITOR
Meshak Omondi
Patricia Karamuta Baariu

Maximizing Dilapidated & Incomplete

Infrastructure
46
SUB-EDITORS Michael Otechi
Meshak Omondi
Building Technology For Climate Resilient
Housing
49
Ndindiri Waweru
PRODUCTION MANAGER

Beverlyn Mbeke Collaborative Partnerships And Community

Engagement In The Built Environment: The
52
Role Of Interior Designers
Daisy Nyeresa Wafula
DESIGN & LAYOUT

www.ocular.co.ke Densification And Conservation Of Jericho

Lumumba Estate – Nairobi
54
Prof. Tom Anyamba

Social Habitats For Mentally Healthy Spaces

Litunya Rosemary
58
3
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 EDITOR’S
MESSAGE
L.Arch Patricia Baariu
Editor, AAK BuildPress & Convention Magazines
Corporate Member, Landscape Architect’s Chapter
Lead ESIA/EA Expert

Individuality within a communal setting. Seems like such a

paradox, right? Well, maybe not quite. The individual’s need
for basic amenities and expression of self cannot be fully
attained in a world devoid of other individuals. The interactions
of individuals at a personal, familial or communal level occur
within a space – a social habitat. What then constitutes a healthy,
inclusive, sustainable social habitat? And how do we create or
re-construct our social habitats to capture these aspirations?
The AAK convention/HFHK National Housing Symposium this
year brings together think-tanks, policy makers, and diverse
professionals to engage in discourse aimed at dissecting this
topic to help us answer these questions.
This issue of the convention magazine resonates with the
same and is filled with mind stimulating articles. Where health The interactions
matters are concerned, one of our contributors looks at how a
building affects the mental health of its inhabitants while others of individuals
bring to the fore the critical role that the various professionals
within the built environment play in shaping and sustaining our
social habitats, especially in the face of climate change and fast-
at a personal,
paced technological advancements. We then go on to reflect
on how Kenya can address land tenure insecurity aimed at
familial or
better outcomes for affordable and social habitats. What entails
affordability when it comes to social habitats? The article on
communal level
innovative financing models for the social housing agenda will
give us a detailed overview of options and approaches to this occur within a
space – a social
debate.
The icing on the cake is a quick walk-through an urban
regeneration project on the densification and conservation
of Jericho Lumumba Estate – a housing estate that was built habitat.
in colonial Kenya. All in all, we are grateful to each one of our
contributors for taking the time to delve into their selected
topics and used case studies to aid in contextualising the ideas
therein.
To you, our esteemed member and reader, I wish you play, rest,
recreation and leave you with the words of literary giant Miguel
de Cervantes, ‘The bow cannot always stand bent, nor can
human frailty subsist without some lawful recreation.’
Do have a recreative read, won’t you!

6
 CONVENOR’S
MESSAGE
L. Arch Ruth Mwai
Convenor
Assistant Honorary Secretary, AAK
Corporate Member, Landscape Architects
Chapter

What is a social habitat? Why is it important? How can • Urban Policy Frameworks & Regulation Reforms:
we create suitable social habitats? These are some of Delve into the evolving spectrum of policies and
the questions we shall be answering in the next two regulations that shape land use and tenure security.
days. In summary, social habitat refers to the context
• Building Technology for Social Habitat & Climate
in which social interactions take place. It includes
Resilient Housing: Discover the latest advancements
various aspects of the spaces in which relationships and
in technology aimed at creating sustainable and
interactions occur such as homes, workplaces, schools,
resilient housing.
recreational spaces, and online platforms.
• Innovative Financing Models: Explore cutting-
The social habitat concept edge approaches to funding that drive progress in
housing.
brings forth the idea that • Collaborative Partnerships/ Community Engagement
housing is not limited to & Participation: Engage in conversations about
fostering meaningful partnerships and enhancing
four walls but rather it is community involvement.
a complex composition • Gender Equality & Social Inclusion in Housing:
that includes buildings, Examine strategies and solutions to ensure that
housing policies and practices promote equality
open spaces, and transport and inclusivity.
systems, among other land • Environmental Sustainability: Gain insights from
use elements. examples that highlight successful environmental
sustainability efforts.
As social beings, the physical, cultural, and social As we embark on this two-day exploration of social
characteristics of our habitat influence the dynamics habitat for the region, we are delighted to have you join
of our interactions and relationships, impacting our us for a dynamic and thought-provoking conference.
overall well-being. We have lined up presentations, panel discussions
and interactive sessions designed to challenge your
Our region is growing exponentially and there is an
perspectives and inspire new ways of thinking. We shall
urgent need for suitable and dignified housing for all.
also have site tours that will enable us to experience
All the professionals in the built environment shape
real-life examples of some of the ideas. We look forward
the spaces in which we live and work, for better or for
to engaging with you, learning from each other, and
worse. We must develop social habitats that are suitable
working together to pave the way for a more equitable,
for our cultural, environmental and economic context.
sustainable, and resilient future. Thank you for joining
This year’s Annual Convention is integrated with Habitat us for this important dialogue and we wish you a
for Humanity Kenya National Housing Symposium. pleasant time in Mombasa, Kenya.
The event will bring together speakers and delegates
Karibuni to AAK Annual Convention and HFHK Housing
from various sectors to discuss how we can build social
Symposium 2024!
habitats that are suitable for the unique characteristics
of our region, guided by the following subthemes;

7
 A WELCOME
NOTE
Jacob Mwangi,
CEO AAK

As Kenya continues to grapple with rapid urbanization have successfully mobilized resources, pooled savings,
and a young, fast growing population, the need for and even undertaken construction projects. These
sustainable and affordable housing solutions has never grassroots efforts highlight the importance of community
been more pressing. This Annual Convention of the involvement in addressing housing challenges.
Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK) is focused on
However, to scale these initiatives and make them
the theme of “Social Habitat for the Region,” reflecting
more effective, we need to explore financial innovations
our commitment to addressing this critical issue.
that are tailored to the unique circumstances of these
Central to this discussion is the role of communities
communities. This is where the intersection of finance
and financial innovation, particularly in a context where
and social housing becomes critical. We are pleased to
a significant portion of the population has irregular
see the strong emergence of solutions around rent to
income patterns. I believe it is essential to explore how
own schemes, saving, credit and housing co-operative
we can leverage innovations in building technology and
societies and the affordable housing programme being
financial solutions to empower communities and ensure
delivered by the Government of Kenya.
that housing is not just a commodity but a fundamental
right accessible to all Kenyans. As we convene around the theme “Social Habitat for
the Region,” we appreciate that the challenges we
Kenya’s housing sector faces a myriad of challenges,
face in providing adequate housing for all Kenyans are
from a growing housing deficit to the high cost of land
complex, but they are not insurmountable. By focusing
and construction materials. For the majority of Kenyans,
on community-driven solutions and embracing financial
particularly those in the informal sector, the dream of
models that cater to the realities of irregular income
owning a home remains elusive. Traditional housing
earners, we can make significant strides in closing the
finance mechanisms, such as bank mortgages, are often
housing gap.
out of reach for those with irregular incomes, leaving
them with limited options. This is a significant concern, At AAK, we are committed to fostering these
as the informal sector constitutes approximately 80% conversations and driving the necessary innovations.
of the country’s workforce, with millions of Kenyans We believe that every Kenyan deserves a safe, secure,
relying on inconsistent earnings from small businesses, and affordable place to call home. With the right
farming, or casual labor. financial tools and community engagement, we can turn
this vision into reality.
Communities play a vital role in shaping the social
habitat. They are not just passive recipients of housing I take this opportunity to thank you for joining us in this
but active participants in its creation and maintenance. conversation and wish you well as you attend the AAK
In parts of Kenya, community-driven housing initiatives Annual Convention 2024, which is cordially co-hosted
have demonstrated the power of collective action. For with our long term partners Habitat for Humanity Kenya.
example, housing cooperatives and self-help groups Please enjoy your stay in Mombasa.

At AAK, we are committed to fostering

these conversations and driving the
necessary innovations.

8
 AAK PRESIDENT’S
MESSAGE
Arch. Florence Nyole,
President,
AAK

Karibuni Mombasa!
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you all to the AAK Annual Convention
2024. This year, we are greatly honored to co-host this event alongside our
formidable partner, Habitat for Humanity Kenya (HFHK) as they hold the
HFHK National Housing Symposium. Together, we bring to you a convention
themed Social Habitat for the Region. Within the convention, we will
also be holding the East Africa Institute of Architects Council meetings and
the Annual General Meeting where Kenya will take on the leadership and
presidency of the Institute.
In July 2023, the Social Habitat Working Group of the International Union of
Architects launched its Manifesto dubbed: The Architecture of Social Habitat:
Leave No One Behind. The Manifesto calls on all professionals in the built
environment, decision makers in government authorities, public and private
entrepreneurs as well as the general public to demand that housing must
follow the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 25.1
which states that, “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for
the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing,
housing and medical care and necessary social services…”. Within our context, The right to
this includes the principles laid out in the UN Housing 2030 Agenda and the
Constitution of Kenya. housing is
These principles outline that the Right to Housing is a right to a Habitat that is
universal and inalienable as an organic part of the wider built environment. also a right to
It is also a right to a holistic habitat that includes community life, health,
cultural and education services and social-economic opportunities within appropriate
architecture
a sustainable physical environment. The right to housing is also a right to
appropriate architecture and building forms. Hence, society needs to demand

and building
for the design of an inclusive social habitat, which meets all the human needs
and capabilities, and guarantees at least the fundamental human rights. For
the habitat to be socially inclusive, it must provide not only shelter, but also
decent, sustainable and healthy facilities that assure its inhabitants privacy
and individuality. Hence, the habitat should be built on four essential pillars:
forms.
1. Habitat as a home with dignity
2. Habitat as a core with involvement and participation
3. Habitat as an organism with a strong urban integration
4. Habitat as a responsible process that entrenches sustainability
The convention sessions are themed to adequately capture these principles
and pillars with an aim of ensuring that all housing programs within the
region meet the pre-requisites of a social habitat.
As a premier association formed in 1967 and with eight professions under its
umbrella, now more than ever, we have a stronger mandate to bring forth a
vibrant discussion on a social habitat for our region. As we host this event,

9
 AAK has been at the forefront of working towards several and used to build classrooms, offer natural shade that is
advocacy initiatives to ensure that we are involved in the suitable for outdoor learning, and provide fruit trees for
Affordable Housing Program. Together with our sister nutrition of school going children. We invite you to be
associations, the Institute of Quantity Surveyors of Kenya part of this initiative by offering your professional input
(IQSK) and the Institute of Engineers of Kenya (IEK) we and leveraging on your alumni associations to provide
signed an MoU to cement our focus towards ensuring better education facilities for our future leaders.
that there is professionalism in the Affordable Housing
We continue to advocate for the increase in the uptake
Program rolled out by the government. We formed a
of professional services among the general populace
forum dubbed AHP Forum and are awaiting to sign a
and push for recognition of all professionals to bring
drafted MoU with the State Department of Housing and
order in the industry. To this end, we have been running
Urban Development. We are focused on ensuring that
two campaigns – the Je, Una Mjengo? Campaign (do
the AHP work does not progress without including all
you have a building? engage professionals) for the 7th
the aspects and principles of housing that will remain
year now and the Mulika Mjengo Initiative (If you see
for years to come. To this end, we have a virtual AHP
something, say something). Through the support of the
Studio that has worked with the State Department
Kenya Community Development Foundation (KCDF), we
on rationalizing the design and costs of the AHP up to
have expanded our reach and carried out a 2-day public
the level of presenting the results of the Studio to the
awareness clinic and a road show in Eastlands Nairobi.
President of Kenya. We remain committed to providing
We also had an engaging outreach in Ngong, Kajiado
these insights and to ensuring that the program
County and will be heading to Kiambu in the coming
achieves its targets through appropriate technology
weeks.
and innovation as well as creating social habitat which
elevates the standards of living for the communities and In our ongoing collaborations, we have worked with
individuals that will occupy these homes. the Konquey Design Initiative on the 3IF (Integrated
and Inclusive Infrastructure Framework), The Kilimani
In working towards reducing the negative impacts
Project Foundation on the Local Physical Development
of urbanization, while playing our role in Climate
Plan through a rapid planning process, as well as
Action, we have a homegrown Green Building Rating
the PMI-Kenya to create opportunities for training
Tool - the Safari Green Building Index (SGBI), that is
of our members towards certification in the PMP
focused on rating buildings based on our local context.
courses. We are also in talks with the Global Building
The association is advocating for the use of this tool
Performance Network (GBPN) in partnership with the
within projects in Kenya to ensure that our work as
State Department of Public Works to work towards
built environment professionals meets international
decarbonization of buildings in Kenya and are now
standards using local criteria. We plan to map out
signing an Mou with Kenya Green Building Society to
the character of the existing building stock in a bid to
help push for the use of SGBI in rating of Buildings in
improve living conditions and encourage the uptake
Kenya.
of Green Buildings by developers and homeowners.
Alongside this, through a partnership with Habitat for Finally, we look forward to an exciting and interactive
Humanity International we carried out a study and convention for all delegates, invited guests, speakers,
developed a Healthy Homes Guidelines and Checklist panelists and our valuable partners in attendance.
that aims at giving the citizens a 15-point reference We have curated the sessions to give you a unique
to ensure that the buildings they occupy are healthy. experience by combining local and international
Simple items such as daylighting, cross ventilation, speakers, our regional brothers and sisters from East
thermal comfort, noise control and vector proofing are Africa and several leaders from across the globe, whom
key items within the checklist. we have invited to attend and interact with during this
event.
We also launched several programmes and initiatives
such as the Grow-A-Classroom Program where we Once again Karibuni Mombasa and be sure to enjoy the
aim to populate public schools with micro-forests Swahili cuisine, the white sandy beaches and the ocean
that increase the tree cover within their existing large waves!
parcels of land. The trees will be sustainably harvested

