Chapter 1 Getting started ta Student answers will vary based on what they already know and feel confident doing. Some students will slect the things they are less confident in, but other may select things they eajey doing or are good at. Encourage them to say why they have ‘made each selection ‘There are many possible answers for each value. For example, (a) could be 9° or 92 + Tor 8 x 10+ 1. Let students use calculators to check that each other's clues work. ‘Twenty-one thousand, eight hundred and thirty-seven > 12 14000010019 Any real-world measurement problems involve level of approximation, as do problems where you have to work out if you have enough money, or have catered ‘enough food, estimated times of arrivals, estimates for building materials and costs of doing different jobs. Encourage students to share ideas and, discuss their own methods of deciding. Answers will vary, but could include that estimating allows you find errors and Judge the size an answer should be, avoid ‘mistakes due to button push or place value errors. Exercise 1.1 4 ce “Fa seaonce wp meaonce {3,4,6,11, 16, 19, 25} 14.6. 16} 43, 11, 19,25) 174,71, 0,3, 4,6, 11, 16, 19, 25} -y 14,16, 25} 13, 11, 19} t4,-1,0,5,075, 6) (109, 111, 113, 11S}, Various, eg. (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016} or 2020, 2029, 20242026) ee 1995, 97, 999, 1001, 1003, 1005} 11.49.16, Various, eg. (0.49, 048, 0.47, 0.46, 0.45}, or {04,03,02,01) 37 ‘ 1 Various eg. 1 Sys 2 3 Exen yen Ovid oud Exen Exon A perfect number is one where the sum of its Factors including 1. but excluding the ‘number itself, is that number. 6 is perfect number because 1+2 +3 =6. A palindromic number isa ‘symmetrical number like 16461 that remains the same when its digits are reversed. A narcissistic number is one that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits, eg. TISE+P +0.Exercise 1.2 1 Fass ange g- rr a mean 19<4s 12+ 18=30 ‘zis approximately equal 103.14 Si > S01 Beane 12-12) >12 (12) +(-2 <0 12s approximately equal to ~40 False False False ‘True False 3. Students’ own discussions. Exercise 1.3 1 24,6810 3,6,9, 12,15 5,10, 15,20, 25 8,16,24,32, 40 9, 18,27, 36,45 10, 20, 30,40, 50 12, 24, 36,48, 60 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 4, 87, 116, 145, 174,208, 232, 261, 200 44, 88, 132, 176, 220,264, 308, 352, 396, 44 © 75, 180, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525,600, 675, 750 4114, 228, 342, 456, $70, 684, 798, 912, 1026, 1140 e299, $98,897, 1196, 1495, 1794, 2093, 2362, 2691, 2000 # 350, 700, 1050, 1400, 1750, 2100, 2450, 2800, 3150, 3500, g 1012, 2024, 3036, 4048, $060, 6072, 7084, £8096, 9108, 10 120 9123, 18246, 27360, 36492, 45615, SA738, 68861, 72084, 89107, 9120 32, 36,40, 44,48, 32 'b 50, 100, 150,200, 250, 300, 350 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900 4 576,396, 792, 1164 5 SiGand 1116 Exercise 1.4 1a 0 2 as 2 No~the common multiples are infinite Exercise 1.5 1 12,4 1s 1.2.48 1 +2356, 9, 18 52.3.4, 6,12 5.7.35 1,2.4,5,8, 10,20,40 3.19, 57 Fwo=1,2,3,5, 6,9, 10,15, 18, 30, 45,90 1.2.4, 5.10.20, 25, 50, 100 1,2,3,4,6, 1, 12, 22,33, 44,66, 132 1,2,4,5,8, 10, 16, 20,32, 40,80, 160 1,3,9,17, 51, 153 Fyg=1,2,3.4,5, 68,9, 10, 12,15, 18,20, 24,30, 36,40, 45, 60, 72, 9,120, 180, 260 os gee sean oe ° o43 4 cance false true true true false 4. The smallest factor is | and the largest factor is the number itself yeteance Exercise 1.6 1 weg uee 2 6 2 @ Any two from:4, 6, 10, 14 12 and 18 are the only possible two, ess than 20 3. I because each prime number has only 1 and itself as factors. 4 18m 20 students © 130 bracdets re teance ‘Why do mathematicians find prime mambers exciting? 