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TACTICS MANUAL
INTAKE 15/15-16

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO TACTICS
1. There are four basic commands in the service i.e. a platoon,
Battalion, Division and an Army. A platoon is the best because it is your
best command, you are young, good and you will know the men better
than their mothers.
AIM
2. The aim of this lesson is to teach the Officer Cadets how to lead
an infantry platoon as well as command it in battle.
THE ROLE OF THE INFANTRY
3. The primary role of the infantry is to close in with the enemy and
kill or capture him
TYPES OF WAR
4. Broadly speaking there are four types of war which we must train
for namely:
a. Total war or Global War. This is an international war that
involves many countries, and involves the use of sophisticated
weapons from chemical and Biological to nuclear weapons e.g.
Second World War and First World War.
b. Limited War. This type of war takes time and may involve
the use of sophisticated weapons, guerrilla tactics and it may
involve one country against other. It may be limited
geographically by the scale of force or by the weapons
employed.
c. Symmetrical War. In symmetrical warfare, the belligerents
have similar military power and resources and rely on tactics that
are similar overall, differing only in details and execution.
Symmetric wars are often taken to mean use of conventional
force in conflicts between states or between protagonists.
d. Asymmetrical War. This is warfare between parties whose
relative military strength differs significantly, or whose strategy
and tactics differ. Today the term ‘asymmetrical war’ is usually
used to describe unconventional or irregular warfare. The UPDF
will shape and develop its capabilities to effectively respond to
asymmetric threats that may include terrorism, insurgencies, and
civil disorders.

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MINOR TACTICS
5. Minor tactics is the application of weapons and formations to the
ground. Every platoon and section commanders must master the
following:
a. Weapon handling.
b. Fire control.
6. Once a Battalion has been committed to battle, success or
failure depends almost entirely on the initiative of the junior leaders
and the efficiency with which they handle their commands.
7. Junior leaders must always be training to improve their common
sense and then master tactics, junior leaders should remember these
constant factors:
a. Have a clear aim.
b. Try to achieve surprise.
c. Make a simple plan.

TACTICAL TERMS
8. This gives a brief explanation of terms commonly used in tactics
from time to time, and these terms can be used by students in their
discussions and in different tactics lessons:
a. Counter Attack. This is an attack against an enemy force to
regain lost ground or cutting off or destroying enemy advance unit.
b. Covering Fire. This is fire aimed at covering the infantry
movement and preventing the enemy from inflicting heavy casualties.
c. Dead Ground. This is an area which cannot be covered by fire or
observation.
d. Defensive Fire. This is pre-arranged mortar, artillery, or machine
gun fire for a strong aim of destroying or disrupting advancing enemy.
e. Defensive Fire Set on Sight (DF SOS): These are selected
positions where artillery guns e.g. Mortars and other guns are set
ready to fire when they don’t have any other task elsewhere.
f. Defile. This is a gap on the ground in which troops can pass
through during advance in most cases it is linear feature e.g. ridge, hill.
g. Defended Post. This is an area guarded by a small unit e.g. an
infantry section.
h. Defended Locality. This is an area guarded by mutually
supporting units e.g. platoon or company of infantry. When defended

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localities are combined together in the forward areas of the defence
are known as Forward Defended Localities (FDLs).
j. Defended Area. This is an area which is guarded by a number of
defended localities e.g. an area for a Battalion (Bn).
k. Echelon. This is an administrative arrangement designed to ease
the administration and supply of Combat Service Support (CSS) to front
line units. They are normally divided into three groups:
(1) “F” Echelons. These are fighting companies directly
engaging the enemy.
(2) “A” Echelon. This is the first administrative group which
provides immediate support to “F” echelon.
(3) “B” Echelon. This is the second administrative element
which is located far in the rear which is responsible for the collection of
logistics and delivering them to “A” Echelon. It also includes all
personnel and logistics not directly involved in the battle e.g. QM,
Paymaster e.t.c.
l. Effective Range. This is the distance in which a weapon can fire
effectively and kill or destroy the enemy.
m. Enfilade Fire. This is fire originating from the flank.
n. Exploitation. To take advantage of a successful attack by
following up and harassing a dislocated enemy with the aim of further
disorganising him in depth.
o. Field of Fire (FoF). This is an area which can be covered
effectively by a weapon or a group of weapons with fire from a given
position.
p. Unit of Fire. This is a group firing under one command usually a
section.
q. Forming Up Place (FUP) An area where troops deploy
immediately or adopt their assault formations before crossing line of
departure (LD).
r. Forward Slope. This is a slope that descends towards the enemy
bank.
s. Ground Zero. This is an area on land or in water contaminated
by nuclear bombs.
t. Harbours Area. This is an area well out of contact in which the
emphasis is an administrative convenience although protection and
concealment will be maintained.
u. Harassing Fire. Fire designed to disrupt the rest of the enemy
troops, to curtail movement and, by threat of losses, to lower morale.

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v. H – HOUR. This is the specific hour on D-day at which hostilities
commence (cross LD).
w. Hide. An Area in which a force conceals itself before
operation or before moving into Battle positions.
x. In location (IN LOC). A Unit or sub unit deployed in Tactical Area
of responsibility (TAOR) of a subordinate formation which has no
authority to direct operation activities of that unit, or sub unit is said to
be in INLOC.
y. Key Terrain. This is any locality or Area, the seizure or retention
of which affords a marked advantage to either side.
z. Mutual Support. This is a condition which exists when positions
are able to support each other by direct fire.
aa. Indirect Fire. Fire delivered at the targets which cannot be seen
by the Aimer e.g. mortar fire.
bb. In Support (ARTILLERY): This is Arty support fire under the
command of the support commander.
cc. Mopping Up. This refers to systematic clearance of enemy
remnants in a defended area or along the route of advancing forces.
dd. Objective (Obj). This is a position or a specific Area on the ground
where all the actions of Battle are conducted and which is of a
specific importance to the commanders’ plans.
ee. Observation Post (OP). This is a selected position or an Area
where Battle observation is done and correction of Artillery fire.
ff. Orders Group (‘O’ Gp). A group responsible for receiving
commanders’ orders.
gg. Quick Attack. This is a rapidly mounted assault to take
advantage of unprepared and weak enemy position.
hh. Reconnaissance Group (RECCE GP). A group which is tasked to
gain information by observation and stealth. It is composed of a comd,
recce group and protection group.
jj. Reference Points. These are selected marks on the ground
for the purpose of command and control of the Battle e.g.
correction of fire and reporting positions. These marks are given
NICK names or Numbers.
kk. Rendezvous (RV). A pre arranged meeting place at a given
time and location from which to begin an action or phase of an
operation or to return after an operation.
ll. Report lines. An imaginary line/feature at which troops,
after having reached it, must report to their commander. It is