10
 NATIONAL
DIRECTOR
HABITAT FOR
HUMANITY
KENYA MESSAGE
Anthony S. Okoth,
National Director Habitat for
Humanity Kenya

As we gather for the Housing Symposium/ The objectives of this event are clear:
AAK Annual Convention 2024, we stand at
a pivotal moment in our nation’s journey • Fostering Partnerships and collaborations by
towards providing decent and affordable facilitating dialogue among diverse stakeholders,
housing for all Kenyans. This symposium is we aim to address housing challenges
not just an event but a clarion call to action, comprehensively.
bringing together diverse stakeholders • Promoting the exchange of best practices,
committed to solving one of our most innovative solutions, and research findings related
pressing challenges – the housing deficit. to affordable housing.
Kenya’s housing needs are significant and • The discussions focus on policy advancement
growing. With an annual demand of 250,000 that will contribute to developing and improving
units, we are currently only meeting 20% of housing policies and strategies.
this need, leaving a deficit of 200,000 units
annually. This shortfall is exacerbated by an • Highlighting innovative housing designs and
urbanization rate of 4.4%, adding 500,000 technologies, we aim to inspire new approaches in
new city dwellers annually. These statistics the sector.
underscore the urgency and scale of the
• We seek to engage corporates and empower young
task before us.
entrepreneurs and small businesses in the housing
The Government of Kenya has recognized sector through exhibitions and networking
this challenge and responded with the opportunities.
affordable housing program, aiming to
bridge the gap between housing demand Through this symposium, we expect to produce tangible outputs
and supply. This initiative, alongside the such as research reports on innovative housing solutions, policy
concerted efforts of development partners recommendations, and enhanced networking opportunities.
and the private sector through Public- Ultimately, our goal is to strengthen collaboration among
Private Partnerships, is a testament to our housing stakeholders, improve housing policies for vulnerable
collective commitment to ensuring that populations, and increase awareness of affordable housing
every Kenyan has access to decent and solutions.
affordable housing. We are grateful for the support and partnership of the Kenya
At Habitat for Humanity Kenya, we have State Department of Urban Development and Housing, county
been dedicated to this cause for over four governments, real estate developers, financial institutions, and
decades. Our experience implementing many others. Your involvement and commitment are crucial to
diverse affordable housing programs the success of our shared mission.
uniquely positions us to convene this As we move forward, let us keep in mind the broader impact
National Housing Symposium. This of our work. Investing in affordable housing is not just about
event provides an invaluable platform economic growth; it significantly improves health, safety, and
for stakeholders from government, civil overall well-being through better living conditions and access to
society, the private sector, academia, and essential services.
international partners to discuss, learn,
and collaborate on sustainable housing Thank you for your dedication and collaboration. Together, we
solutions. can build a brighter future for all Kenyans.

11
 MESSAGE FROM THE
PRESIDENT, EAST
AFRICA INSTITUE OF
ARCHITECTS (EAIA)
Arch. Jacqueline C. Namayanja
President, East Africa Institute of Architects
President, Uganda Society of Architects

I have come to discover, in my interactions with the Therefore when I think about all this, as a professional
Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK), the passion of the built environment, I am excited to be part of this
and zeal that drives this group of built environment very dynamic, stimulating and much-needed event,
professionals. It therefore does not surprise me that not only to learn and contribute but also, as I foresee,
this year, the focus is on an issue so demanding and in experience the provocation of some self-examination
urgent need of action. An issue that does not only affect among we as professionals, community leaders and
Kenya but the entire East African region and the world stakeholders. I envision that at the end of these three
at large. The strategic collaboration with a partner days, there is a beginning of a great movement that
who has the same vision, Habitat for Humanity Kenya cannot be ignored, not only in Kenya but in Africa.
(HFHK), illustrates the AAK’s commitment to pioneer
I wish to thank AAK for hosting the EAIA’s second council
and drive a change that is overdue.
meeting of the year and the Annual General Meeting
We all know that great strides start with an idea, and 2024! In the same breath, I congratulate Kenya, who will
a coming together of great minds to identify, and be taking up the Presidency of the EAIA at the end of
visualize matters differently to cause ‘unusual’ results. the four days! We wish you great conquests and greater
Based on the lined up themes of discussion, it is evident territories!
that this year’s Convention is poised to scratch beyond
Now if you are like me, a traveler to Mombasa-Kenya, an
the surface in being a forum for developing strategies,
attendee of this great Convention that has brought cross-
finding solutions and inspiring actions to matters
border brethren together only for a time, WELCOME
affordable, inclusive and sustainable habitats.
TO KENYA, on behalf of the East Africa Institute of
Social habitats are about dwelling spaces, shelters of Architects (EAIA). It is my hope that through this event,
variety that are inspired by and respond to environmental you will experience the bond and collaborations of the
context, cultures and traditions, and patterns of change East African people, the atmosphere of the coast and
economically and emotionally. Social habitats start the beautiful people of Kenya. I wish you all a great
to register a measure of success when the users can time. Ensure to make new friends, see new things, learn
imagine and shape them around themselves and vice and explore beyond your comfort zone!
versa, an unspoken symbiosis between user and space,
Congratulations, the Architectural Association of Kenya!
creating peaceful communities and transforming
Juu na mbele!
mindsets. Of course we cannot ignore all the current
factors of influence that are indeed imposing limitations
to this success among so many communities such as
financial capability, material availability, skills and
capacity.

Social habitats are about dwelling spaces, shelters

of variety that are inspired by and respond to
environmental context, cultures and traditions, and
patterns of change economically and emotionally.
12
 MESSAGE FROM THE
PRESIDENT, THE
AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF ARCHITECTS (AIA)
Kimberly Dowdell, AIA, NOMAC
AIA 2024 President

The Architectural Association of Kenya Annual Convention

2024 + Habitat for Humanity Kenya National Housing
Symposium is an important event that embraces a vital
theme: Social Habitat for the Region. The American Institute
of Architects (AIA) salutes the organizers of this dynamic
convening for directly addressing issues that not only impact
their region, but also deeply resonate with communities
across the globe. AIA believes access to housing is a basic
human need and our advocacy for fair housing policies
reflects our commitment to architects providing safe,
healthy, and sustainable housing for all.
The various sub themes of this convention align with The American Institute
work that we are advancing at AIA, which underscores the
importance of collaboration with our colleagues across the of Architects (AIA)
globe. AIA strongly believes that the building industry has
a responsibility to support environmental justice and social salutes the organizers
equity, restoring ecosystems and creating a healthier future
for generations to come through thoughtful design solutions of this dynamic
for housing and other building typologies that contribute to
the fabric of our habitats. convening for directly
While beauty remains a principal element of good design,
we recognize that design excellence extends beyond
addressing issues
aesthetic qualities. To support our members and the larger
design community in addressing our collective challenges
that not only impact
in the built environment, we developed the AIA Framework
for Design Excellence. Comprised of 10 principles, the
their region, but also
Framework challenges architects to design through the
lens of integration, equitable community, ecosystems,
deeply resonate with
water, the economy, energy, well-being, resources, change
and discovery. The Framework informs progress toward a
communities across
zero-carbon, healthy, just, resilient, and an equitable built
environment. This resource clearly identifies actions that
the globe.
design teams can use and includes high impact items for
each principle.
AIA congratulates AAK and HFHK on your convention and
we look forward to learning more about your approach to
designing solutions for a better future.

13
 SCAN THIS QR CODE FOR
THE FULL PROGRAMME

THE PROGRAM AT A GLANCE

TIME ACTIVITY
DAY 01: WEDNESDAY 14TH AUGUST 2024

ALL DAY 0700 - 1400 1000 - 1400

• Arrival and Registration of Golf Tournament Low-cost housing in Likoni, Mombasa

Delegates Neighborhood tour and engagement with
• Exhibition home-owners
0900 - 1100 East Africa Institute of Architects (EAIA) Board Meetings
1100 - 1130 TEA BREAK
1130 - 1700 East Africa Institute of Architects (EAIA) Council Meeting

DAY 02: THURSDAY 15TH AUGUST 2024

0800 - 1055 SESSION ONE: OFFICIAL OPENING
1055 - 1110 Health Break
SESSION TWO: Urban Policy Frameworks & Regulation Reforms:
Land Use & Secure Land Tenure
1055 - 1145 Presentations
1145 - 1245 Panel Discussion
1245 - 1315 Q & A Session, Sponsor Presentation
1315 - 1430 Lunch Break
1430 - 1530 Breakout Session
Session 01: Slum Reforms & Environmental Sustainability
Session 02: PechaKucha presentation
1530 - 1730 Social and Networking Activities
1800 - 2200 Evening Cocktail
DAY 03: FRIDAY 16TH AUGUST 2024
SESSION THREE: Building Technology for Social Habitat
& Climate Resilient Housing
0800 - 0950 Presentations
0950 - 1040 Panel Discussion
1055 - 1125 Health Break
SESSION FOUR: Innovative Financing Models
1125 - 1155 Presentations
1155 - 1300 Panel Discussion
1300 - 1335 Q & A Session, Sponsor Presentation
1335 - 1430 Lunch Break
1430 - 1800 East Africa Institute of Architects (EAIA) Annual General Meeting
1430 - 1800 Breakout Sessions:
Session 01: Collaborative Partnerships/ Community Engagement & Participation
Session 02: Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Housing:
1800 - 2200 Gala Dinner

14
SPEAKER PROFILES
SESSION ONE: OFFICIAL OPENING

ANTHONY STEPHEN OKOTH

National Director, Habitat for Humanity Kenya
Anthony Okoth is a distinguished leader with over 30 years of expertise in various
leadership capacities, including 12 years in senior leadership roles, amassing
extensive experience notably in the housing sector across Africa and beyond.
Currently he serves as the National Director, Habitat for Humanity Kenya.
In his role, Anthony provides overarching leadership and management to Habitat
for Humanity Kenya, guiding the development and implementation of strategic
initiatives aimed at enhancing access to decent and adequate housing in Kenya.
Under his leadership, HFHK is overseeing the construction of many safe and
adequate homes, establishment of sustainable community development programs,
reducing overcrowding significantly, increasing access to clean water and sanitation,
thereby improving living conditions and health outcomes for beneficiary families.
Previously, he has held key positions such as the East African Regional Director
and Kenya Country Director for the Africa Resource Centre, where he focused on
improving health supply chains and fostering partnerships with governments and
donors. He also worked as an Associate Director at Medicines for Malaria Venture in
Geneva, addressing market penetration barriers for antimalarial products in Africa.
With his extensive experience, strategic acumen, and commitment to Habitat
for Humanity’s mission, Anthony Stephen Okoth continues to make significant
contributions to the advancement of access to decent and adequate housing in
Kenya and beyond.

ARCH. DEBATOSH SAHU

Principal Architect & Partner of ESPACE, India
Region IV Council Member (Asia & Oceania), International Union of Architects
(UIA)
Arch. Sahu, who has been rated one of the leading Architects in Eastern India, is the
Principal Architect and Partner of Espace, an architectural consultancy house which
has been in practice for more than 30 years in India and abroad. He is an Architecture
graduate and holds a Master’s in Urban Design. A recipient of several awards, Arch.
Sahu is an active member of Indian Institute of Architects (IIA), ARCASIA and UIA.
He is Past Chairman of ARCASIA Committee for Green and Sustainable Architecture
(ACGSA) as well as a Council Member of IIA.
Over the years, Debatosh has articulated himself in the language of contemporary
architecture within tropical climates. His passion is to create green buildings through
design and not only with mere application of modern technology. He has dealt with
many heritage projects in the urban context wherein, there is adaptive reuse of
heritage structures with addition of new constructions. His firm has completed and
is currently undertaking many affordable housing projects in India. His key interests
are in Green & Sustainable Architecture and Housing.

15
 SESSION TWO: URBAN POLICY FRAMEWORKS &
REGULATION REFORMS: LAND USE & SECURE LAND
TENURE

ENG. LAWRENCE NJUE

Civil Engineer at FRAME Consultants Limited (Resident Engineer at Tatu City)
Lawrence, who has over 13 years professional experience is a Resident Engineer at
Tatu City Infrastructure Projects. He is a Senior Highway and Municipal Infrastructure
Engineer at FRAME Consultants Limited.

PLANNER DAVID GATIMU

Chief Executive Officer, Salute Spatial Solutions Limited
David Gatimu is an Oxford Brookes University trained planner with a wealth of
experience in urban planning in the public and private sector. He started his career
with the Nairobi City Council (now the Nairobi City County Government) where he
served in several roles for over 25 years. He last served within public service as a
Chief Officer in Kiambu County Government, in 2017.
During his entire public service career, Planner Gatimu has been involved in urban
policy formulation, urban governance and urban development management in the
most dynamic urban environments in Kenya. His vast experience has continued
to keep him constantly engaged within the private sector, professional bodies’
networks development partners and community-based organisations. He is the
founder and CEO of Salute Spatial Solutions Ltd, a member of Kenya Property
Developers Association, Affordable Housing Task Force and represents the Kenya
Private Sector Alliance in the National Physical and Land Use Liaison Committee.

SAMUEL OLANDO
Executive Director, Pamoja Trust
Sam is a seasoned human rights advocate and has contributed to development of
Right to Land and Housing Policies, resource rights and alternative justice system.
Sam also has footprints in the development of legislation on land and urbanization,
human rights, as well as community participation affecting the urban space and the
nexus between urban and rural communities. He has also engaged with regional
and international reporting mechanisms advocating for an end to forced evictions.
Olando is a trained Urban Sociologist and a lawyer, having earned a Masters Degree
from Maseno University and a Law degree from the University of Nairobi.

16
BREAKOUT SESSIONS:
SESSION 01: SLUM REFORMS CASE STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY CASE STUDY

L.ARCH SYLVIA MUTUA

Lecturer in the Department of Landscape Architecture at Jomo Kenyatta
University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)
Sylvia holds a Bachelor of Landscape Architecture degree and a master’s degree
in planning (Urban and Regional). She is currently pursuing her PhD studies in
Landscape Architecture at JKUAT. With fifteen (15) years of professional experience,
she is a seasoned Landscape Architect and a Corporate Member of the Architectural
Association of Kenya (Landscape Architects Chapter). Moreover, she is a Lead EIA
expert with the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA-Kenya), where
she has gained 14 years of invaluable experience in the same. Since 2016, she has
been actively involved in teaching and training student Landscape Architects at
both the undergraduate and master’s levels. Her research interests are focused on
environmental psychology, open space planning and design, and environmental
assessments.