1a Every even integer greater than 2 can be ‘written as the sum of two prime numbers b The weak conjectareis that every odd integer greater than $ can be written as ‘the sum of three odd prime numbers. Harald Heligott’s proof uses complicated ‘mathematics to prove that this s correct. His proof is largely accepted by the mathematics community but they also ‘acknowledge (as docs he) that the strong ‘conjecture is much more dificult to prove land that the method used to prove the ‘weak conjecture won't work for the strong. 2 a The prime number theorem shows that prime numbers become less common as they get bigger using the rate at which prime numbers occur. b Yes Fuclid (325-265BCE) proved there are infinitely many prime numbers This proof is known as Eusid’s theorem. 2. If you write prime backwards you get emirp. An emirpis a prime number that when you ‘write it backwards gives you a different prime. Forexample, 17and 71. The first few emirps are: 13, 17,31, 37, 11, 73,79, 97, 107, 113, 149, 157. Exercise 1.7 3a 68,9, 10,12, 14,15, 16,18, 20, 21,22, 24,25, 26,27, 38 b 6=343,8=345, 9=247,10=545, +2341, +1316= 5411, + 15,20=5417, 19,225 5417, 419 0F 17 + 7,25=2+23, 423 or 13 + 15, 27 = not possible, +23 4 Sand 5,Sand 7, 11 and 13, 17 and 19,29and 31,41 and 43, 59 and 61, 71 and 73 5 149is prime. Determined by tral division by all integers from 2 to V148 Exercise 1.8 1 xaxs X2x 23 2xaxsxs Bx asx 2xaeaxaxaxs 2x2" 2%3%3%7 65) =2x5% 5% 13 1S = 33 45H SKS 596=2 x2 3%3%3%7 9240=2%2%2%3xSx 7x11Exercise 1.9 Exercise 1.11 1a 4 2<8 4<9 12>3 6>-4 -T<4 -2<4 -2>-1 12> -20 -8<0 -2<2 -12<-4 32<-3 a>-3 —3<1 12> 89 -3<0 712, ~8, ~1, 7, 10 10, =8, “4, ~3, 4,9) 12, -11, -7, -5,0,7 94, -90, -83, -50, 0 a4 10 4 “rose an oe » yo*eange sass og Exercise 1.10 1 +$100 25 km 4 =10 marks. 42k -15kg, 8000 m 10°C —24m $2000 6 3420 +8250 b sx20 —2h © -$220 +400 m 7 -11m 12°C Pg rarer rn reson ee aeocevosgoR wo crow rose oneRRR RRR RRR RE afvuDee De ae a Spm. 12pm. 10 pan. jam. a b © d a b Exercise 1.12 1 9 b 49 B 121 i e nanxmwanton® mos Raa Tas e v on g | EcooHutDes Bee. ne - Fcoar.w ae ¢ zis_nafgald Dow Gc. anu “ g 8 eadges oe Oo324 = 2x2 x 3x3 x 3x3 vaa4 vaaa 225 vz25 VBS 7s4 = 2e2 «x 2x2 x JxT v784 v784 2025 v2025 203s 45 19600 = 2x2 ve0o 2 veo = 140 \ wv x 3 18 Bx3 «x SxS s 1s 0 wv x vEs0000 = 2 x 2 x S x S KS 2x22 x Sx5x5 2 x 5 10 1S625= SxSx5 x SSS s x s 25 32768 =2%2x2x2x2x2"2x2x2x2xKIx2Ix2xIx% GImE= 2 « 2 “« 2 x 2 x 2wx S 2 Bx 3 vpoag- RYO FOre an oe © crore sean ee Sore teance ane a a Exercise 1.13 1s 486 8s oe 38 320 512 24 3s greater by 1040 e {625 3¢is greater by 2877 » a 2 2x st crore sean ee Agee seonoe1 7 aal as 5 ; 7 ea © 134 1 : ei an ° 9 4 : f 6 © g x ho 2029) 5s a b Ba 5S 2 b3 5 < 4 : as ' © 36 f os 2 9 678 ‘ h 0.0016 Q ios 16 2 015625 k 36 01s ae ° 36 a foe 4 2 e=70xtm) 5B b 251.40calories to <¢ 41622.25 calories 7a x . Exercise 1.16 b ¥ oe 4 a G+Dx3 a3 =x3 e f 30 & a3 h -G) Exercise 1.15 1 a a oa) gb) yo *e ange“yo se on oe 16+ (25 =5) 1645 21 19-(12 +2) = 19-14 100 = (4 + 16) 100 + 20 s 121 + (33+ 3) = 12111 140 Sx 1043 = 5043 33 sx @0+3) =Sx 13 =65 2410x3 2430 =32 (24+ 10)%3 =12%3 36 2347%2 23414 =37 seonoe 6x2=G+3) 12=6 2 1s-5 xs 10 10 =1 (7+ 1Iy=942 18=94+2 242 17#3 «21 =63+17 =s0 48-243) x2 4g —5x2 48 = 10 38 12x4-4x8 = 48-32 16 15+30+3+6 20-243 21 10-4x2=2 =10-4=1 10-4 cussi ee ee sn pvesg aaee 13 Exercise 1.17 4 38 192, 12000 True 3x (4+6)=30 (25 - 15) 9=90 (40 ~ 10) x 3=90 (14-9) *2=10 (12+3)=5 (19 ~ 9) x 15 = 150 (10 + 10)*(6- 2)=5 (B48) x (1S - 9) = 66 (4) x (742) =45 (10-4) x5=30 6+G43)% BODMAS means that brackets are not needed. (+4) x Q0=5)=20 (8+5-3)x2=20 36+G*3-3=6 3x (4-2) 56= 0441511 BODMAS means that brackets are not needed. 