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drawn on the map for the purpose of monitoring the progress of
the advance.
mm. Screen. A security element whose primary tasks are:
(1) To observe – Enemy movement and other activities.
(2) Intercepting –Ambushing and attacking enemy positions.
(3) Delaying Enemy Advance –Engaging enemy force.
(4) Deception of the enemy – Using deceptive measures.
(5) Covering Advance groups – Using covering force.
nn. Standing Operation Procedure (SOP). The purpose of SOPs
is to lay down standard procedures for the conduct of operations.
This saves constant repetition in orders and gives officers and
soldiers, clear understanding of their individual responsibilities.
oo. Line of Departure/Start line LD/SL. A line designated to co-
ordinate the departure of attack elements.
pp. Strong Point. A very important position in defence and
strongly protected with automatic weapons.
qq. Tactical Area of Responsibility. (TAOR) An area of
responsibility for which a junior comd is responsible for.

CHAPTER TWO
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
INTRODUCTION
1. The military experience of the past has been reduced to the form
of rules of action; the observance of which may help to bring success
in war.
APPLICATION
2. The principles of war apply at section as well as any other level.
Their application may alter following changing in weapon and tactics
but principles themselves will not change.
PRINCIPLES
3. a. Selection and maintenance of the aim. It is important that in
the conduct of a military operation no matter how simple it may
be, it is important to select and clearly define the aim. Once the
aim is defined, all efforts must be directed towards its
attainment. The aim must be understood and communicated to
subordinates commanders. This principle is called the Master
Principle and is always placed first.

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b. Maintenance of Morale. Success in war depends on morale than
on physical qualities. The few things which may help to keep the
morale high are:
(1) Believe in the cause. The soldier must be made to know
that the war is a must and that it is vital for the nation’s future.
(2) The soldier must be made to feel that the men of his
country are better than the enemy.
(3) The soldier must be made to feel that he is a part and
necessary equipment of the establishment or sub-unit he belongs to.
(4) Good leadership.
(5) Good administration.
c. Offensive Action. Victory can never be won by passive defence
which merely serve to avert defeat. Offensive action is the necessary
forerunner of victory, it may be deployed, but until the initiative is
seized and the offensive taken, victory is impossible.
d. Security. Never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected
advantage. Security measures are taken by a commander to protect
itself from surprise, observation, detection, interference, espionage,
sabotage or annoyance. Security may be achieved by establishing
protective measures against hostile acts and deceptive operations
designed to confuse the enemy.
e. Surprise. Strike the enemy at a time and place or in a manner,
for which he is unprepared. It is not essential that the enemy be taken
up unaware, but only that he becomes aware too late to react
effectively. Factors that contribute to surprise are, speed, willingness,
hitting the enemy where he least expects it, employment of
unexpected fire and force, effective intelligence, deceptive operations,
variations of tactics on methods of operation security, Audacity and
Concealment
f. Concentration of force. In order to gain victory in war, it is
important to concentrate in superior force to that of the enemy at the
decisive time and place.
g. Economy of effort: This implies a balanced employment of forces
and judicious expenditure of all resources with the objective of
achieving an effective concentration of force at the decisive time and
place.
h. Flexibility. Modern warfare demands high degrees of flexibility,
the ability to enable pre-arranged plans to alter to act changing
situation and unexpected developments. Flexibility also implies the
capability of transferring forces rapidly from place to place and to
maintain in action.
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j. Co-operation. This base on team works and involves the co-
operation of all units so as to achieve the maximum combined
efforts from the whole.
k. Administration (Sustainability). Without good administrative
arrangements, the morale of troops breaks, the efficiency lowers
and the achievement of the aim becomes very difficult. No
tactical plans can succeed unless it can be administratively
sustained at a level commensurate with the aim of the operation.
Good administration will depend up the use of resources
efficiently and economically.
SUMMARY
4. a. These principles require intelligent perception hence lavish
imitation of details must be discouraged.
b. Here are the principles stated once again:
(1) The selection and maintenance of aim
(2) Maintenance of morale.
(3) Offensive action.
(4) Security.
(5) Surprise.
(6) Concentration of force.
(7) Economy of effort.
(8) Flexibility.
(9) Co-operation.
(10) Administration/sustainability.
CONCLUSION
5. Too much reliance on a single principle can cause diversion of
effort that could compromise mission accomplishment. Understanding
the principles of war may first step in leader’s education in the study
and application of military art. Application of the ten principles of war
represents the military thought process necessary for successful
combat operations.

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CHAPTER THREE
SECTION FORMATIONS
GENERAL
1. During the advance in a battle field, the section commander is
responsible for changing Formation depending on the terrain. Hand
signals are used in changing formations.
THE BASIC SECTION FORMATIONS
2. The basic section formations are as follows:
a. Single file formations.
b. The file formations/Double formation
c. Arrow head formation.
d. Diamond formation
e. Extended formation.
f. Spear head formation.
SINGLE FILE
3. This is useful for following linear features such as bedding
ditches, walls and narrow tracks. Each man should follow in the path of
the leading man.
a. Advantages.
(1) Least vulnerable to fire from the flanks.
(2) Useful for moving along linear features such as hedges or
ditches which give cover.
(3) Good for control at night in poor visibility or close country.
(4) Good for negotiating a narrow gap or an obstacle e.g. mine
fields.
(5) Is the only possible formation in the some conditions e.g.
thick jungles
b. Disadvantages.
(1) Bad for fire production to front.
(2) Vulnerable to frontal fire.
(3) Bad for observation to the flanks as men tend to allow their
eyes to rest on the person in front of them.
(4) Passage of command and information is slow.