SESSION THREE: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY FOR SOCIAL

HABITAT & CLIMATE RESILIENT HOUSING
VINCENT KITIO
Lead, Urban Energy Solutions, UN-HABITAT
Vincent Kitio is a graduate of the Institute of Architecture, Venice and holds a PhD
in Appropriate Energy Technologies (energy efficiency and renewable energy) for
Developing Countries, from the University of Rome la “Sapienza” in Italy. He leads
the Urban Energy Solutions of UN-HABITAT, a section that works on three focus
areas: universal energy access for the urban poor; energy efficiency in the built
environment (including adequate and affordable housing) and renewable energy
systems (both generation and consumption) in urban areas.
Vincent Kitio develops and implements regional energy programs in Africa and is
currently involved in the development of a program for sustainable management
of municipal waste and recovery of value-added resources that include energy,
composts and recycling materials. He is also developing renewable energy projects
to improve clean energy access for secondary towns using available renewable
energy sources across sub-Saharan Africa. Vincent is overseeing the development
of two city projects: the Harare Sustainable City Initiative with funding from SIDA
and the Nairobi Sustainable City program funded by GEF-8. He is also the UN-
Habitat focal point for SDG 7.

17
 SESSION FOUR: INNOVATIVE FINANCING MODELS
DAVID PANETTA
Technical Advisor, Community Finance Habitat for Humanity International
David is the Technical Advisor- Community Finance at Habitat for Humanity
International, leading the strategic and program development of the organisation’s
initiatives in community finance. His mandate includes evaluating and proposing
strategic directions for the organization to influence housing finance solutions
through Savings Groups; Leading the identification, cultivation, and management
of partnerships at the global, regional, and national levels; Identifying, synthesizing
and transferring best practices and tools across country offices and partners, as
well as Coordinating training and organizational capacity-building interventions.

DR. ROBERT SANGORI

Director of Climate, Biodiversity and Food Systems
United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLG Africa), Morocco
Dr. Sangori is a graduate of the University of Nairobi and holds a PhD in
Environmental Planning and Management, Masters’ Degree in Environmental
Planning and Management, and a Postgraduate Diploma in Housing Administration.
He has served in the public service for the past 15 years and has expertise in the
areas of sustainable urbanization at the local and subnational levels. His focus
is on innovative housing solutions with a bias on Energy Efficiency of Building
Technologies and Climate Change. He is a Lead EIA/EA Expert and has experience
in housing administration, urban infrastructure and local economic development.
He has previously served at the UNDP/UN-Habitat (UN Volunteer), as an Assistant
Director of Urban Development in Kenya, Chief Research Officer at Kenya Building
Research Centre, and Chief Officer (Lands, Physical Planning, Housing and Urban
Development) in the County Government of Homa Bay. In addition to being the
Director of Climate, Biodiversity and Food Systems at the UCLG Africa in Morocco,
he is also currently the Building Climate Resilience of the Urban Poor (BCRUP)
Lead. His career interests are in sustainable urbanization strategies, urban revenue
streams and financing, and Building Climate Resilience of the Urban Poor including
climate resilience financing and implementation of Climate Resilience Spatial Plans.

BREAKOUT SESSIONS:
SESSION 01: COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS /
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT & PARTICIPATION

GRACE ANANDA
Policy and Advocacy Manager, Habitat for Humanity International
With over 10 years of experience in gender, governance, and human rights, Grace is
passionate about making a positive impact on the lives of marginalized communities
in Africa and beyond. As a Policy and Advocacy Manager at Habitat for Humanity
International, she contributes to the continental networking, positioning, policy/
advocacy work and partnership initiatives that promote decent housing and housing
eco-system for vulnerable groups. Grace has a proven track record of conducting
policy research and advocacy activities, creating and maintaining strategic advocacy
alliances, and facilitating capacity building and campaign programs on land
rights, climate change, DRR2, and basic services. She has worked/ interfaced with
various regional and international stakeholders, such as UN-HABITAT, GLTN, the
African Union, AU-ECOSOCC, AUDA-NEPAD, the African Development Bank, UN
bodies, regional economic bodies, communities, INGOs, grassroots organizations,
academia, and the Africa Land Policy Center.

18
 OUR BUILDS, INNOVATIONS,
AND TECHNOLOGY:
Transforming Affordable Housing
in Kenya

By Naserian Kantai
As Kenya grapples with the effects of rapid urbanization, the need for affordable, sustainable housing becomes
more urgent. Habitat for Humanity Kenya (HFHK) is leading the charge with innovative building technologies
and groundbreaking approaches that provide safe, durable, and cost-effective homes for families in need. Our
commitment to innovation ensures that every project not only meets the housing demand but also promotes
environmental sustainability and economic resilience.

Innovative Building Materials

At the heart of our building strategy is the use of
environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials.
One such innovation is the interlocking stabilized soil
blocks Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSBs). These
blocks, made from locally sourced sandy soil and
minimal cement, offer superior durability and thermal
insulation. The use of Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks
(ISSB) significantly reduces the need for mortar, lowers
construction costs, and enhances the energy efficiency
of homes. Additionally, ISSB highlights the traditional
building technology in Kenya which used earthen
materials for house construction.

Community Engagement and

Skill Development
Sustainable housing solutions are incomplete without
community involvement. HFHK conducts training
programs and workshops to equip local artisans and
builders with modern construction techniques. These
training programmes are designed to ensure that local
artisans used in the projects are certified by technical
training institutes. This increases their employability,
while ensuring that the houses are built to high quality
standards and hence stimulate local economic growth.

Incorporating Renewable Energy

Energy sustainability is a critical aspect of our housing
Production of Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) projects. We integrate renewable energy solutions,
on site during construction such as solar panels into our builds. This significantly
lowers energy costs for families.

19
 Showcasing Success: Our Projects
Construction of a house in Machakos with Insulated Concrete Forms

The Affordable Housing

Project, which features
Insulated Concrete
Forms and solar energy
systems, has provided
over 200 families with eco-
friendly and durable homes.
Similarly, the Housing
Initiative has drastically cut
down construction times,
enabling more families to
move into their new homes
faster.

The Future of Housing with HFHK

In offering sustainable solutions to housing, Habitat for Humanity Kenya remains dedicated to pioneering new
building technologies and innovative financing solutions. Our builds, innovations, and technology reflect our
unwavering mission to build strength, stability, and self-reliance through shelter. Through sustainable construction
practices, renewable energy integration, and active community participation, we are not just addressing the housing
crisis but also paving the way for a more sustainable and equitable future for all. HFHK aims to ensure that every
Kenyan family has access to safe, decent, and affordable housing.
Website: https://hfhkenya.org/get-involved-2/campaigns/giving-habitat-to-humanity/

AUTHOR BIO

Naserian Kantai is a seasoned Communication and Public Relations Lead

with over half a decade of experience in the nonprofit sector. Currently
working at Habitat for Humanity Kenya(HFHK), Naserian co-ordinates
the development and implementation of the organization’s internal and
external communication strategies. She is also responsible for shaping
and maintaining the organization’s public image and brand reputation.
Moreover, Naserain is deeply curious about the transformative
potential of technology and has a keen interest and passion for Artificial
Intelligence, Data Science, and Cybersecurity leadership.

20
21
 SICK
HOMES,
SICK
PEOPLE
By Michelle Ouma
Access to affordable, accessible, culturally appropriate, Ventilation is a leading cause and has been found to
habitable, and safe housing is a fundamental human account for 60% of indoor air quality problems. Poor
right. Yet, numerous vulnerable populations experience ventilation leads to the accumulation of pollutants such
precarious housing disproportionally. Homes play a as mold, dust, smoke, allergens, cleaning products, and
critical role in fetal and early childhood exposure, as other chemicals. To achieve desirable air quality levels,
children spend 80-90% of their time indoors (Chambers ventilation rates must consider the size and usage of
et al., 2014). Improved housing conditions save lives, the space, the volume of the room, the number of
increase the quality of life, reduce disease, and mitigate occupants, and the duration of occupancy (Chambers
climate change. Housing improvements have also been et al., 2014). A general guideline is that a ventilation rate
identified as key contributors to the achievement of of 25L/second per person is necessary for health and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly comfort to be realized. Additionally, ventilation rates of
SDG 3 on Good Health and Well-being and SDG 11 on 10 L/second per occupant or below are associated with
Sustainable Cities and Communities. With the world’s increased symptoms among occupants ( Kaliwon, 2023).
population expected to double by 2050 and 90% of
Temperature and humidity also contribute to the
the urban growth taking place in developing countries,
ventilation problems. Damp indoor environments and
improving housing conditions and reducing health
excessive moisture from floods and leaks catalyze the
risks at home is thus critically important (World Health
growth of microbial agents such as molds, which are
Organization, 2018).
among the most common sources of building-related
Poor housing conditions can be traced to several illnesses (Joshi, 2018). These factors may cause new
health risks responsible for considerable disease and disorders or exacerbate pre-existing conditions and
deaths globally. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) refers to vary in severity and acuteness. Such diseases include
a situation in which a building’s occupants experience occupational asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis,
severe health or comfort-related effects that can be hypersensitivity pneumonitis, legionella infection, and
directly linked to the time they spend in the building. carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition, individual
Symptoms of SBS include dizziness, headaches, nausea, perceptions of comfort vary and are influenced by
dry cough, eye, nose, or throat irritation, allergies, dry factors such as gender, age, and smoking habits.
cough, and dry or itchy skin, among others. SBS has Temperatures above 22 to 230 C are linked to increased
also been proven to increase the incidences of asthma symptoms such as nasal irritation, headache, and
attacks and personality changes (Joshi, 2018). Building- fatigue ( Kaliwon, 2023).
related diseases are disorders connected to a particular
Indoor humidity is mostly linked to outdoor humidity
indoor environment or building. The causative agent
due to outdoor air circulation through ventilation.
may not always be identifiable, as illnesses often result
Low indoor relative humidity of <20 to 30% has been
from prolonged exposure. In many cases, symptoms
found to cause upper respiratory symptoms, ocular
are a reaction to a combination of several factors.
dryness, and skin symptoms. Conversely, high relative

22
 humidity of >60 to 65% can promote the growth of coupled with excessive exposure to artificial light at
microbial agents such as mold and lead to excessive night, disrupts these rhythms and negatively impacts
water condensation. The US Environmental Protection health. Moreover, natural light has therapeutic effects,
Agency (EPA) recommends maintaining indoor humidity alleviating symptoms of seasonal affective disorder
within 30 to 60% range for optimal comfort. EPA further and other forms of depression (Osibona, Solomon, &
advises keeping relative humidity <60% to control mold Fecht, 2021). Thus, incorporating natural lighting into
growth and <50% to manage dust mites ( Kaliwon, 2023). building design not only enhances visual and aesthetic
comfort but also fosters significant health benefits for
Adequate natural lighting is essential for visual
occupants.
performance and safety and for reducing falls and
injuries. Additionally, incorporating natural lighting Various exposures, including building materials, heating
leads to an overall energy saving of 15 to 40% (Rana, and combustion, water systems, leaks and condensation,
2018). Beyond these immediate benefits, natural light furnishings and decorations, and cleaning agents
significantly impacts bodily functions by regulating influence indoor air quality. Key factors contributing to
the nervous and endocrine systems and producing the overall quality of the indoor environment include
hormones such as melatonin, which maintains the acoustic conditions, lighting, temperature, humidity,
body’s circadian rhythm, promoting healthy sleep and visual comfort.
patterns and ensuring alertness during daylight hours.
A lack of exposure to natural light during the day,

Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-cities/articles/10.3389/frsc.2022.1039710/full

Key factors contributing to the overall quality

of the indoor environment include acoustic
conditions, lighting, temperature, humidity, and
visual comfort.
23
 Several building materials contain chemicals that can The green building revolution is a result of the
affect occupants’ health. Asbestos, commonly used in appreciation that buildings can impact people and the
ceiling and floor tiles, adhesives, roofing, fireproofing, environment positively and negatively, and there is
and cement, is a proven carcinogen known to cause a need to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance
respiratory problems and lung diseases such as the positive ones. Green buildings offer a sustainable
asbestosis, Mesothelioma, and lung cancer after solution to these health risks by utilizing non-toxic,
prolonged exposure. Additionally, lead, often used eco-friendly materials and promoting an improved
in roofs, cornices, paint, and electrical conduits, can indoor environment (Allen, et al., 2015). For indoor
affect the nervous and respiratory systems, blood, and environmental quality, green buildings minimize
kidneys and cause muscle and joint pain. Other toxic exposure to harmful VOCs, allergens, formaldehyde,
materials include formaldehyde, found in several wood and nitrous oxides, among others. Designing homes
products and insulating materials, and Volatile Organic for health constitutes a significant share of what a
Compounds (VOCs) found in paints, varnishes, tiles, green building is, underscoring the need for Health
furniture, and cleaning products (National Center for Performance Indicators to measure and optimize the
Healthy Housing, 2022). impact of building designs on human health and well-
being.

Designing homes
for health
constitutes a
significant share
of what a green
building is

AUTHOR BIO

Michelle Ouma is an urban planner and a licensed Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) associate expert, currently pursuing a Master of Arts
degree in Environmental Planning and Management. Michelle leads the
research and advocacy initiatives at the Architectural Association of Kenya
(AAK), where she spearheads significant projects such as the Status of the
Built Environment Report, the Healthy Homes Guidelines and Checklist, the
Integrated and Inclusive Infrastructure Framework for Kenya, the Grow A
Classroom Initiative, and AAK’s advocacy campaigns, Je, Una Mjengo? and
Mulika Mjengo.