2-10= 13-18+9=11 8=(16-14)-3=1 (@+5)- 6-4 =12 or (9 + 5)~ (12-4) =6 5 4 -10 8.86 3 2» -22 Incorrect = 10 12+ (28 =24)=3 S4-10x8=4 3470.7 + 1.3)=17 Bx 1-2 N= 40=5=(7-9) 9415 =(342)=12 os 2 0.183 os 1 ss approsimately equal 1903336 <2) 1 2 2is approximately equal 100.667 (3s) Correct to 3 significant figures a 00112 b 0.0950 © 0317 wean ce sean eee s Z-RO Fe me ane aeoe& Correct to 3 significant figures yo *e ance Fo*eance 894 20.8 752 196 2.94 14s 0.25 2.16 1 os 26.94 0.28 us 634 1728.69 1999 0.339 You may find that your caleulator gives an exact ‘answer rather than a decimal. This may include a root or a fraction. Check your calculator manual to find out how to change this to a decimal. Exercise 1.18 ta eance ean »eance 349 0.06 38.35 2S 1.00 500 53400 b d f Exercise 1.19 65240 65200 49 10 4x3 9= 108, so not sensible 9, which is close to 5, so not sensible 5x 8=40, so not sensible 50 « 8 = 400, so sensible 3 x 300 = 900, so not sensible6 + V0 = 6 x 43 (approximate root between \16 and y25)= 27, x0 sensible 236 og 238 is approximately equal to qoooeg 8 aoproximately equal to ‘approximately equal to 11 reas {s approximately equal to ppoinsy gea 9039 5x6 2541 approximately equal to 86 Bw 52 jisaporoximatey equal to 2s ‘appronimately equal to 1 (0.5 + 2)(6.5 ~ 2) is approximately equal 10,2.5)45)is approximately equal t0 11.3 preety seo no -4s, 6s HO=45 approximately equalto SS = 13 3° (Bis approximately equalto x76 \ZECT is approximately equal to \IVORO is approximately equal 100 19x (TOO isapprocimately equal.» 3% 10=30 4° 2 is approximately equal to 64x 16= 1024 ‘sapproximately esl to 32 ic 74220 approximately equa ot Anawers given to 1 dip. 37 127 o4 80 10 108 42 7 444 100.5 304 898.2 Making decisions about accuracy ‘Whole numbers 4p. asf, Zaf changed decimals to fractions to ‘easily divide by 2. Marwan cancelled before rounding to have fewer numbers to deal with, 1b Once you have rounded, you are ‘caleuating exact values. so even if 2 and 3 are rounded values, 2+ 3 isequal to 5, not approximately equal to 5. Possible examples: 2 Overestimate the cos of buying several ec ance 1b Underestimate the size of a doorway to make sure you have enough room to move furniture though it. Practice questions 49-305 19 9and-4or—9and 4 1s 219216 735 736 77 7 1 74 ma 743 1080 ie not « cube number. Not all the factors are powers with indices that are multiples of 3. a Sandor 2band 45 2 40 ogee48 Sx7-3x8=11 (S-3)x648=(-9 10 7+) = 4-2-4 11 116 a -4 b 027610386 13 D.CBA 4a TR bt rete Ba © 28 August 2023 16 BAD Practice questions worked solutions 4) The prime numbers smaller than 20 are: 23571113 17,9 ‘Sum ofthe thos largest prime mumnbers smaller than 20 Re I7+19 9 Product of the three smallest prime numbers 1x3x5 Product = ~36, which it negative = one ‘number is positive and the others negative. Factor pairs of 6:1 36 2x18 3x2 4x9) 6x6 You can make a difference of 13 with ether Sand ~4 oF ~9 and. ‘The number if one fifteenth ofits own square, + The number must be multiplied by 15 to squareit + The number is 15. 2x2xQK3KIRIKTXILXIS 16216 Look at 154.4574 01 a number line and you will see that the number 154.4SABC must lie between 154.45735 and 15445744, (154.45745, rounds up to 154.4573.) IstasTes—ISHASTES So, A must be 7. The possbi A 1080 =< x5 ‘The power of 5 is not « multiple of 3 0 1080 is mot acube number.7 a 213=3x 11x61 = 33x61 33 +61 =94 so the numbers are 33 and 61. b 170=2x3x3x5x13 (G3 9) (213) = 45x26 45 ~ 26 = 19 so the numbers are 45 and 26. 8B a 124+20=32 4x85=340 c¢ Mx2+(15=6)=6 e -3xKCID +29) 33-24 ° f CaP 416 64+ 16 48 9 a S47-3-8=1 b (5-3) x6+8=(-2) 4x6 +(-4) -m-4 28 10 (7+ 14) = 4-1) x2= 14 11 1.16(t0 3st) 42 2 isapproximately equal to- 5-5? ced 3 3 b Calculator answer = ~4.276848 739 15 16 13 A=4x (44 16)=4%20=80 64 +4ade4as 16~4_ 3 D=16-16x4+1 16-6441 =-d7 ‘The order is D, CB, A. 14 a 08 + (T= xT + (HED = N32 + 6/2 v2 x2x3KS x2x3K3 22x 3K 3x5= 180 180 days after | March 2023 is 28 August 2023, oe 2 wo Bx atx st BAD