FILE FORMATION/DOUBLE/MODIFIED HEDGE FORMATION

4. File may be used when a path or track is wide enough to permit
alternate men to move on opposite sides of the track.
a. Advantages.
(1) Easy to control.
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(2) Useful formation at night.
b. Disadvantage.
Presents a concentrated target.
ARROW HEAD FORMATION
5. Arrow head formation is presently the formation for moving on a
broad front in an open country.
6. SPEAR HEAD Spearhead is the variation of arrowhead which can
be used where there is no need to deploy support group to one
particular flank. It is therefore kept in the centre ready to deploy
any flank should need arise.
7. a. Advantages.
(1) Less vulnerable to frontal fire.
(2) Good for crossing open country.
b. Disadvantages.
(1) Control is more difficult than in some formations.
(2) More vulnerable to enfilade fire.
(3) May involve splitting the LMG fire team.
EXTENDED FORMATION
7. Extended line is used on occasions as an assault formation, often
on a base which to start fire and manoeuvring, but it is difficult to
control.
a. Advantages.
(1) Excellent production of fire to the front.
(2) Freedom of manoeuvre to each individual soldier in case of
contact.

b. Disadvantages.
(1) Vulnerable to fire from the flanks.
(2) Difficult to control especially under fire and at night

DIAMOND FORMATION
8. Is often used when crossing an open ground at night and when
resting.
a. Advantages
(1) Easy to control.
(2) Very good for fire production.
(3) Good for all around observation and production of fire.
b. Disadvantage.
If too concentrated, presents a vulnerable target.
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CHOICE OF SECTION FORMATION

9. A section will deploy when it is likely to be within some range of
enemy fire. The formation used will depend on the following:
a. The ground.
b. The direction from which enemy fire is expected.
c. Visibility.
d. Control by the section commander.
e. The air situation/Threat.
10. The second in command of the section (2nd fire team
commander) should whenever possible be able to see the section
commander when it is not possible he must maintain contact with a
flank member of the fire team who will relay order and signals.
11. Under fire, troops tend instinctively to bunch together. As a
guide, in open country by day the interval between soldiers should not
be less than six paces. Distances between soldiers should not be laid
down but both fire teams should whenever possible be within voice
control of the section commander. Signals are a simple effective
method of control particularly when the noise of the battle prevents
verbal orders from being heard.
MANOEUVRING TECHNIQUES
12. During advance the section commander should manoeuvre his
section and make the best use of cover. Changing formation like all
movements on the battle field should be carried out at the best
possible speed. Hand signals will ensure silent active response to the
section commanders’ order.
NB: Emphasis must be put in formation, movement and hand signals.

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DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE BASIC SECTION FORMATIONS

1. Single file formation
Direction of advance Scouts

Sec Comd

Spacing 5 – 7m between men.

2/C Sec Comd

Spacing 6 – 8m between men

2. Double file formation.

Direction of Advance

3. Arrow head formation

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Spacing 6 – 8m between men

4. Spear head formation

Spacing 6 – 8m between men Direction

5. Diamond formation.

Direction of Advance

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Spacing 6 -8m between men

6. Extended formation

CHAPTER FOUR
FIRE AND MANOEUVRE
GENERAL
1. Fire and manoeuvre is a combination of section tactics and when
employed properly reduces unnecessary casualties. It is important that
every comd knows them and practical use of fire and manoeuvre.
WHEN USED
2. Fire and manoeuvre is used when moving or closing to the enemy
position and also when withdrawing from the enemy.
PRINCIPLES

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3. There are 5 Principles namely:
a. Control by the commander. The comd under all circumstances
must control his forces.
b. Speed. Movement should be speedy in order to reach the
objective as quickly as possible, but control should remain under the
comd.
c. Limited movement over exposed ground. The aim is to move
forward or backwards or to a new position before the enemy can aim,
set sight, and fire. Therefore movement must be limited and quickly.
d. Wide angle of covering fire. The group on ground giving
covering fire over a wide angle making sure of the safety of friendly
troops moving in order to engage as many enemies as possible. The
idea is to provide covering fire at a right angle to the axis of the attack.
e. Maximum use of cover. Make use of available cover provided
by the ground such as folds in the grounds, ditches etc. If the ground
provides no cover the use of smoke is considered.
METHODS OF EMPLOYING FIRE AND MANOEUVRE

4. There are various methods of employing fire and manoeuvre:

a. Definition. Fire and manoeuvre as the name suggests is a
technique whereby a group, section or a patrol providing its own
cover, employs two or more groups of which either moves
forward or backwards, while the other groups cover movement.
b. Grouping. The following can be used.
(1) Gun group, riffle group, scout group.
(2) Gun group and the remainder.
c. Fire teams.

FIRE TEAMS
5. A section of twelve men is divided into fire teams 1, 2, 3, 4 each
composed of 3 men. Each team is commanded by a team leader i.e.,
sec comd, 2I/C and two other leaders. During fire and movement team
1, move with team 3 and team 2 moves with team 4.

DIAGRAMS SHOWING A BALANCED FIRE TEAM

1 2 3

4
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Note: Personnel

LSW (Light Support Weapons and LMG 0r RPG)

POINTS TO REMEMBER
6. The following are better tips to fire and manoeuvre.
a. Before moving, covering fire is essential to friendly forces.
b. Avoid setting a pattern. Do not come up where you went down.
c. Remember one group on the ground at all times.
d. Do not bunch up.
e. Do not halt under fire.

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CHAPTER FIVE
SECTION BATTLE DRILLS
INTRODUCTION
1. A Battle drill embraces a number of section and platoon battle
drills. These drills together form the logical action to enable a section
or platoon to overcome minor opposition using the principles of fire
and manoeuvre. Every soldier in the section must master these drills
and be able to apply them intelligently. Every man must learn his job
as a member of the team and must be able with minimum orders to
apply the drills to different situations and variations on the ground.
The section attack has been broken into six basic drills. Together these
form the logical sequence to enable Comds to overcome minor
opposition using fire and manoeuvre.
DRILLS
2. These are:
a. Battle Preparation.
b. Reaction to Effective En fire.
c. Locating the En.
d. Winning the fire fight.
e. The Assault.
f. Re-organisation.
BATTLE PREPARATION
3. The comd considers:
a. Personal camouflage: Break up the outline of steel helmets,
packs etc.
c. Check that weapons are clean, serviceable and properly
oiled.
d. Check that ammo is clean, that magazines and clips are
properly loaded and that grenades are correctly prepared and
primed/tracer for target indication distributed.
e. Check if radios are working properly.
f. Section Comds orders: The section Comds will first number
his men. He will then give orders under the following headings:

(1) Ground to include reference points if possible.

(2) Followed by SMEAC.
(3) There are times when section Comds will have to issue
anticipatory orders on the advance.
REACTION TO EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE
4. Section must be trained to continue the advance in spite of the
fire directed at someone else and even in spite of stray rounds in their
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vicinity. Effective enemy fire in this circumstance is enemy small fire
which would cause casualties if the section continued in its course. It’s
instinctive to most men to drop down on the ground when under
effective fire. This is a place with little or no cover. The best possible
action is:

a. The executive order: “Take cover” will be given by the section

Comds.

b. Every man will dash down, dive to the nearest cover, or that
indicative by the section Comds in his anticipatory Orders. No man will
run more than 10 metres except when running for cover already
indicated by the sec Comds, the most important thing is to seek cover
and not to go in the open.

c. Every man will dive or drop down into cover and crawl away so
that the enemy will not get his sight on anyone when they re-appear.

d. Every man will then come up to a position of observation.

e. Section will do its utmost to locate the enemy and fire back
immediately.

f. Bunching will be avoided at all times.