24
 JE, UNA MJENGO?
PROFESSIONALS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT & THEIR ROLES IN THE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

ARCHITECT QUANTITY SURVEYOR

Definition: Definition:
A professional trained in the design and construction of buildings A professional who provides expert advice on construction costs
and structures that primarily provide shelter. ensuring that proposed projects are affordable and offer good
value for money for the client. They also manage costs as the
Role in the construction process: project progresses.
Prepares building plans and designs; clarifies (any) design details
to the contractor; and certifies that construction works have been Role in the construction process:
completed in the correct manner. Prepare and submit estimates for construction and development
work; negotiate and support construction dispute resolution
activities; and advise on a range of legal and contractual issues.
ENVIRONMENT DESIGN CONSULTANT
Definition: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
A trained professional concerned with the environmental issues
related to a construction project including air, land, water, Definition:
renewable energy, and waste management matters. A professional who plans, designs and manages outdoor spaces such as
public parks, streetscapes and private gardens, to address ecological
Role in the construction process: sustainability, quality and health of landscapes.
Assesses the suitability of new developments and their impact on
the environment.
Role in the construction process:
Arrange existing and proposed land features and structures; and
TOWN PLANNERS
select appropriate landscaping materials
Definition:
A Town Planner or Urban Planner is a trained professional who INTERIOR DESIGNER
develops plans and programs for the use of land.
Definition:
A trained professional who designs functional and aesthetically
Role in the construction process:
pleasing interior spaces. Interior designers must have a strong
Reviews building plans submitted by an architect (usually on
understanding of design principles, space planning, and building
behalf of the developer); assesses the feasibility of building
codes.
proposals and identifies needed changes; recommends whether
building proposals should be approved or denied; presents
Role in the construction process:
projects to communities, planning officials, and planning
Collaborate with the client, and other professionals to understand
commissions; and stays current on zoning or building codes,
and incorporate the client’s needs and preferences; coordinate the
environmental regulations, and other legal issues.
selection and installation of materials, finishes, furniture, and
fixtures, ensuring that they meet building codes and standards.
ENGINEER
Definition: Why Do You Need Qualified Professionals When Building?
A trained professional concerned with the design and physical
integrity of buildings. A structural engineer’s mandate is to ensure 1. Consulting professionals in construction projects guarantees
the safety and durability of a building. that the building quality is not compromised.
2. Professionals also ensure optimal safety for building occupants
Role in the construction process: and help prevent building collapse.
Prepares detailed structural designs and drawings; and carries out 3. Professionals can work within a budget and are experienced in
investigation on the construction site. managing resources.
4. They work within the law and help avoid situations where
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER developments must be demolished.
5. Professionals take care of necessary details, making the
Definition: project painless for clients.
A professional who oversees the planning, design and construction 6. They are customer-focused and make strategic adjustments
of a project from start to finish. that benefit the project.
7. Professionals are experts at identifying hazards and
Role in the construction process: unforeseen obstacles early on and prescribe the right action to
Carefully plans out the construction project; manages construction prevent wasting time and materials.
time and quality standards. 8. They have experience in completing projects on time, even
when facing supply delays.
9. Professionals can be held accountable for their work and help
ensure environmentally friendly design and construction
processes.

0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke @aak_kenya

25
 AAK EVENTS HIGHLIGHTS
1 2

4 6

CAPTIONS
1. The Interior Designers Chapter Build Talk and Membership Drive event at
the Nairobi Institute of Technology.
2. AAK Annual convention 2023 + IFLA World congress
3. Hon.Treasurer QS Patience Mulondo and fellow professionals appoint-
8
ment to the Pending Bills Verification Committee by H.E. President
William Ruto.
4. AAK’s Grow A Classroom initiative at Iiani Primary School Ngwata
5. AAK Hosts Key Discussions on Healthy Homes with Roland Pearson, Vice
President of Habitat’s Terwilliger Center for Innovation in Shelter, and
Jacob Simwero, Construction Practices Specialist at Habitat for Humanity
International.
6. AAK Governing Council Hosts MentorshipTalk at University of Nairobi
7. AAK presents its memorandum to the Taskforce on Re-engineering and
Transformation of Urban Development.
8. Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK) team career talk for the girls at
Kenya High School
9. Highlights from AAK Duracoat Awards Gala Dinner 2024
26
 AAK EVENTS HIGHLIGHTS
10 11

12

13 15

14

18

16

17
CAPTIONS
10. AAK team, led by the Architect’s Chapter at JKUAT Department of Architecture
Exhibition for a mentorship session with the architecture students.
11. AAK AGM 2024
12. AAK Team at a workshop on the Safari Green Building Index
13. The AAK Quantity Surveyors Chapter career talk session at the University of
Nairobi for CRESA UON students.
14. The AAK and BORAQS team at the BORAQS CPD Seminar
15. AAK Presents Key Recommendations for a Just City to Nairobi Governor H.E.
Sakaja Johnson
16. AAK Discusses One Stop Shop Model with CS Eliud Owalo
17. AAK president Arch. Florence Nyole’s courtesy call to the President of Kenya
National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dr. Eric Rutto to Explore
Collaboration Opportunities
18. Je, Una Mjengo? and Mulika Mjengo Campaign.

27
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2023-2025

Arch. Florence Nyole Arch. George A. Ndege Arch. Brenda

President Vice-President Nyawara
Hon. Secretary

Qs. Patience Mulondo Qs. Diana Musyoka L.Arch. Ruth Wanjiku

Hon. Treasurer Hon. Registrar Assistant. Hon.
Secretary

28
AAK SECRETARIAT

Jacob Mwangi Michelle Ouma Kelvin Munene

Chief Executive Research & Finance &
Officer Advocacy Manager Administration Officer

Rodah Boyani Mary Ngaruiya Lenah Waweru

Communications Advocacy Administrative
Officer Officer Secretary

Eric Ochieng
Office Assistant
29
30
INNOVATIVE FINANCING
MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE
HOUSING
by Tsalwa Waburiri

In 2008, the global urban population surpassed the rural housing needs for underserved populations. This
population, thereby starting a new ‘urban millennium’ approach improves living conditions, promotes
(United Nations, n.d.). By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s asset accumulation, and fosters sustainable housing
population will live in urban areas. With cities growing development in communities with limited formal
by nearly 73 million people annually, the demand for financial services. In Kenya, 14 institutions are licensed
sustainable housing is rising. Innovative financing by the Central Bank to offer microfinance. Challenges
models are now crucial to overcoming economic include high costs, credit risks, scaling difficulties, and
barriers for meeting housing needs, as traditional dependency on external funding. Addressing these
financing often fails to address the diverse needs of requires integrating financial literacy, supportive
low-income populations (Makachia, 2015 ). Similarly, policies, and partnerships to maximize benefits.
they fall short of mitigating climate risks and ensuring
long-term sustainability. This paper explores various Community Land Trusts (CLTs)
innovative models, highlights benefits and challenges,
and lists a few case studies. Community Land Trusts (CLTs) are nonprofits that
acquire and manage land to ensure affordable housing
Microfinance and sustainable development by separating land and
building ownership (UN Habitat, 2012). CLTs retain
Microfinance provides small loans and financial land control, leasing or selling buildings while setting
services to low-income individuals lacking access to resale price restrictions to maintain long-term housing
traditional banking (Finca, n.d.). It includes microloans affordability for low- and moderate-income families.
for home construction, improvement, and purchase, Governed by community members, CLTs prioritize
microsavings, as well as microinsurance to support local needs and promote community empowerment.

31
 Key advantages of CLTs include stabilizing housing
costs, empowering local governance, and promoting
Crowdfunding
sustainable land use. CLTs also protect land from Crowdfunding raises funds from numerous individuals
speculative market forces, ensuring it remains or organizations via online platforms, bypassing
a community asset. Challenges include securing traditional financing channels like banks. This method
initial funding for land acquisition, navigating legal democratizes real estate investment, allowing
complexities, and educating communities about the individuals to support specific projects and offering
CLT model. Despite these, CLTs offer a sustainable, developers alternative funding sources. Crowdfunding
community-driven approach to housing affordability connects project developers or homeowners directly
and inclusive neighborhoods. with potential investors, promoting community
engagement and supporting innovative housing
Public-Private Partnerships initiatives (Zahid, 2023). This approach poses challenges
such as regulatory compliance, ensuring investor
(PPPs) protection, and managing expectations regarding
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) leverage government returns and project risks. Successful crowdfunding
and private sector collaboration to develop and manage campaigns programs emphasize transparency,
housing projects. They combine public resources with community engagement, and clear communication to
private sector expertise and capital to enhance project build trust and attract backers. By diversifying financing
efficiency, innovation, and speed of delivery (London beyond traditional channels, crowdfunding makes real
Premier College, 2022). While PPPs offer benefits estate investment opportunities more inclusive and
such as access to additional funding and improved accessible. However, they require careful navigation
project quality, they also entail complexities in legal, of market dynamics and financial viability to achieve
financial, and regulatory management. Balancing public funding goals.
objectives with private sector goals, ensuring long-term
commitment, and addressing affordability concerns are Green Bonds
key challenges. Effective governance and stakeholder Green bonds also referred to as sustainable or climate
engagement are critical for maximizing the advantages bonds, are financial instruments designed to finance
of PPPs while mitigating risks throughout the project projects that deliver environmental benefits. These
lifecycle. projects typically include renewable energy, energy
efficiency improvements, sustainable transportation,
Blended Finance pollution control, conservation, sustainable water
Blended finance for housing combines public, private, management, and green buildings meeting international
and philanthropic funds to address housing challenges, standards (Raj M. Desai, 2018). In Kenya, the Green
particularly in underserved areas. It boosts funding Bond Programme is a collaborative effort involving
availability by attracting private investors with reduced the Kenya Bankers Association, Nairobi Securities
risk through public and philanthropic contributions (Tew Exchange, Climate Bonds Initiative, Financial Sector
& Caio, 2016). This approach encourages innovation Deepening Africa, and FMO - Dutch Development Bank,
and efficiency in housing solutions while promoting aimed at fostering financial innovation and developing
sustainability and local economic growth. However, a domestic green bond market (Makachia, 2015 ).
managing diverse funding sources and ensuring financial Green bonds attract environmentally conscious
viability can be challenging. Dependency on external investors by promoting sustainability and potentially
funding and regulatory barriers also pose challenges, reducing financing costs, while also hedging against
requiring careful coordination and supportive policies risks associated with climate change, such as carbon
to maximize social impact and long-term sustainability. taxes (Financial Sector Deepening, 2022). They offer

Green bonds attract environmentally

conscious investors by promoting
sustainability and potentially reducing
financing costs, while also hedging
against risks associated with climate
change, such as carbon taxes

32
stable long-term financial returns and align investments
with climate-friendly projects and long-term financial
obligations, making them attractive for retirement
CASE STUDIES
planning and institutional investors seeking to diversify Affordable Housing Finance in India
portfolios (Nairobi Securities Exchange, n.d.). Despite
their advantages, the verification and certification The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) scheme
process of environmental benefits can be complex in India combines government subsidies, interest
and costly, adding administrative burdens for issuers. subsidies, and PPPs to provide affordable housing
Nevertheless, recent years have seen strong demand for low-income families, leveraging innovative
for green bonds globally, driven by increasing investor financing mechanisms to meet ambitious housing
interest in sustainable investment opportunities and the targets (Government of India, n.d.).
growing importance of environmental considerations in
financial decision-making. Green Bond Issuance in Mexico
Mexico City issued green bonds to finance
Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) sustainable urban projects, including energy-
A Social Impact Bond (SIB) is a financial mechanism efficient housing and public transportation,
designed to achieve sustainable social outcomes by demonstrating the potential of green bonds
attracting investors who fund social services up front to support climate-resilient infrastructure
(Geral, 2016). Investors are repaid by government or (International Finance Corporation, 2023).
private funders if pre-agreed outcome targets are
met. SIBs improve resource allocation efficiency for
A Social Impact Bond in Practice
governments and donors, particularly during fiscal In 2010, Peterborough Prison in the UK issued
constraints, through public-private partnerships. one of the first social impact bonds, raising £5
million from 17 social investors to fund a pilot
SIBs tie financial returns to achieving specific social
project (Chen, 2022). The issue aimed to reduce
goals, such as reducing homelessness or enhancing
re-offending rates among short-term prisoners.
education. They promote efficiency and innovation in
Over six years, the re-conviction rates of released
service delivery while sharing risks between investors
prisoners were compared to a control group. If
and government agencies. This collaboration aims
Peterborough’s rates were at least 7.5% lower,
to solve social problems effectively while ensuring
investors would receive returns proportional to
accountability and financial sustainability (Social
the difference, capped at 13% annually over eight
Finance Ltd, 2009).
years.
However, SIBs can be complex to administer, carry
financial loss risks if outcomes are unmet, and may Community Land Trusts in the
overly focus on measurable results. They also require United States
ongoing funding commitments from governments
or donors and may not be suitable for all social The Champlain Housing Trust in Burlington,
interventions (Social Finance Ltd, 2009). Despite these Vermont, is one of the largest and most successful
challenges, SIBs foster collaboration and innovation CLTs in the US, providing affordable housing and
in addressing social issues, striving for effective and preventing displacement through community
sustainable outcomes. ownership and control of land.

Conclusion
Innovative financing models are crucial for addressing the complex challenges of sustainable housing development.
By leveraging diverse financing mechanisms such as green bonds, social impact bonds, microfinance, community
land trusts, public-private partnerships, blended finance, and crowdfunding, stakeholders can promote inclusive,
affordable, and climate-resilient housing solutions. Implementing supportive policies, building capacity, raising
public awareness, fostering collaboration, and ensuring rigorous monitoring and evaluation are essential strategies
for the successful deployment of these innovative financing models.

REFERENCES
1. Central Bank of Kenya. (n.d.). Banking Sector Innovation Survey 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from Central
Bank of Kenya
2. Chen, J. (2022, April 12). Social Impact Bond (SIB): Definition, How It Works, and Example. Retrieved from
www.investopedia.com
3. Financial Sector Deepening. (2022, May). Green Finance in Kenya. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from www.fsdkenya.
org
4. Finca. (n.d.). Microfinance. Retrieved from finca.org: https://finca.org/our-work/microfinance
5. Geral, D. (2016, December 6). Social impact bonds– an option to address Africa’s most pressing challenges.
Retrieved from bowmanslaw.com
6. Government of India. (n.d.). PMAY (URBAN). Retrieved July 15, 2024, from pmay-urban.gov.in: https://pmay-
urban.gov.in/about
7. International Finance Corporation. (2023, August 22). IFC and IDEI announce green bond issuance for 800
million pesos to promote sustainable construction in Mexico. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from pressroom.ifc.org

33
 8. London Premier College. (2022, July 20). Public-Private
Partnership: A Win-Win Solution for Infrastructure Projects. AUTHOR BIO
Retrieved from www.lpcentre.com
9. Makachia, P. A. (2015 ). Innovative Financing for Housing
in Sustainable Growth. Modeling Incremental Financing
Strategies in Housing. Nairobi : Kenya Bankers Association.
10. Nairobi Securities Exchange. (n.d.). Green Bonds. Retrieved
July 15, 2024, from www.nse.co.ke
11. Raj M. Desai, H. K. (2018). From Summits to Solutions.
Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
12. Social Finance Ltd. (2009, August 10 ). Social impact bonds:
Rethinking finance for social outcomes.
13. Tew, R., & Caio, C. (2016). Blended finance Understanding its
potential for Agenda 2030. Retrieved from devinit.org Tsalwa Waburiri is a Registered
Architect with 10+ years post-
14. UN Habitat. (2012). Community Land Trusts: Affordable
graduation experience and the
Acsess to Land and Housing. Nairobi: United Nations Human
Chairperson, AAK Architects
Settlements Programme.
Chapter. He is also the 1st Vice
15. United Nations. (n.d.). Sustainable cities and human President, East Africa Institute of
settlements. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/ Architects (EAIA) and a Tutorial
16. Zahid, R. (2023, July 11). Crowdfunding for Affordable Fellow at the Jomo Kenyatta
Housing: Empowering Communities through Collective University of Agriculture and
Investmen. Technology (JKUAT) where is
also pursuing a Master of Urban
Design.

THE AAK COOPERATIVE SACCO LTD

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Licensed under the Ministry of Co-operatives and MSMEs,

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0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke

35
 SOCIAL HABITAT AND
TECHNOLOGY: OUR
CONNECTION TO PLACE
By Griffiths Ochieng’

We live in a time that challenges our connection to accelerating, cities face significant challenges in
place and space. Despite our achievements in internet managing this growth. While housing is defined as a
connectivity, we are losing our connection to Mother basic need that provides the family access to shelter,
Earth at a rapid pace each day. Today, the alarming it also demands resources, physical infrastructure,
figures of demographic growth show that 50% of the labor, technology, finance, and land. Thus, housing
world’s population is currently urban and by 2050, 70% refers not only to the physical structure of a house but
will become so. This in turn poses dire urbanisation also its forward and backward linkages to job creation,
challenges, especially for cities in developing countries. resource requirements, institutional and regulatory
systems, supporting infrastructure, services, and social
This requires us to observe the social connections
cohesion.
between the layers of our current urban fabric. What
does social mean? It could mean connectedness, Habitat for Humanity has developed the concept
unity, or the ability to live with others in our natural of owner-driven housing, which is currently helping
habitats. The need for effective social habitat solutions communities to get access to micro finances to build
is more pressing than ever today. Social habitats are their house in Kenya and around the world. For this to
communities designed to provide safe, affordable, continue to work, it is essential to get governments to
and accessible housing for people of all backgrounds. establish policies on affordability and access to low-cost
Integrating advanced building technologies with housing. We need to be very careful about the human
climate resilience is crucial to ensure these habitats are rights dimension to ensure the process of private sector
sustainable and equitable for engagement does not lead to more
future generations. inequalities in cities.
The future of our cities relies The future of our cities When it comes to building
heavily on our quick response technology for social housing,
to changes, and adaptability relies heavily on our quick traditional methods reliant on local
to environmental, social, and response to changes, materials and manual labor have
economic transformations. This and adaptability to transitioned to modern techniques
leads us to urban regeneration prioritizing efficiency, and
which is mainly about never environmental, social, and sustainability, while still relying on
undoing but reinforcing, economic transformations. the availability of local materials and
improving, and adding. The cost-effectiveness. Prefabrication,
sooner we understand this modular construction, and 3D
the closer we come to building printed houses, for instance, enable
agile and responsive cities. quicker assembly and lower costs
Hence the need to, for instance, construct flexible while reducing waste, making them environmentally
homes that can evolve as the inhabitants evolve. An friendly and climate-resilient. Innovative materials
agile city simply anticipates destruction, and cushions like green concrete, which absorbs carbon dioxide,
inhabitants against the consequences. “The right to the and advanced insulating materials enhance energy
city, which is about ordinary people’s ability to inhabit, efficiency and durability.
shape, and enjoy their environment, linking the rural to
The integration of building technology and climate
the urban, is a political project. The notion of a right to
resilience offers numerous benefits. The ‘Floating
the city unsettles the status quo of capital-driven spatial
Houses’ in the Netherlands are an excellent example
change.” By Henry Lefebvre, HIC.
of climate-resilient design. These houses are designed
The architect is uniquely positioned to address the to rise with water levels during floods, equipped with
urgent need for housing due to their training, knowledge, renewable energy systems and sustainable water
techniques, vision, ability to manage space, and art management. The houses ascend when waters rise and
of synthesis. Today, an estimated 200 million people descend when waters recede. With the recent flood in
are homeless, and nearly 2 billion live in inadequate our country, and the huge number of families displaced,
housing worldwide. Furthermore, with urbanization it’s about time built environment professionals started

36
thinking of not only homes built on land but also homes
that are adaptable to land and floods.
This brings us to Government policies which play a
crucial role in promoting building technology and climate
resilience. Incentives such as tax breaks, grants, and
subsidies can encourage the adoption of sustainable
practices. Additionally, building codes and standards
should be updated to reflect the latest advancements in
technology and climate resilience. In Kenya, the National
Housing Policy promotes the use of green building
technologies and climate resilience. The policy includes
incentives for developers who incorporate sustainable
practices and provides guidelines for climate-resilient
construction. Additionally, the East African Community
(EAC) has developed a regional strategy for climate-
resilient infrastructure, emphasizing the need for
sustainable housing solutions across member states.
Community involvement is equally important. Local
knowledge and participation can significantly enhance
the effectiveness of housing projects. Engaging
communities in the planning and implementation phases
ensures that the solutions are culturally appropriate
and widely accepted. Financial mechanisms, including
microfinance and public-private partnerships, can also
provide the necessary funding for these projects.
In conclusion, Integrating advanced building
technologies and climate resilience is essential for
creating sustainable and equitable social habitats.
These innovations can significantly improve the quality
of life for residents while protecting them from the
adverse effects of climate change. Future efforts should
focus on multi-stakeholder collaboration, continued
research, and policy support to overcome challenges
and scale up successful models. By adopting these
practices, we can build a world where everyone can
access a safe, affordable, and social habitat, driven by
technology built for the people.

References:
1. UIA. (2022). Work Program Report. International
Union of Architects.
2. Habitat for Humanity. (2023). Driven by the Vision
of a Decent Place to Live.
3. World Bank. (2019). Climate-Resilient Housing. The
World Bank.
4. UN-Habitat. (2021). Kibera Public Space Project.
UN-Habitat.
5. East African Community. (2019). Regional Strategy
for Climate-Resilient Infrastructure. EAC Secretariat.
6. New Africa Magazine. (2023). Owner-Driven
Housing and Private Sector Engagement.

AUTHOR BIO

Griffiths Ochieng is a marketing consultant and strategist passionate

about architecture and design. Currently, she collaborates with architects
and built environment professionals, helping them share their stories and
products boldly online while leveraging organic social media marketing.
Griffiths holds a degree in architecture, giving her a unique perspective
that blends technical expertise with creative marketing strategies. She
loves to explore the intersections between architecture, design, and
marketing and is dedicated to advancing the visibility and impact of
sustainable and innovative building practices through storytelling all over
the world. Reach her on griffithsochieng@gmail.com

37
 LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTS’
CONTRIBUTION TO
SOCIAL HABITATS
By Anthony Kimondo

When I think about social habitats, I pause to reflect for social mobility. Urban centres in Africa also
how life was for my great grandfather under the face challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate
forests of Mt. Kenya, surrounded by lush greenery, infrastructure, and elevated levels of unemployment,
bubbling rivers, and abundant wildlife. He would which can lead to social tensions and conflict.
not understand our struggles for his commune with
City spaces can be used to support active lifestyles,
nature was direct, unfiltered and divine.
sustain businesses, and build communities. Careful
Social habitats in Africa play a crucial role in shaping landscape and urban planning ensure all these
the lives and interactions of its inhabitants. These features are added safely within a given area. As we
habitats encompass a wide range of environments, become more aware of the potential environmental
from rural villages to urban centres, each with its own impacts of increased development, we can build
unique social dynamics and challenges. One of the sustainable features into city plans.
most prominent social habitats in Africa is the rural
village. These villages are often characterized by close- Urban policy framework and
knit communities where individuals rely on each other
for support and sustenance. In rural villages, social regulation reforms play a crucial role in
relationships are based on kinship ties and communal shaping the social habitats of our cities. Landscape
values, with individuals working together to meet the Architects have a unique perspective and skill set
needs of the community. This sense of community that can greatly contribute to the development and
and interconnectedness fosters a powerful sense of implementation of these policies. Landscape Architects
belonging and identity among villagers, creating a are trained to consider the social, environmental, and
supportive and cohesive social environment. economic aspects of a project when designing outdoor
spaces. They have the expertise to create sustainable
However, rural villages in Africa face numerous and inclusive environments that promote community
challenges, including poverty, lack of access to basic well-being and quality of life. By incorporating
services, and environmental degradation. These principles of urban design, ecology, and social equity
challenges can have a significant impact on the social into their work, Landscape Architects can help address
dynamics of the village, leading to increased social the complex challenges facing our cities today.
inequality and marginalization of certain groups within
the community. For example, women and children One of the key roles of Landscape Architects in
in rural villages often bear the brunt of poverty and urban policy framework and regulation reforms is
lack of access to education and healthcare, leading to to advocate for green infrastructure and sustainable
higher rates of maternal and child mortality. design practices. Green infrastructure, such as parks,
green roofs, and rain gardens, can help mitigate the
In contrast to rural villages, urban centres in Africa impacts of climate change, improve air, and water
present a diverse set of social habitats. Urban centres quality, and enhance biodiversity in urban areas. By
are characterized by high population density, diverse incorporating these elements into city planning and
populations, and complex social structures. In urban development regulations, Landscape Architects can
centres, individuals often interact with a wide range help create healthier and more resilient communities.
of people from divergent backgrounds and cultures,
leading to increased social diversity and opportunities

38
In addition to promoting green infrastructure, Landscape urban green spaces, all of which are designed to bring
Architects can play a role in advocating for policies that people together and promote social cohesion.
promote social equity and inclusivity in urban spaces.
In order to create successful social habitats, Landscape
By designing public spaces that are accessible to people
Architects must consider a variety of factors, including
of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds, Landscape
the needs and preferences of the community, the
Architects can help foster a sense of community
surrounding environment, and the overall goals of the
and belonging. This can help reduce social isolation
project. By conducting thorough research and engaging
and improve mental health outcomes for residents.
with stakeholders throughout the design process,
Furthermore, Landscape Architects can help shape
Landscape Architects can ensure that the social habitats
urban policy frameworks that prioritize pedestrian and
they create are both functional and aesthetically
cyclist-friendly design, mixed-use development, and
pleasing.
affordable housing options. By advocating for policies
that promote walkability, active transportation, and An example of a successful social habitat is the High
access to public transit, Landscape Architects can help Line in New York City, which was transformed from
reduce car dependency and promote healthier, more an abandoned railway into a vibrant public park that
sustainable lifestyles. has become a popular gathering place for locals and
tourists alike. By incorporating elements such as seating
By incorporating principles of areas, green spaces, and public art installations, the
designers of the High Line were able to create a space
green infrastructure, social that not only enhances the natural beauty of the area
but also promotes social interaction and community
equity, and sustainable engagement.
design into city planning and Social habitats are an essential aspect of landscape
development regulations, architecture that play a crucial role in shaping the
way people interact with their environment. By
Landscape Architects can creating spaces that encourage social interaction and
help shape the future of community engagement, Landscape Architects can help
to strengthen the bonds between individuals and create
our urban environments for a sense of belonging within a community. Through
the better. careful research and thoughtful design, Landscape
Architects can create social habitats that not only
enhance the natural beauty of an area but also promote
Social interaction and Community social connections and foster a sense of community.
engagement. References:
Social habitats are an essential aspect of landscape
architecture, as they play a crucial role in shaping the 1. Brown, A. (2019). Green infrastructure and social
way people interact with their environment. Landscape equity: A case study of landscape architecture in
Architects are responsible for designing and creating urban policy reform. Landscape Research, 22(4),
spaces that not only enhance the natural beauty of an 345-358.
area but also promote social interaction and community 2. Corner, J. (1999). Recovering Landscape: Essays in
engagement. Contemporary Landscape Architecture. New York:
One of the key roles of Landscape Architects is to Princeton Architectural Press.
design spaces that encourage social interaction and 3. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Washington, DC:
community engagement. By creating social habitats, Island Press.
Landscape Architects can help to strengthen the bonds
between individuals and create a sense of belonging 4. Jones, L. (2019). Urbanization and social change in
within a community. These spaces can range from Africa. African Development Review, 25(3), 112-130.
public parks and plazas to community gardens and

AUTHOR BIO

Anthony Kimondo is a Landscape Architect with 15 years’ experience in

the private and public sector; and has a wealth of experience in public
infrastructure development and policy. He is currently pursuing a Master
of Environmental Planning and Management at Kenyatta University
and is the Chairperson of the AAK Landscape Architects Chapter where
he continues to champion for growth and excellence in the Landscape
Architecture profession.