The process can be summarised as “TAKE COVER” ordered by sec

comd: “RUN-DASH” “DOWN-CRAWL” “OBSERVE” “SET-SIGHT’ ‘”FIRE”.
LOCATING THE ENEMY
5. Locating the enemy is usually not easy. Failure to locate the
enemy means the sec will be unable to move without suffering
casualties, and may lead to loss of initiative by the sec and the halting
of the platoon advance. There are three stages in the location of the
enemy drill:-
a. By Observation. Look in the area from which the thump came
or anything unusual. If nothing is seen after about 30 seconds, it is
unlikely for the enemy to be located by observation.
b. By Fire. Sec Comds will give a fire control order to a couple of
riffle men to fire into likely enemy cover. At the time, the rest of the
sec must be observing and listening carefully. If there is no answering
fire, the sec Comds should try another likely target.
c. By Movement. If there is still no reaction from the enemy, the
sec comd should instruct two men to get up and double forward about
ten metres to different cover. He might do this again if no fire is drawn
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in the first time. If there is still no reaction, the sec comd must consider
continuing the advance carefully.
Methods of Target Indication
6. The following methods are used to indicate target.
a. Direct Method.
b. Reference Point Method
c. Clock Ray Method
d. Tracer Method.
NOTE: If any soldier in the sec locates the enemy before the sec
Comd he can use any of the above methods.

WINNING THE FIRE FIGHT

7. As soon as the sec Comds knows the enemy’s position, he must
give a fire control order to bring sufficient weight of fire onto the
enemy to neutralise the enemy fire.
THE ASSAULT
8. The Sec Comds’ battle orders should be as brief as possible. He
needs not to mention the enemy’s position as this will be known to all
as it was included in the fire control orders.
DURING THE ASSAULT
9. The following are done:
a. The Sec Comd will lead the riffle group, groups will move
alternatively until the LMG is in the position from which it can
support the assault from a good angle.
b. Covering fire is needed for all movement in the open. The
angle of this covering fire should be as wide as possible. The
Riffle group can help by swinging slightly LEFT or RIGHT as the
assault goes in.
10. When the riffle group gets down into a fire position after a bout,
Support Group must move forward into a position automatically from
which they can support the assault.
11. The assault should be as fast as possible bearing in mind that
contact is essential. During the assault if any rifleman sees a good
target he will take aimed shot from the shoulder. If for some good
reason, there is a pause in the support fire from the Support Group and
the sec Comd thinks that more fire is required on to the enemy, he
may order “BULLETS” then the sec will each fire one aimed shot from
the shoulder. For the final assault the sec Comd will order “CHARGE’.
RE- ORGANISATION

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12. Once assault is made, the following will take place as a drill:-

a. The Support Group will join the riffle group at the double
immediately it sees the riffle group take cover after the assault.

b. The sec Comds will organise a search of the objective for

any enemy hiding or wounded. This will normally be done by two
riflemen one coming to the other.

c. The sec Comds will check positions for riflemen and the
Support Group allot rough arcs of observation and detail
reference points.

d. The sec Comds will check:-

(1) Casualties
(2) Ammunition
(3) Re-filling of the magazines and re-distribution of
ammo
e. The sec Comds will watch the platoon Comd for further orders.

CHAPTER SIX
PLATOON FORMATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1. In operations the platoon comd must carefully decide on and select
a combat formation when moving this platoon through the bush/forest.
The formation which is selected must be suitable both for the
surrounding terrain and vegetation as well as for the need for platoon
to be ready to counter any enemy threat.
REQUIREMENTS
2. The following are the requirements:
a. Need for control. The formation used must be organised such that
the platoon comd can readily control the movement of the platoon.

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The comd should be centrally located where he can easily contact his
men in the three sections.
b. Need for manoeuvre. The formation used must be organised such
that the platoon comd by field signals can change the direction the
platoon is going, change the formation of the platoon and change over
the lead sections.
c. Need for a balanced formation. This requirement should be met
by ensuring there is a balance between the leading troops, those
covering the flanks and the rear, and those uncommitted in the main
body. If contact is made with the enemy, not all assist the platoon
comd to retain flexibility in the manoeuvre and the commitment to
attack the enemy.
d. Need for a Reserve. The platoon comd should always retain a
reserve of troops especially in an attack to cover unexpected or
unseen event disrupting the operation.
FORMATIONS IN THE ATTACK
3. The points a platoon comd must consider when selecting a
formation in an attack are:
a. The width of the enemy position – Comd consider the frontage of
enemy force.
b. The depth of the enemy position – The comd considers the
distance between the forward troops and the reserve positions.
c. The layout of the enemy position – Comd considers enemy
disposition.
d. The need to bring his maximum strength against the enemy at
the selected point of assault.

FORMATION OF MOVING
4. When the platoon is moving in the bush, the platoon comd needs to
ensure contact is made against an unallocated enemy, the flank of his
force should be committed to the limited fire fight. However, against
this he will need to balance the requirement to cover as a wide a front
as possible.
SELECTION OF THE FORMATION
5. The platoon comd will decide which formation the platoon will move
in. Generally, the sec comd will decide which formation the sec will
move in; arrow head, open file, staggered file, single file, or extended.
TYPES OF FORMATION
6. These are three basic platoon formation:

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a. Column Formation.
b. Two up Formation.
c. One up Formation.
7. Diagrammatic presentation of different formations.
a. Column
b. Two Up
c. One Up

DIAGRAMS SHOWING PLATOON FORMATION

a. Column formation.
Direction of Advance

Sec 1
Sec 3

Pl HQ

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Sec 2
NOTE
1. Used when moving along linear features as tracks and
ridge lines.
2. Used at night.
3. Used when the enemy is not suspected to be close by.

b. One up formation

Direction of Advance
Sec 1

Pl HQ

Sec 3 Sec
2
Reserve sec Reserve sec

NOTE
1. Used when a platoon is covering a narrow frontage.
2. Used when there is no eminent enemy threat.
c. Two Up Formation

Direction of Advance

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Sec 1 Sec 2

Sec 3
NOTE
1. Used when a platoon is covering a wide frontage.
2. Used in attack when there is imminent enemy threat.
3. Used in attack when sections are attacking simultaneously.
CHAPTER SEVEN
PLATOON BATTLE DRILLS
INTRODUCTION
1. The platoon attack has been broken into four (04) Basic Drills,
each can be taught as a separate lesson. These Drills together form a
logical sequence of an action that can enable a platoon to overcome
minor opposition using fire and manoeuvre.
PLATOON BATTLE DRILLS
2. There are four basic drills at a platoon level attack:

a. Battle preparation.
b. Reaction to point sec coming under effective enemy fire.
c. Attack (Flanking attack / Frontal attack).
d. Re-organisation.