39
 BUILD &
INFLUENCE
Building Strength, Stability, and Self-Reliance through Shelter.

40
 Our Vision
A nation where every family has a decent place to live.
Our Mission
Seeking to put God’s love into action, and bringing people
together to build homes, communities, and hope.

Overarching Goal
Enabling low-income families to access decent and affordable shelter

Habitat for Humanity Kenya is an affiliate of Habitat

for Humanity International (HFHI), a leading global
nonprofit organization working in more than 70
countries and partnering with millions of people
globally to build and improve places they call home.
Habitat for Humanity has been operating in Kenya
since 1982, working in the country’s 47 counties. Our
interventions, both directly and through partners
have enabled more than 500,000 people to access
decent housing along with water, sanitation, and
hygiene services.

Since 1982, Habitat for

Humanity Kenya has
helped over 500,000
people in 250+
communities

Programmatic Focus

Over

Financing for Settlement- Successfully implemented

owner-led based years of dedicated over 5,000 affordable
housing programs.
construction practice service in Kenya

Evidence-based
Disaster risk OUR
advocacy for
security of land
reduction and IMPACT
response.
tenure.

Implemented Empowered over

innovative, and 500,000 people in 250+
sustainable housing communities through
Habitat for Humanity Kenya is a central sustainable housing
technologies.
players in providing Adequate and solutions.
Affordable (AA) housing for low-income
households in Kenya

41
 SECURING LAND TENURE
THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE
URBAN PLANNING: A PATH TO
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN KENYA
By Plan. Cyrus Mbisi and Mary Ngaruiya

The relationship between land tenure security and The root cause of these issues can be traced back to
affordable housing is intricate and profound (Byrne & lack of proper urban planning and the inconsistent
Diamond, 2007). When individuals or communities lack implementation of physical and land use development
certainty about their land rights, it creates a ripple effect plans. The uncontrolled urban sprawl witnessed today
that impacts various aspects of urban development. directly results from this oversight. As cities haphazardly
This insecurity discourages long-term investment in expand outside of a planned framework, valuable land
housing improvements, hampers the ability of low- is consumed by the resultant developments, driving up
income residents to access formal credit, and often land prices and making land generally expensive for
results in informal settlements that lack basic services future expansion and provision of public infrastructure
and infrastructure. (Museleku, 2013). Further, the sprawling cities and
urban areas have been known to increase exponentially
The current state of home ownership in Kenya further
the cost of supplying physical infrastructure and social
underscores the urgency of addressing these issues.
amenities. A study from Smart Growth America (SGA),
According to a research report by the Kenya Mortgage
which surveyed 17 studies of compact and sprawling
Refinance Company, home ownership in Kenya remains
development scenarios across the country, finds that
low, particularly in urban areas. As of 2020, only 21.3%
compact development costs, on average, 38% less in
of urban dwellers own their homes, with the vast
up-front infrastructure than conventional suburban
majority being renters. This low rate of home ownership
development for things like roads, sewers and water
not only affects individual financial security but also has
lines while also producing, on average, about 10 times
broader implications for community stability and urban
more tax revenue per acre (SGA, 2013).
development.

42
To address these challenges and create a more • Increased certainty to investors through consistent
equitable urban landscape, Kenya must prioritize the enforcement of development plans, potentially
development and implementation of physical and land attracting more private sector involvement in
use development plans at all levels of governance as affordable housing (Buckley & Kalarickal, 2005).
mandated by the Physical and Land Use Planning Act,
• Strengthening of land tenure security by clearly
2019. This approach starts with the National Spatial
defining land use and ownership rights, vital for
Plan, which provides the overarching vision for the
sustainable urban development (Durand-Lasserve
country’s spatial development; articulating strategies
& Selod, 2009).
for balanced regional growth, identifying corridors for
major infrastructure projects and also laying out key These interconnected benefits underscore the
flagship projects for development in line with a country’s importance of rigorous physical and land use planning in
economic blueprint. addressing urban challenges and promoting equitable
development.
At the county level, county physical and land use
development plans must translate the national vision To achieve these benefits, Kenya must overcome several
into more detailed strategies that account for local challenges. First, there needs to be a shift in political
contexts and needs, designating areas for different will to prioritize long-term planning over project-based
types of development, including specific zones for focus for short-term gains. This requires educating both
industries, commercial areas, housing and social policymakers and the public about the importance of
amenities. By clearly defining these zones in advance, physical and land use planning and its impact on quality
county governments can better control land speculation of life.
and ensure that sufficient land is available for such
critical social and economic development initiatives. Second, there must be a concerted effort to streamline
and digitize land registration processes. This will help
At the city and neighbourhood level, Local Physical clarify existing land rights, reduce conflicts, and provide
Development Plans have the power to shape the a solid foundation for future planning efforts.
immediate environment in which people live. These
plans should reserve land for future public use, Third, capacity building within planning departments
implement mixed-use zoning to create vibrant at all levels of government is crucial. This includes not
communities and incorporate social and affordable only technical training but also fostering a culture of
housing units within diverse neighbourhoods. By doing transparency and public participation in the planning
so, they can help break the cycle of segregation often process.
associated with large-scale social housing projects that Lastly, there needs to be a robust legal framework
are only targeted at the middle to high-end market. that supports the implementation and enforcement
The implementation of comprehensive physical and of physical and land use development plans. This
land use development plans across all governance levels may require reforms to existing laws to give planning
can yield multifaceted benefits for urban development authorities more authority in enforcing zoning
and land management. regulations and land use policies.

• Stabilization of land prices through strategic In conclusion, addressing land tenure insecurity
designation of development areas and preservation through comprehensive physical and land use planning
of low-density zones (Habitat III, 2016). is not just about creating order – it’s about building the
foundation for sustainable, equitable, and livable cities.
• Reduction of costs related to compulsory land By developing and implementing physical and land
acquisition by clear delineation of land for future use development plans at all levels, from national to
public use (World Bank, 2017). neighbourhood, Kenya can create a framework that not
only secures land tenure but also guides smart growth,
• Facilitation of efficient and cost-effective
preserves valuable resources, and enhances the quality
infrastructure development, crucial for affordable
of life for all urban residents. The path forward requires
housing provision (UN-Habitat, 2015).
commitment, resources, and a shared vision for the
• Enhancement of community integration by future of our cities. It’s a challenging journey, but one
integrating affordable housing into well-planned that promises immense rewards for generations to
neighborhoods, reducing stigma and promoting come, potentially transforming the lives of millions of
social cohesion (Arthurson, 2010). Kenyans currently living in inadequate social economic
and environmental conditions.

AUTHOR BIO

Mary Ngaruiya is a graduate Urban Planner currently serving as the

Advocacy Officer at the Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK).
She has extensive experience in community mobilization and policy
analysis. Mary is passionate about shaping urban development
policies, through stakeholder engagement, content creation, and
driving social change through effective advocacy strategies.

43
 COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS
AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN
SOCIAL HABITATS IN EAST AFRICA
By Meshak Omondi

In East Africa, community involvement and cooperative In Kenya, the Boma Yangu initiative exemplifies the
partnerships are essential elements of successful social benefits of private sector involvement. The project
habitat initiatives. To ensure the long-term viability engages with commercial developers and financial
and efficiency of housing developments, construction institutions to provide affordable housing units to low-
professionals must give these factors great priority. The and middle-income families (Affordable Housing Program
article looks at the role of collaborative partnerships - Boma Yangu, n.d.). The private sector’s involvement
and community involvement in the creation of social broadened the project’s scope and improved project
habitats in the East African region. delivery.
A variety of parties are involved in collaborative The long-term survival of social habitat projects relies
partnerships, including local communities, government heavily on community involvement and participation.
agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and Involving the community in the planning, design, and
private sector investors. These collaborations have the implementation stages of housing solutions guarantees
potential to promote creativity, efficacy, and resource that the solutions suit their needs and desires.
mobilization by using each stakeholder’s unique skills. Furthermore, it fosters a sense of accountability
and ownership, resulting in better maintenance and
To be successful, social habitat projects require
longevity. Participatory planning and design engages
collaboration between the government and non-
the community in all decision-making processes, from
governmental organizations. For example, if non-
site selection to house design. This strategy ensures
governmental organizations (NGOs) provide technical
that housing options are environmentally friendly,
competence and community mobilization, the
appropriate for the local culture, and responsive to
government could provide project funding as well as
community needs.
regulatory frameworks through favourable regulations
for such projects. Slum Dwellers International (SDI) has used participatory
planning and design in several Ugandan slum
Ethiopia’s Integrated Housing Development Programme
rehabilitation projects. SDI has successfully designed
(IHDP) provides an excellent example of effective
housing solutions that are not just affordable but
government-NGO partnership. Several foreign non-
also reflect the residents’ interests and lifestyles by
governmental organizations (NGOs) have supported
incorporating the community at all levels (Uganda - Slum
the program, which aims to enhance urban living
Dwellers International, n.d.).
conditions and provide cheap housing (The Integrated
Housing Development Program: Identifying Strengths
and Gaps, n.d.). It has the ability to significantly improve
Community-Based Organizations
the living conditions of low-income families and reduce (CBOs)
urban poverty, both as a result of effective collaboration
between the government and non-governmental Community-based organizations, or CBOs, play an
organizations (NGOs). important role in encouraging community participation.
CBOs serve as community representatives and
Private Sector Involvement mediators between the community and other
parties. They improve communication, make sure the
The expansion of social habitat initiatives necessitates community’s voice is heard, and resolve issues. CBOs
the involvement of the private sector, including now have the power to actively take part in slum
construction businesses, private developers, and upgrading activities thanks to a grant from Tanzania’s
financial institutions, which give capital, experience, and Centre for Community activities (CCI). By enhancing
new solutions that are crucial in project implementation. CBOs’ capabilities, CCI has raised community ownership
Successful collaboration with the private sector can help and engagement, leading to more fruitful and durable
to speed up project delivery and reduce costs. programs (CCI Tanzania | Our Programmes, n.d.).

44
Social habitat projects can benefit greatly from
cooperative collaborations and community involvement.
They guarantee the sustainability of housing solutions,
encourage creativity, and improve project efficacy.
Additionally, they empower communities and promote AAK BUILDHUB
social cohesion, which advances overall development
goals.

Conclusion AAK has just made it so much easier for you to obtain a Building Permit or
Planning Approval in Kenya by providing information on step by step procedures,
The success of social habitat projects in East Africa duration for approval and fee charges for obtaining these approvals.

depends on cooperative relationships and community

involvement. Prioritizing these factors is vital for
quantity surveyors, as they are crucial stakeholders Visit buildhub.aak.or.ke
in ensuring the sustainability and efficacy of housing
developments. Through the utilization of the varied
strengths of stakeholders and community participation For Planning Approval processes
and charges select "Planning
in decision-making procedures, East Africa may establish Approval" on the navigation panel
social environments that cater to the requirements
of its susceptible populations and foster equitable
For building Permits processes
development. and charges select "Building
Permit" on the navigation panel

References Select specific County from

drop down menu
1. Affordable Housing Program - Boma Yangu. (n.d.).
Retrieved July 12, 2024, from https://www.
bomayangu.go.ke/
2. CCI Tanzania | Our Programmes. (n.d.). Retrieved
July 12, 2024, from https://ccitanzania.or.tz/our-
programmes-view/3
3. The Integrated Housing Development Program: 0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke @aak_kenya

Identifying Strengths and Gaps. (n.d.).

4. Uganda - Slum Dwellers International. (n.d.).
Retrieved July 12, 2024, from https://sdinet.org/
affiliate/uganda/

AUTHOR BIO Upgrade Your Membership!

Did you know? As an AAK Member, you are exempt from paying
the entrance fee when upgrading your membership level. Join us
today and advance your journey with seamless transitions.

Upgrade now to enjoy even more benefits!

1 Log in to your membership portal at members.aak.or.ke.

2 Enter your membership number and password to access your account.

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4 Click on "My Membership" to view your current membership details.

Meshack Ochieng Omondi is a graduate Quantity 5 Look for the option to "Request for Upgrade" and click on it.
Surveyor, a Council Member of the AAK QS Chapter 6 Choose the respective membership class to upgrade to.
and Organising Committee Member for the AAK
7 Follow the prompts provided to complete the upgrade process.
QS Chapter. He is an enthusiastic practitioner
of quantity surveying, who is well-known for his
meticulous attention to detail and unwavering
dedication to quality. He is eager to provide his
expertise and time to any initiative that aims to
We appreciate you!
raise the standard of living in the community.
Aside from his career, Meshack is an entrepreneur 0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke

who loves to travel to exciting new places, an avid

sports fan and an artist.

45
 MAXIMIZING DILAPIDATED
& INCOMPLETE
INFRASTRUCTURE:
The Potential of Repurposing Abandoned and Unfinished
Buildings into Affordable Housing in Kenya

By Michael Otechi

Addressing the Housing Building Technology for

Shortage Social Habitat & Climate
As the demand for affordable housing in Resilient Housing
Kenya grows and the availability of low-cost
The built environment significantly contributes
properties diminishes, stakeholders must
to climate change, responsible for 35% of global
innovate in their approach to social housing
energy use and 38% of global greenhouse
development. One promising opportunity
gas emissions. The future of buildings in a
lies in restoring and repurposing abandoned
climate-affected world lies in adopting climate-
buildings. Constructing new houses remains the
resilient designs and sustainable construction
primary strategy, but rehabilitating derelict and
practices. By repurposing abandoned buildings
incomplete buildings can be more economical
for social housing, we can reduce the need for
and sustainable. This approach maximizes the
new construction, thus minimizing greenhouse
use of dilapidated infrastructure and provides
gas emissions and resource consumption.
an economic opportunity to increase affordable
Sustainable materials such as recycled steel,
housing within urban areas. Repurposing
bamboo, and low-carbon concrete can reduce
derelict residential, commercial, institutional,
emissions. Using locally sourced materials also
or historical buildings into social housing can
minimizes transportation-related emissions and
significantly address Kenya’s housing shortage
supports the local economy. Advanced tools like
and contribute to climate action.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) can optimize energy
Urban Policy Frameworks & use, material selection, and overall building
Regulation Reforms - Land performance.

Use & Secure Land Tenure Innovative Financing Models

To effectively repurpose abandoned and
Financing the conversion of abandoned and
incomplete buildings, Kenya needs robust urban
incomplete buildings into social housing can be
policy frameworks and regulation reforms.
a hurdle. Innovative financing models such as
Secure land tenure is critical to ensure that
the Credit Guarantee Scheme (CGS) launched
repurposed buildings remain accessible and
by Kenya’s National Treasury can enhance
affordable for the intended beneficiaries.
credit access for Micro, Small, and Medium
National and county governments can introduce
Enterprises (MSMEs). By partnering with financial
legislation compelling developers to complete
institutions, CGS offers partial loan guarantees,
their structures within specified timelines. These
making it easier for MSMEs to secure funding
regulations should ensure that incomplete
for repurposing projects. This government
structures are promptly connected to essential
initiative can benefit developers and contractors
utilities such as water and electricity.
involved in converting existing structures into
social housing. Subsidies, grants, and favorable
loan terms from the government and financial
institutions can support these initiatives.

46
Collaborative Partnerships the character of these buildings while adapting them
for residential use. Beyond public structures, numerous
/ Community Engagement & private buildings have remained incomplete for years.
Participation These structures represent untapped potential for
addressing housing shortages. By crafting partnerships
Community collaboration is crucial in the repurposing between the owners of these buildings and financiers, it
process. Engaging local communities in planning and is possible to complete these projects for their originally
development ensures that their needs and sentiments intended use or convert them into affordable or social
are considered. This collaborative approach fosters housing.
a sense of ownership and enhances the sustainability
of the projects. Private sector partnerships are also Community Involvement and
essential. Collaborations with private developers,
investors, and non-governmental organizations can Collaborative Efforts
provide the necessary funding and expertise for Community involvement is key to the success of
successful conversions. For instance, the Kenya Kwanza repurposing projects. Engaging local communities in
government’s Bottom-Up Economic Empowerment the planning and development stages ensures that
(BETA) Agenda encourages private-public partnerships their needs and sentiments are considered. This
to address housing shortages. collaborative approach fosters a sense of ownership
and enhances the sustainability of the projects. By
Gender Equality & Social involving residents in the rehabilitation process,
Inclusion in Housing projects can benefit from local knowledge and foster
community cohesion. Private sector partnerships are
Ensuring gender equality and social inclusion in housing also essential. Collaborations with private developers,
is essential for creating equitable and sustainable investors, and non-governmental organizations can
communities. Women and marginalized groups often provide the necessary funding and expertise for
face significant barriers in accessing housing. Policies successful conversions.
and programs should be designed to address these
disparities, ensuring that repurposed housing projects The Broader African Context
are inclusive and accessible to all. This includes involving
women and marginalized groups in the planning and While the focus here is on Kenya, the concept of
decision-making processes and ensuring that housing repurposing abandoned buildings for social housing is
solutions meet their specific needs. relevant across Africa. Cities like Lagos, Accra, and Dakar
face similar challenges and opportunities. These urban
Case Studies and Local Context areas have numerous abandoned or underutilized
buildings that could be transformed into housing
In Nairobi, the conversion of old office blocks and solutions, addressing significant housing deficits and
disused government buildings into residential units improving living conditions.
shows substantial promise. The Nairobi Railway
Station precinct, for instance, contains several disused Government-Led Initiatives
buildings that could be converted into affordable
housing. Similarly, Mombasa, with its rich colonial In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Kenyan
history, has numerous abandoned structures that government’s initiative to engage local artisans in making
can be repurposed. The Old Town area, known for its desks for schools exemplifies how Recognition of Prior
historical architecture, has buildings that, if restored Learning (RPL) can transform the built environment
and converted, could serve as a blend of cultural sector. This project boosted local craftsmanship,
preservation and modern social housing. stimulated the economy, and improved educational
infrastructure, highlighting the untapped potential
Challenges and Solutions of skilled workers lacking formal qualifications. By
implementing RPL, Kenya can bridge the gap between
Repurposing historical and institutional buildings in existing skills and formal recognition, promoting an
Kenya presents unique challenges. These structures inclusive and skilled workforce.
often hold significant cultural and historical value,
which can lead to resistance from the community.
Innovative design solutions are required to preserve

Repurposing abandoned
and incomplete buildings
into social housing in
Kenya presents a viable and
innovative solution to the
country’s housing crisis.

47
 Conclusion
Repurposing abandoned and incomplete buildings into social housing in Kenya presents a viable and innovative
solution to the country’s housing crisis. By leveraging existing infrastructure, fostering community involvement,
implementing robust legislative measures, and engaging in private sector partnerships, Kenya can create
sustainable, affordable housing solutions that meet the growing demand and improve the quality of life for its
residents. This approach will not only revitalize urban areas but also preserve cultural heritage and promote
economic development. Moreover, it aligns with climate action goals by reducing the need for new construction
and minimizing environmental impacts.

Disclaimer
This article is an adapted and revised version of a piece originally authored with a European focus by Paul Yakubu,
which was published on ArchDaily. We express our gratitude to Paul Yakubu and ArchDaily for their contributions
to the core concept of repurposing buildings for affordable housing. The content has been meticulously tailored
for a Kenyan audience, emphasizing local challenges, solutions, and examples.

AUTHOR BIO

Michael Otechi is a seasoned construction and real estate professional

with over 25 years of experience in the industry. His expertise spans
property management, building and construction, architectural design,
and project administration. As a licentiate architect and active member of
the International Code Council (ICC), he promotes the adoption and use of
building codes in various projects. He is currently serving as the Director
at Contract Service Associates Ltd.

MULIKA MJENGO
INITIATIVE MULIKA MJENGO
Identify and Report Unsafe Buildings
INITIATIVE
The Mulika Mjengo project is an initiative by the Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK) aimed at
Missing site board of Missing fall protection Lack of PPE for empowering the public to identify and report unsafe construction sites.

information systems workers These are some of the Elements to be highlighted :

Active Construction Sites

Site board information:

Name of area and land reference number Personal Protective Equipment:

Ownership details Hard hats
Project description Safety glasses
Supervising consultants with registration Earplugs
numbers Gloves
Contractors (main and sub-contractor) Safety shoes or boots
Statutory approval numbers
Display of relevant licenses and
approved drawings at the site office
Safety signage throughout the site

Safety nets installed around

Fall protection systems: multi-floor buildings

Guardrails
Safety nets
Construction Personal fall arrest systems

No display of taking place after

No safety signage on
relevant licenses on 6PM Existing Buildings
site
site Lack of safety nets
Proper zoning for residential, commercial, and
industrial areas
Structural integrity:
No visible cracks, leaning walls, sagging beams, etc.
Construction on well-drained land, avoiding marshy Stable and well-maintained buildings
grounds Fire safety mechanisms such as smoke detectors, fire alarms, fire
No private development on public land or recreational extinguishers and clear and unobstructed emergency exits
spaces Proper electrical wiring and management:
Safe and easy access to buildings Safety features for people with disabilities
Adequate parking provision Measures to prevent the breeding and spread of disease-
No leaks, water damage, or signs of dampness carrying vectors
Adequate permanent ventilation
SCAN HERE TO
REPORT UNSAFE BUILDINGS
https://aak.or.ke/mulika-mjengo/

0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke @aak_kenya 0721691337 aak@aak.or.ke @arch_ke ArchKE @arch_ke @aak_kenya

48
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
FOR CLIMATE
RESILIENT HOUSING
By Ndindiri Waweru

Social Habitat in the carbon by 2050. This is aimed at adequately

mitigating the negative impacts of climate
Context of Climate Change change. Built environment professionals
must play their role in ensuring that housing
Social habitat refers to the setting where
responds to and addresses the impacts of
people live and interact. It includes the
climate change through implementation of
buildings and roads around them and
climate resilient housing.
relationships between people. Climate
change refers to the long-term shifts in global
temperatures and weather patterns. These What is climate resilient
shifts may occur naturally or as a result of housing
the negative impacts of human activities. It
is widely acknowledged that since the 1800s, Resilient housing can be described as housing
human activities have been the main driver that can resist, recover and adapt to adverse
of climate change, primarily due to the effects of climate change or natural disasters.
burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil and gas), It is the capacity of human settlements to
which produce heat-trapping gases. cope with shocks (environmental, economic
and social) and respond to these shocks
The role of built over time. Therefore, resilient housing must
be planned, designed, built, operated and
environment maintained to reduce vulnerability to these
professionals indicated threats.
Fortunately, progress is being made by
Housing is a key driver for achieving social
the relevant stakeholders in the housing
and economic development. As such,
industry in Africa to tackle the challenges
adequate, safe and affordable housing is at
of climate change. In Kenya, climate change
the core of Goal 11 of the 2030 Agenda for
is considered a cross-cutting theme that is
Sustainable Development i.e. Sustainable
being mainstreamed in the medium-term
Cities and Communities. Furter, it is widely
plans of the County Integrated Development
acknowledged that climate change will
Plans (CIDPs), which in turn inform the
affect the socioeconomic development
country’s development blueprint - Vision
trajectory of Africa, therefore threatening the
2030. Under these plans, the Government
region’s attainment of the 2030 Sustainable
has mandated that all affordable housing
Development Goals and the objectives of the
projects be aligned with Global Green
Africa Union’s Agenda 2063.
Certification requirements.
Climate change cannot be solved without
Elsewhere in Africa, Nigeria recently
delivering climate resilient housing and
promulgated the 2021 Climate Change Act
tackling building emissions, as buildings
which encapsulates critical components
account for an estimated 19 percent
of the country’s climate change policies;
of the world’s Green House Gas (GHG)
this is the first standalone climate change
emissions. According to the United Nations
legislation in West Africa. In Mozambique,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
the Government has implemented a climate
special report, by 2030, the global target is
resilient housing initiative through the
for all new buildings to be zero net carbon,
Coastal City Adaption Project (CCAP) aimed
and for existing buildings to be zero net
at alleviating the challenges faced by citizens

49
 Resilient housing can be described as
housing that can resist, recover and adapt
to adverse effects of climate change or
natural disasters

residing in low lying coastal areas, estimated to be Industrialization of building processes - to facilitate
about 60 percent of the country’s population. Sea-level more accessible / affordable mass housing while
rise and frequent intense storms which cause flooding, improving quality, speed and predictability of outcomes,
erosion and landslides have threatened communities, industrialization of building processes is recommended.
homes and economic activities in the affected areas. Large scale and quality-controlled production of
In Malawi, compressed earth stabilised blocks, which building material components ensure that costs are
are made using a combination of affordable and minimized while still ensuring high quality is achieved.
locally sourced materials, are increasingly being used
Sustainability / green building considerations
as a sustainable alternative to the traditional burnt
include using locally available materials, using building
clay bricks thereby curbing deforestation and carbon
materials that do not have volatile organic compounds
emissions while also building local technical capacity..
(VOCs) in order to avoid harmful health effects,
designing for energy and water-use efficiency, providing
Climate Resilient Housing: for renewable energy use, maximizing natural lighting
Technology, Techniques and and ventilation, green building certifications such as the
locally developed Safari Green Building rating tool by
Strategies AAK.
Passive cooling techniques are aimed at minimizing In conclusion, as Africa continues to experience
reliance on artificial climate control. Such techniques unprecedented rates of urbanization coupled with
include optimizing building layout and orientation, increasing climate related incidences, it is pertinent
building shading, natural ventilation including cross for construction and project managers and other built
ventilation, cooling by convection, insulation. environment professionals to put in more deliberate
Flooding resilience may be achieved by lowering efforts in making housing safe and resilient to
vulnerability through appropriate site selection i.e. climate change related impacts. This will in turn help
avoiding areas with high exposure to flooding, raised protect lives and livelihoods from disasters and build
foundation i.e. elevated platform above the maximum sustainable communities for the benefit of all.
level of flooding, reinforced wall e.g. construction done
with durable materials such as coconut or bamboo
wood, rainwater harvesting in order to harness excess
rainwater.

AUTHOR BIO

Ndindiri Waweru is a Construction & Project Manager by training with

over 15 years experience in the industry within the public and private
sectors. He is the Chairperson, AAK Construction Project Managers
Chapter and has been a member of the AAK Governing Council from
2019.

50
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51
 COLLABORATIVE
PARTNERSHIPS AND
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT:
The Role of Interior Designers

By Daisy Nyeresa Wafula

Introduction decision-making processes that involve community

members and other stakeholders to ensure that the
The built environment significantly influences the needs and preferences of all parties are considered.
quality of life, health, and well-being of communities. It also leads to increased Buy-In and ownership of
The process of designing, constructing, and projects since when community members are actively
maintaining these spaces is increasingly recognized involved in the design process, they are more likely to
as a collaborative effort that benefits from the feel a sense of ownership and pride in the final outcome.
active participation of community members. Interior This can enhance the longevity and maintenance of
designers play a crucial role in this collaborative the built environment. Collaborative projects can also
process, ensuring that the interiors of buildings meet strengthen social ties within communities by fostering
the needs, preferences, and aspirations of the people a sense of collective achievement and shared goals.
who use them. This paper explores the importance
of collaborative partnerships and community Community Engagement in the
engagement in the built environment, highlighting the
pivotal role of interior designers in fostering inclusive, Built Environment
functional, and aesthetically pleasing spaces. Community engagement refers to the process of
involving community members in the planning, design,
Collaborative Partnerships in and management of their environment. Effective
the Built Environment community engagement ensures that the voices of
those who live, work, and play in a space are heard and
Collaborative partnerships involve multiple valued. The methods of community engagement are
stakeholders working together towards common goals several; interactive workshops and design charrettes
in the development and management of the built bring together community members and professionals
environment. These partnerships can include architects, to collaborate on design solutions. These sessions can
urban planners, interior designers, engineers, include brainstorming, sketching, and model-making
community organizations, local governments, and activities.
residents. The collaborative approach ensures that
diverse perspectives are considered, leading to more Secondly, Surveys and questionnaires gather
holistic and sustainable outcomes. The benefits quantitative and qualitative data from community
of collaborative partnerships are multifold; from members about their needs, preferences, and
enhanced creativity and innovation, to bringing experiences. Public meetings and forums provide
together a variety of skills and viewpoints, fostering platforms for community members to express their
creativity and innovation. Different stakeholders views and participate in discussions about proposed
contribute unique ideas and solutions, leading to more projects. Digital tools and social media platforms can
innovative and effective design outcomes. facilitate engagement, allowing community members
to provide feedback and participate in discussions
Further, collaborative partnerships lead to improved remotely.