BATTLE PREPARATION
3. The platoon Comd will arrange whistle signals or any other type
of communication within the platoon. The following is suggested:-
a. Sec identification
(1) One short blast for Number 1 sec.
(2) Two short blasts for Number 2 sec.
(3) Three short blasts for Number: 3 sec. On hearing his sec
identification signal the sec Comdr will look towards the platoon
comd and acknowledge.

b. Executive Order Detailing the Fire Section. This signal

would follow the sec identification signal.
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c. Formations. The normal formation for a platoon advancing

is one sec up and the battle drills are laid down to suit this
formation for:
(1) Moving down a road.
(2) Cross country movement
d. Control. A platoon comd must be able to control his Pl
throughout the attack.
REACTION TO POINT SEC COMING UNDER EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE
4. The reaction drill is as follows;
a. The Pl Comd sends a contact wait out to OC.
b. The Pl Comd with his party will go forward to a position from
which he can see what is happening and report contact with the
enemy to his Coy Comdr by radio.
c. The Pl Sgt will keep the rest of the Pl as far as possible
without involving them in the point sec battle attack. The Pl Sgt
must understand that if he allows any of his part of the section to
be pinned under enemy fire, he will spoil the chance of successful
Pl fire and movement.

d. As soon as the Pl Sgt orders a halt, the two rear Sec Comd
report to him ready for “O” group.

ATTACK

5. The attack can be:

a. Frontal attack - As soon the Pl Comd realises that the point
sec cannot overcome the enemy using its own fire and
movement he will make a quick battle appreciation and act as
follows:
(1) Sends his runner to the Pl Sgt with a verbal message
ordering one sec to move forward to reinforce the point sec.
(2) The rear sec extends and covers the rear.
b. Flanking Attack - As soon the Pl Comd realises that the point
sec cannot overcome the enemy using its own fire and
movement he will make a quick battle appreciation and act as
follows:
Sends his runner to the Pl Sgt with a verbal message giving:
(1) Direction of flanking.
(2) RV for “O” group
(3) RV for the Pl
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(4) Any admin or grouping changes e.g. light mortar or
ammo to the sec.
(5) Signal the point sec ordering it to act as fire sec and
indicating flank from which the Pl will assault.
(6) Sends CONTACT REPORT by radio to the coy comd.As
soon as Pl Comd’s runner arrives, the plSgt will:
(a) Send the rear sec comd’s to the “O” group RV
with runner.
(b) Organise the move of the rest of the Pl to the Pl
RV, on arrival take up a position of all round defence.
(7) Simultaneously the Pl comd moves to the “O” group
RV and as soon as the sec comds have assembled he will
issue his battle orders. The Pl comd will give a battle order
to his “O’ group. The headings necessary are:
(a) Situation
(b) Enemy position
(c) Mission.
(d) Left or right flanking.
(e) Route and assault position
(f) Order of March.
(g) Position of the fire section if not already clear.
(h) Details, fire, and manoeuvre.
(j) Any variations of the battle drill.
The Assault
6. When moving to the assault position, if the Pl meets opposition in
the covered approach this must be cleared before the attack can
continue. The drill is for the leading sec to act as a point sec advancing
if this sec cannot overcome the opposition, the Pl comd will order it to
act as another fire sec whilst he assaults the new position with his third
sec.
RE-ORGANISATION
7. Once the assault has been made, the Pl will take up a defensive
position, which may be forward of the captured post having all round
field of fire. This re-organisation will be carried out as a drill as follows:
a. The flanking secs take on the centre of the original axis of
advance.
b. The fire sec will take the remaining exposed flank.
c. PL HQ will rally in the centre.
d. The Pl comd will go round the position at once to check sec arcs,
especially the MG areas.

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e. The Pl Sgt will check casualties and the ammo, re-distributing and
holdings as necessary.
f. The Pl comd will report by radio to his coy comd (SITREP,
CASREP).
REPORTS
8. Reports include:
a. CONTACT REPORT
(a) (b) (c)
(1) AT Time
(2) AT GR
(3) WHAT What is it?
(4) WHAT What happened?
(5) WHAT Decision (What you intend to
do).
b. SITUATION REPORT (SITREP)
(a) (b)
(1) EN FORCES
(2) OWN
(3) ADM & LOGS
(4) GENERAL
c. CASUALTY REPORT (CASREP)
(a) (b) (c)
(1) C Total Strength
(2) X Killed (KIA)
(3) Y Wounded (WIA)
(4) Z Missing (MIA)
(5) A Evacuated due to accident
(6) B Evacuated due to sickness
(7) ZR Missing now returned

CHAPTER EIGHT
BATTLE PROCEDURE

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INTRODUCTION
1. Definition: Battle procedure can be defined as “the process
whereby a comd receives orders, makes recce, prepares a plan and
issues orders to his subordinates and deploys troops under his comd
ready for battle”.
AIM
2. The aim of this chapter is to outline battle procedure at Pl level.
PURPOSE
3. The purpose of battle procedure is to assist the comd in
exercising his comd, orders and effect deployment with minimum
delays and maximum efficiency.
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD BATTLE PROCEDURE
4. There are three essential ingredients to good battle procedure:-

a. Passing of order and information. Comds should pass to

their subordinates new orders or information about any
impending operation, at the first possible moment. This enables
their own preparations.

b. Recce. Arrangements should be made for recce, orders of

Comd and other administrative preparations of troops to take
place simultaneously. This is termed “CONCURRENT ACTIVITY”.

c. Time. Comds should ensure that their subordinates get

sufficient time to do their own recce, planning and orders by
working out the time available between receipt of the original
order and the rest of the operation.

PRINCIPLES OF BATTLE PROCEDURES

5. Good battle procedure is achieved by observing the following
principles:
a. Anticipation of future tasks. Comds at all levels must think
and plan ahead beyond their immediate task.