52
The Role of Interior Designers
Interior designers are integral to the process of creating
CASE STUDIES
functional, aesthetically pleasing, and user-centered spaces Case Study 1 - Community Center
within the built environment. Their expertise extends Revitalization: In a project to revitalize
beyond aesthetics to include considerations of functionality, a community center, interior designers
accessibility, sustainability. collaborated with residents, architects,
and urban planners. Through a series
• Interior Designers as Facilitators: Interior designers of workshops and public meetings, they
often act as facilitators in collaborative partnerships and gathered input on the desired functions
community engagement processes. They bridge the gap and aesthetics of the space. The final
between technical professionals and community members, design included flexible, multi-purpose
translating ideas and needs into practical design solutions. areas that catered to various community
• Needs Assessment: Interior designers conduct activities, reflecting the collective vision
thorough needs assessments to understand the specific of the stakeholders.
requirements and preferences of the users. This involves Case Study 2 - Affordable Housing
direct interaction with community members to gather Development: In an affordable housing
insights and feedback. project, interior designers worked
• Design Development: Using the information gathered, closely with future residents to
interior designers develop design concepts that reflect understand their needs and preferences.
the needs and aspirations of the community. They create Surveys and focus groups were used
detailed plans and visualizations to communicate these to gather data, which informed the
ideas effectively. design of interiors that were both
functional and welcoming. The project
• Implementation and Evaluation: Interior designers demonstrated how residents’ input can
oversee the implementation of design projects, ensuring lead to more livable and satisfactory
that the final outcomes align with the initial goals and housing solutions.
community expectations. Post-occupancy evaluations are
conducted to assess the success of the design and identify
areas for improvement.
•
Challenges projects. An easily overlooked opportunity is one on
educating and training interior designers in community
One of the main challenges in collaborative engagement techniques, which can enhance their
partnerships is balancing the diverse needs and ability to facilitate inclusive and participatory design
preferences of different stakeholders. Compromises processes.
are often necessary to achieve a consensus. Another
challenge is limited budgets and resources, which can Conclusion
constrain the extent of community engagement and
the implementation of desired design solutions. In Collaborative partnerships and community engagement
addition, communication barriers pose a challenge are essential for creating built environments that
where effective communication between technical are inclusive, functional, and reflective of the needs
professionals and community members can be and aspirations of the people who use them. Interior
challenging, particularly when there are differences in designers play a crucial role in this process, acting
language, knowledge, and expectations. as facilitators who translate community input into
practical and aesthetically pleasing design solutions.
Opportunities By embracing collaboration and engagement, interior
designers can contribute to the creation of spaces
Advances in digital tools and virtual reality can enhance that enhance the quality of life and well-being of
community engagement by providing more immersive communities. As the field continues to evolve, there are
and interactive ways to visualize and contribute to opportunities to leverage technological advancements,
design projects. Further, increased recognition of the policy support, and education to further enhance the
value of community engagement in policy frameworks impact of interior designers in the built environment.
can provide support and funding for collaborative

AUTHOR BIO

Daisy is an Architect and Interior Designer with a Master’s degree in Project

Management. With eight years of professional experience, she is passionate
about creating green spaces and designs that prioritize functionality and
minimalism. Her approach to design is rooted in human-centered principles,
ensuring that the spaces she creates are not only aesthetically pleasing but
also deeply attuned to the needs and well-being of the people who use them.

53
 DENSIFICATION AND
CONSERVATION OF
JERICHO LUMUMBA
ESTATE – NAIROBI
By Prof. Tom Anyamba

The Origins of Jericho Lumumba

Jericho Lumumba was built in 1961 as part of the estates that
were to house ‘better off’ African workers. The estate was to
house workers and their nuclear families after the colonial
state had changed policy towards housing for Africans around
1957. Prior to 1959, the city only housed African bachelors in
single room, single storey quarters. The last of the single room
quarters in the fashion of the 1940s and 1950s was the Ofafa
Kunguni estate.
Jericho Lumumba was part of the Ofafa developments built
from the late 1950s to 1961. They included Ofafa Kunguni,
Ofafa Maringo, Ofafa Jerusalem and Ofafa Jericho. These
estates were named after Councilor Ambrose Ofafa who was
killed in November 1953. The colonial authorities decided
to honour Ofafa by naming new residential estates in the
Eastlands parts of Nairobi, where he lived and died.
The policy of the colonial government until the breakout of
the Mau Mau uprising was to house only African bachelors
in the city. After the defeat of the Mau Mau in 1956, the
authorities accepted to house African families. This led to the
development of family housing typologies beyond the single
rooms previously built.
The single room housing typology was based on the bed-
space concept and was to house African bachelors. This
typology is to be found in Ofafa Kunguni, Ziwani, Mbotela
and many of the Railway quarters all over the country. The
family typologies were one bedroomed and two bedroomed
types. Fig.1, Fig.2 and Fig.3 examples are to be found in Ofafa
Maringo, Ofafa Jerusalem and Ofafa Jericho (which includes
Jericho Lumumba).

Current Situation in Jericho

Lumumba
The one bedroom and the two-bedroom houses were meant
to house a nuclear family of 4-6 people. However, due to the
increased household sizes there was need for additional living
space. As a result, the previously open spaces between the
blocks, have been informally converted to living spaces. These
spaces are predominantly built using corrugated galvanized
iron sheets. The original buildings were built using concrete
blocks for the walls and corrugated asbestos sheets for the
roofs. It has been proven that asbestos exposure may increase
the risk for cancers of the digestive system, including colon
cancer. Apart from additional family space, some extensions
are leased out to sub-tenants as a source of additional
household income. The originally formal estate has thus
evolved into an informal settlement.

54
 Densified Land Use Plan

1 Bedroom Typology

Elevations and Typical section

2 Bedroom Typology Typical Infill Block

NaMSIP Layout
55
 The increased population has created a demand for job
opportunities. In this regard, some of the extensions
Proposed Densification and
are used as business outlets. These businesses include Conservation of Lumumba
groceries, barber shops/saloons, eateries etc. These
informal businesses therefore sustain the livelihoods of
Estate
the increased population. The densification and conservation of Lumumba Estate
will adopt an insitu approach. New walk-up 4 storey
The above not-withstanding, the new extensions and
blocks will be in-filled in the spaces between the existing
increased population have a negative impact on the
blocks. This will ensure that the current residents are
original infrastructure. The water supply is not adequate
not displaced during the construction period, and thus
to meet the new demand leading to water rationing.
maintain social cohesion.
Similarly, the power supply is not sufficient, resulting
in frequent power outages. In the same vein, the sewer The infill approach will retain the existing blocks that will
system is over-stretched resulting in sewer breakages. showcase the heritage of Lumumba from the colonial
times to date. This conservation will also retain the
As earlier stated, Jericho Lumumba is currently an
strong social networks that have been created over
informal settlement as can be seen on the following
the last 60 years. In addition, by conservation, the old
images, Fig.4, 5, 6 and Fig.7
and the new can be shown to co-exist in the same
neighbourhood.
NaMSIP Urban Renewal Proposal
Fig.9 shows the new infill typology. The 4 storey walk-
The City of Nairobi has on several occasions attempted ups have a fifth roof level that can be used for laundry
to upgrade and renew the estates in the Eastlands activities and for rainwater harvesting, including
area. The Nairobi Metropolitan Services hired Real Plan possibilities of solar heating and lighting options. Fig.
Consultants to generate an Urban Renewal strategy 10 shows the proposed densified land use of Lumumba
for the 18 Eastlands Estates. The Nairobi Metropolitan Estate.
Service Improvement Project (NaMSIP) was thus
accepted in September 2019. The NaMSIP proposal for
these estates (including Jericho Lumumba) adopted a
Conclusion and
selective re-development strategy. This entailed the Recommendations
retention of all the public facilities, namely, schools,
The urban renewal of Eastlands can be achieved
shopping centres, churches, health centres etc. In this
through insitu densification by use of infill blocks
proposal all the existing residential blocks were to be
without redevelopment and displacement of residents.
demolished and new 16 storey blocks built.
This approach will preserve the heritage of the area
As a result of the above approach, the NaMSIP proposal and at the same time maximize on land use. Rainwater
was designed to create an entirely new neighbourhood. harvesting and solar heating and lighting options will
The rich urban history of Lumumba and the other mitigate energy use. The asbestos roofing sheets on
estates would thus be erased as there is no provision the existing blocks which are a health hazard have to
for any heritage conservation measures in the NaMSIP be removed and disposed of appropriately with the
proposal. assistance of the Kenya Defence Forces.
The re-development of the residential blocks would
destroy the current social structures of the residents. References
Over the years, the houses have been handed over from
grandparents to parents and now to grandchildren. 1. Hake, A. 1977- African Metropolis. Nairobi’s self-
Most of the current residents are grandchildren of the help city. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
original residents of the 1960s. They have thus created 2. Real Plan Consultants, 2019 – NaMSIP – Eastlands
strong supportive social structures which would be Urban Renewal Plan
destroyed on re-development.
3. Survey of Kenya 1000/March 2005 – JiCA Maps,
On re-development, the current single and double storey Government of Kenya
blocks would be replaced by 45 blocks of 16 levels. Fig.8
shows the NaMSIP layout for Jericho Lumumba. 4. Wang, H-C. 2023 – Examining the Impact of In-situ
Infrastructural Upgrading on Sustainability in
Informal Settlements: The case of Accra, Ghana.
Journal of Urban Affairs, 2023.

AUTHOR BIO

Tom J. C. Anyamba who was born in 1955 is a professor of Architecture at the

University of Nairobi and a principal of Mazingara Systems Architects in Nairobi. He
graduated in 1980, with a Bachelor of Architecture (B. Arch.) degree at the University
of Nairobi and also graduated in 1986, with a Master of Architecture (M. Arch.) degree
at the Helsinki University of Technology in Finland. He further graduated in 2006, with
a PhD degree at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design in Norway. He has over 40
years of professional experience and has designed and supervised many architectural
projects including Jomo Kenyatta Sports Grounds in Kisumu. He has published widely
on architecture, informality and urbanism. He may be reached on tanyamba@gmail.
com

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www.hafele-eastafrica.com
 SOCIAL HABITATS FOR
MENTALLY HEALTHY SPACES

By Litunya Rosemary

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 1 out of 4 people in Kenya suffer from
mental health disorders every year. Depression is common. While the causes of mental health disorders are
varied, an article by the American National League of Cities states that Housing quality, or the physical conditions
of a person’s home, can have particularly consequential impacts on our mental health and well-being. It goes
on to state that the linkages between health and housing are not limited to physical health, but impact mental
health and well-being as well. It is therefore imperative to consider mental health when designing houses and
buildings, since the state of housing can help reduce the occurrence of mental illnesses and promote faster
recovery for some existing mental health disorders.
Architects, interior designers and other building industry experts have an opportunity to ensure that they design
houses that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also beneficial to the physical and mental health of the
people that use them. When assessing the functionality of buildings, we look at a variety of issues such as ease
of circulation, accessibility, universal access and hierarchy of spaces, among others. But are these buildings
truly functional if they do not promote mental wellness and cognitive function? By carefully manipulating design
elements and considering the mental and physical benefits of different design choices, it is possible to create
mentally sound spaces that promote well-being and support cognitive function. We cannot divorce physical
health from mental health.
For a building to promote mental wellness, a variety of factors need to be considered. These include, but are
not limited to, noise control, natural lighting, artificial lighting, ventilation, minimisation of clutter, Feng Shui
colour schemes, use of water elements, site planning, use of indoor vegetation and even furniture placements.
By carefully manipulating design elements and considering the mental and physical benefits of different design
choices, it is possible to create mentally sound spaces that promote well-being and support cognitive function.
Natural light has several health benefits, including increasing levels of vitamin D, increased concentration,
retention and productivity. It also promotes better sleep patterns, while over-reliance on artificial light during
the day leads to increased fatigue and eye strain. Natural lighting can be maximized by use of large windows,
light colored finishes, mirrors and skylights. Spaces should be arranged to maximize natural lighting. Large
windows also promote free flow of air while enhancing ventilation and produce positive responses from building
users. It is for this reason that one may be inclined to or advised to place their desk next to a window.

58
In addition, it is important to select artificial light
sources that are activity appropriate. For example, use
of blue light promotes better sleep cycles while use of
yellow tones exudes a feeling of warmth and comfort. It
is important for the design to adequately control glare.
Incorporating natural elements such as plants, wooden
finishes and wooden furniture also promotes well-being
by bringing a sense of warmth into a space. Inclusion
of plants in indoor spaces purifies air, improves De-cluttered
concentration and reduces stress.
environments reduce
De-cluttered environments reduce stress. The reverse
is true. Well-designed racks and shelves along walls stress. The reverse is
make it easy to organize a space and therefore create
positive emotional responses. We could also borrow true. Well-designed
from the Ancient Chinese Feng Shui design philosophy
that promotes harmony and balance. This is achieved racks and shelves along
through proper placement of furniture, use of color and
decor as well as use of natural elements such as water walls make it easy to
and plants. The use of Feng Shui guidelines creates
aesthetically appealing and mentally healthy spaces. organize a space and
The strategies discussed in this article do not require
huge cost adjustments and are not new concepts. therefore create positive
Professionals only need to pay more attention to the
design parameters and provisions that are likely to have emotional responses.
an impact on the user’s mind, body and spirit.

AUTHOR BIO

Rosemary is an Architect + Environmental Design Consultant and

Founder of Buxton Build. She is also a Tutorial Fellow at the Technical
University of Kenya (TUK).

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