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b. Efficient Drills and issue of orders. Well practiced drills
based on good SOPs make quick reaction to orders possible.
c. Concurrent Activities. Concurrent activities must happen at
all levels and be initiated by a warning order.
d. Thorough knowledge of grouping system. Every soldier in a
coy or a Pl must know who is involved in the recce of future tasks
and who will receive the orders for them.
GROUPING
6. The process of battle procedure can be applied at all levels and
must be understood by all ranks. It is based on the formation of the
groups. These groups are:
a. The Reconnaissance Group (Recce Gp), this group
composition varies at every level but members should be kept at
a minimum to aid concealment.
(1) Pl recce group consist of the following:
(a) Pl comd.
(b) Runner.
(c) Radio operator.
(d) SP Wpn representative (if available).
(2) Coy recce group consists of the following:
(a) OC.
(b) Runner.
(c) Radio operator.
(d) Sp Wpn representative (if available).
b. The Orders Group (“O”Gp), the O Gp includes all who must
directly receive the Comds orders:
(1) Pl “O”GP consists of:
(a) PL recce gp.
(b) Sec Comds.
(c) PL Sgt (if possible).
(2) Coy “O” gp consists of:
(a) Coy recce gp.
(b) Pl Comds gp.
(c) CQMS.
(d) CSM (If available).
(e) Support representative.
c. The Main body. At Pl level, the main body is the remainder
of the pl less the” Recce” and “O” Gps.
7. Note: Pl Sgt may not be available at times so the Pl Comd will
have to brief him later. Before conducting his recce a Comd will not

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normally know all the details of the coming operations. He must
however have certain information as;
a. The nature of operations.
b. The general area of operation.
c. The time by which it will take place or the time by which it
must be completed.
8. Based on this information and applying his military experience a
Comd can estimate:
a. How much time he will require to make his recce, plan and
issue orders.
b. When sub-units under his comd are likely to be grouped.
c. When his troops begin to move to the battle and what
tactical control measures will be necessary.
d. The order in which his troops should arrive in the battle
area.
9. This estimate will form the basis of a warming order which will be
issued as clearly as possible to all sub-units under his comd. Junior
leaders however variably receive warning orders from their superiors,
and they will issue theirs based on that. The sooner the warning orders
can be issued prior to the Comd’s departure to receive his orders.
CONTENTS OF A WARNING ORDER
10. A warning order must include:
a. A brief outline of the intended operation.
b. RV and time for the “O” gp.
c. Earliest time for move /definite orders for move of the main
body or “NO move from…..hrs or be at…………..hrs notice to
move from ……………..hrs.
d. It should include when such information is known or can be
estimated:
(1) Any order for move of advance parties or other
preliminary moves.
(2) Administrative arrangement affecting the resting or
feeding of troops, regrouping, issue of Comds, move to
assembly area etc.
11. Example of a warning order.
WARNING ORDER
PL WILL ATTACK EN POSN AT GR 38435, ‘O’GP
RV AT GR 397284 AT 1100HRS, NO MOVE
BEFORE 1045HRS EXCEPT FOR THE RECCE
PARTY(.)FIRST LINE AMMO TO BE ISSUED (.)
ACK(.)
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APPRECIATION
12. We have already seen that one of the essentials of a good battle
procedure is the correct appreciation of time. In appreciating time you
must bear in mind one of the most important ingredients of good battle
procedure is CONCURRENT ACTIVITIES. You must allot time sensibly to
various activities, bearing in mind the fact that some activities can
take place simultaneously e.g. recce attending orders rest etc.
CONCLUSION
13. You as junior Comdr must understand thoroughly, the
mechanism and importance of good battle procedures. Remember that
a good battle procedure is a prelude to victory. See Annex “A” for an
example of Pl battle procedure in attack.

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CHAPTER NINE
APPRECIATION (ESTIMATES)
INTRODUCTION
1. Appreciation is a logical sequence of reasoning leading to the
best solution of a problem. Military appreciation may deal with tactical,
strategic, administrative and other problems.
2. To succeed in making appreciation, apart from making practice, it
requires knowledge, intelligence, imagination and an analytical mind.
THE AIMS OF APPRECIATION
3. Appreciation may be done for two reasons namely:
a. For a comd who wishes to clear his mind of conflicting details and
come to a balanced conclusion.
b. For junior officer as a brief to his comd.
TYPES OF APPRECIATION
4. There are three types of appreciations:
a. Formal appreciation. This is a written appreciation in order to
consider more complicated problems or to present an argument to
enable a comd take a sound decision.
b. Simple, quick combat appreciation. This is an appreciation which
is made mentally by all the Comds when they are faced with a problem
which requires immediate solution.
c. Time appreciation. It is an appreciation which is made in order to
get time for the execution of the task together with the appropriate
time for concurrent activities.
MAKING AN APPRECIATION
5. There are five steps in making an appreciation:-
a. Studying of the existing situation: .........Looking at the problem.
b. Specifying the aim to be attained: .........What to be attained.
Examining and reasoning out all relevant factors: ......Looking at
all options in general before applied.
c. Considering all practical courses: .........Possible options.
d. To decide on the best course of action to attain the aim.
SEQUENCE OF APPRECIATION
6. A military appreciation has to follow the accepted logical
sequence or format for the following reasons:
a. To make it likely for the author not to omit important details.
b. To make it easy for another person to follow the arguments
(reasoning) which led to the plan.
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HEADINGS OF APPRECIATIONS
7. Comds at all levels when making an appreciation must follow
headings:
a. Selection of the aim.
b. Factors affecting the aim.
c. Courses open.
d. Outline plan.
AIM
8. This is a statement of what you intend to achieve according to
the situation.
a. The Aim must be
(1) Clear.
(2) Single/one.
(3) Short.
b. Must be simple, direct, and attainable.
c. The aim is always given by higher echelon and if not given, you
must carefully select it.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE AIM
9. A factor is a circumstance, fact or influence contributing to a
result. Deduction is basically a conclusion drawn from the
consideration of a factor which suggests, rules out or limits a course of
action. Factors include:
a. Enemy
(1) Strength and composition.
(2) Reinforcement capacity.
(3) Disposition.
(4) Intentions etc.
b. Ground
(1) Generally divide the ground left, centre, and right.
(2) In every approach the following facts must be
considered:
(a) Ground of tactical importance.
(b) Vital ground.
(c) Ground dominating the approaches
(d) Cover.
(e) Obstacles.
(f) Routes and distance.
c. Time and space

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(1) What to be done by what time.
(2) Time to be used in each approach.
(3) Time for supporting fire.
d. Climatic conditions. Is it hot, rainy, foggy, wet phases of the
moon, sunrise and sunset.
e. Population.
(1) Facilities e.g. cultural sites, hospitals, roads, schools,
movements.
(2) Is it hostile or friendly?
10. Courses open is an option for attaining or contributing to the
attainment of the aim in case the enemy affects the attainment of our
aim.
a. Own course.
b. Enemy course.
c. Selection of the best course and the reasons.
(1) PLAN.
(2) MISSION.
(3) EXECUTION.
d. Concept of operation.
e. Coordinating instructions.
f. Administration and Logistics (COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT).
g. COMMAND AND SIGNALS.
11. Plan should be in detail to enable orders to be extracted.
CHAPTER TEN
ORDERS PROCESS AND BRIEFING
INTRODUCTION
1. At battalion level, orders are usually given verbally. Comds must be
prepared to receive orders over radios. At each level they extract the
orders they receive (only relevant) affecting their command so that
they can pass them to their subordinates.
GENERAL
2. The following terms are common terms used in orders process and
briefing.

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a. Orders. Means by which a superior explains to his
subordinates how he intends to accomplish a mission. Orders
give a unified basis for action.
b. Instructions. An instruction is used to regulate a
military activity.
c. Plan. A plan is mainly issued for contingency
planning purposes and have no executive authority until is
activated by an order.
TYPES OF ORDERS
3. There are four types of orders:
a. Operation orders (OPORD).
b. Warning orders (Wng O).
c. Fragmentary orders (FRAGO).
d. Standing operation procedures (SOP).
OPERATION ORDERS (OPORD)
4. These are orders which are given at the beginning of the operation.
They give details on how the comd intends to accomplish his mission.
WARNING ORDERS (Wng ‘O’)
5. These are orders which are issued to warn the subordinate Comds
of the impending mission to allow time for preparation.
FRAGMENTARY ORDERS (FRAGO)
6. These are orders which are given if there is any change in the initial
orders or to confirm the initial orders.

STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)

7. These are laid down standard procedures for the conduct of the
operations. This serves constant repetitions in orders and gives officers
and the soldiers a clear understanding of their individual
responsibilities.
REASONS FOR ISSUING ORDERS
8. Orders are given so that all concerned should know:
a. What their comd intends to do.
b. How the comd intends to do it.
c. What part they themselves have to play.
9. Orders are given in a standard and logical sequence for the
following reasons:
a. To ensure that nothing important is left out.
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b. To make orders easier to follow.
c. To ensure that even tired Comds cannot forget important
points.
d. To make orders easy for junior Comds to understand and
extract what concerns them.
e. The sequence is standard throughout the army.
HOW TO ISSUE ORDERS (STAGE MANAGEMENT)
10. Orders should be issued in the following manner:-
a. Orders should be issued clearly with confidence.
b. Orientate Comds, relating ops to the ground by the use of
standard models.
c. Before a comd begins his orders he should check that all the
‘O’ group is present and that all can hear properly.
d. Check that your orders are understood by confirmation.
e. Absolutely don’t allow interruption during orders.
f. Avoid telling subordinate’s things that they know.
g. Let them synchronise their watches according to yours.

WAYS OF ISSUING ORDERS

11. The following are the ways of issuing orders:-
a. By writing (Formal orders). These are issued by higher
echelon (Bn & above) when there is time, secrecy must be
observed.
b. Verbally (Verbal orders): These give the comd a chance to put
across his wishes to all his subordinates at once and deal with
their questions, that everyone is informed. It allows him to
influence them with his own drive, determination and confidence.
They must be clear.
c. Message (Over the radio). This must be the last solution,
secrecy and security must be maintained.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ORDERS
12. In whatever form they are issued, orders must have the following
characteristics;-

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a. Comprehensive. The orders must be comprehensive and
contain complete description of the Comds overall intentions and
clear direction to his subordinate Comds.
b. Accurate. Particular care must be taken in deciding the
accuracy of such details as Grid references and timings.
c. Clear and Unambiguous. The recipients may be tired of
working under pressure. Orders must be clear and unambiguous
so that there can be no possibility of misunderstanding or
misrepresentation. Any vagueness by use of terms such as
“dawn”, “dusk” if possible must be avoided.
d. Brevity. The orders must be as brief as consistent with clarity.
Repetition must be avoided and the style must be as concise as
possible, particularly in written orders .Good SOPs can contribute
to brevity of orders.
e. Capable of execution. Each subordinate comd must have the
capability to execute or carry out the orders he is given. He must
have sufficient troops and resources for his task.
f. Timely: Any operation order is normally proceeded by a Wng
‘O’ to ensure that concurrent activity is started and time given for
preparation by subordinates Comds, despite this ,the operation
order itself must be issued and received in time for the necessary
action to be taken.
SEQUENCE OF ISSUING ORDERS
13. The standard army orders are issued in a fixed sequence following
an acronym known as: SMEAC:
a. S- SITUATION.
b. M - MISSION.
c. E - EXECUTION.
d. A - ADMIN & LOGISTICS.
e. C - COMMAND & SIGNALS.
S - GROUND. Is always described before orders are issued.
This gives the ‘O’ group a mental picture of the country over which
the action is to be taken and will the details easier to grasp. It is
described from left to right and reference points and nick names are
given. This may be carried out by:

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a. Using the actual ground from where the ‘O’ gp can see the
entire ground of operation but remember protection and cover.
b. By using maps & air photo.
c. Sand models. During ground description you can explain the
following;-
(1) Routes of March.
(2) Boundaries, FUP, LD, AXIS and other main features.
NB: After description of the ground, orders will be issued with the
opening “GENTLEMEN ORDERS”.

14. SITUATION. Is the background information for the mission and what
is going on that the soldiers need to know about. It includes:
a. Enemy Forces:
(1) Strength.
(2) Intentions.
(3) Weapons.
(4) Morale.
(5) Dress etc.
b. Friendly forces: Friendly forces- those to our flanks.
c. Attachment and detachment:
(1) Attachments if any.
(2) Detachments if any.
MISSION
16. PL 1 A COY WILL ATTACK THE ENEMY AT (GR……..…(KILAK HILLS)
BY DTG 031700C MAY 09 IN ORDER TO ENABLE A COY OCCUPY THAT
GROUND (X2).
EXECUTION
17. To include:
a. Concept of operation .
(1) Intent: Pl 1 will attack the enemy position in two up
formation.

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(2) Scheme of manoeuvre
(3) Main effort
b. Grouping and tasks.
Grouping Tasks
(1) Sec 1.
(2) Sec 2.
(3) Sec 3.
(4) Mortar.
c. Co-ordinating instructions. These are instructions common
to more than one sub-unit.
(1) Timings:
(a) leave Conc area….......hrs.
(b) Leave Assy area..........hrs.
(c) Leave FUP……hrs.
(d) H - Hour….........hrs.
(2) Locations.
(3) Order of march (OOM).
(4) Action at FUP, SL.
(5) Re-organisation.
(6) Limit of Exploitation
(LOE).
(7) Routes and boundaries.
(8) Axis.
(9) Rules of Engagement
(ROE).
ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS
18. This covers the support function that aids the men in the
performance of their job.
a. Dress.
b. Feeding arrangements.
c. Casualties.

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d. Ammunition.
e. POWs.
f. Transport.

COMMAND AND SIGNAL

19. a. Command. Defines who gives the orders through every
step of the chain, theoretically all the way back up to HQ, and all
the way down to the most junior member of the unit who in the
final existence would be commanding himself alone. It may
include:
(1) Overall commander.
(2) Alternative command.
(3) Loc of platoon Hq / Coy.
b. Signal; Is the general term of communication procedure to be
Followed e.g.
(1) Radio Frequency.
(2) Signal for starting fire.
(3) Signal for winning.
(4) Signal for re-organisation.
(5) Pass words.
(6) Call signs.
Note.
(1) Give time to your section comd to go through their
orders.
(2) Ask questions for confirmation.
(3) Remember to synchronize watches.

HOW TO RECEIVE ORDERS

20. When going to receive orders you must take the following:
a. Note book.
b. Map.
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c. Pen and pencil.
d. Binocular.
e. Compass.
f. Torch.
g. Runner and operator.
BRIEFING
21. Whenever possible, the Pl comd will brief his soldiers on the task
of the coy if the coy comd has not done so. The purpose of briefing is
to ensure that everyone knows the aim of the operation, to inspire men
with self confidence and determination. Briefing may take the following
sequences:
a. Ground.
b. Situation.
c. General plan.
EX “MUDDLED ORDERS”
22. These are mix up orders. Arrange them correctly.
a. Assignment instructions
(1) Orders contained in this assignment are muddled up.
(2) Your task is to rewrite them following the correct verbal
orders
format.
(3) Grammar and neat handwriting will facilitate your
scoring high marks.
b. Order from OC ‘B’ coy to his pl Comds;
(1) Today at 1000hrs we will attack the en Pl dug in at
GR 221548 using 2 up 1 formation. We will leave this
assemble area GR 226503 for FUP 0915hrs. We have to
leave early because the ground is hilly and has bushes.
(2) Remember that CO has given us a troop of light
tanks and a sec of engineers. When moving from here,
2 pl will lead, followed by 1 pl then my HQs and finally 3
pl will tail. Similarly at the FUP, 2 pl should be on my
right hand, 1 pl on my left and 3 pl in the rear.
(3) At the FUP which is 200m from GR 221548, there
should be total silence. The start line will be of the FUP.
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(4) I expect all of you to carry first line ammo. And
enough water. When charging through the objective, be
serious and aggressive. Let your Pl Sgts jump around if
they don’t push the boys, and in case of anything
contact me on frequency 4491. All casualties and POWs
should be brought to my HQs. Be careful to identify
your own forces using KAZI-LEO.
(5) Time is not with us gentlemen. Remember to
carry your pocket prayer books and don’t forget to bid
farewell to your family members.
(6) If there are no questions, let’s synchronise our
watches.

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CHAPTER ELEVEN
PATROLS AND PATROLLING
INTRODUCTION
1. In war, a comd cannot plan a successful operation without accurate
and up to date information. Patrolling is one of the most reliable means
of obtaining this. The aim of patrolling is:
a. To obtain information.
b. To dominate the area between the opposing Forward Edge
of Battle Areas (FEBAs) and gaps between formations and units.
c. To destroy or disrupt enemy forces.
TYPES OF PATROL
2. Patrols have in the past given a wide variety of names, such as
ambushes, listening or escort, but these merely describe the tasks
they have to undertake. All patrols fall into one of the following types.
a. Reconnaissance patrols.
b. Fighting patrols.
RECCE PATROLS
3. Recce patrol gains information by observation and operate by
stealth. It may consist of the following:
a. Patrol leader.
b. Radio operator.
c. Protection man.
d. Pacer man & Compass man if operating during the nights.
e. Scouts.
f. Get away man.
4. Recce patrols gain information by observation and operate by
stealth. The tasks of recce patrols include:
a. Collection of topographical information on features, tracks
and state of the ground.
b. Locating the enemy’s position.

c. Obtaining details of enemy mine fields and the extent of

enemy’s posn or defensive perimeter.

d. Investigating suspicious noises made by the enemy. Enemy

habits and patrol routes.

e. Checking our wire obstacles and mine fields at first and last
light.

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FIGHTING PATROLS
5. Fighting patrols are organised for particular tasks with sufficient
strength and armament to fight. The tasks on which fighting patrols
may be deployed include:
a. Denying enemy patrols freedom of action.
b. Interfering with enemy’s working parties.
c. Carrying out raids.
d. Tank ambushing.
e. Laying ambushes.
f. Protecting reconnaissance and working parties of other
arms.
g. Escorting stretcher bearers.
ELEMENTS OF A FIGHTING PATROL
6. a. Point man/ Guide.
b. Compass man.
c. Pacer man.
d. Radio Operator.
e. Patrol leader.
f . Assault element.
g. 2 I/C.
h. Support element.
j. Get away man.
FIGHTING PATROLS BY NIGHT
7. a. Scout /Guide.
b. Pacer man.
c. Compass man.
d. Radio operator.
e. Patrol leader.
f. Protection man.
g. Support group.
h. Assault group.
j. Cut off group.
k. Get away man.
CO-ORDINATION AND PLANNING
8. Within the Battle Group, the Combat Team comd is generally
responsible for briefing and debriefing of patrols but the intelligence
officer or other officer in the battle group HQ is responsible for co-
ordinating patrols and will usually provide information about the
enemy, own troops, ground and in particular any information acquired
by previous patrols. The CO may brief the patrol himself if the task is of
special nature or importance.
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MISSION
9. The mission of each patrol ordered out must be clearly defined
and understood.
TIME FOR PLANNING
10. Patrols should be planned sufficiently for a need to allow full
briefing of the patrol comd. sufficient time must also be allowed for the
patrol comd himself to study maps, air photos, and intelligence reports
and make a recce.

RECONNAISSANCE
11. The patrol comd must:
a. Check that he has been provided with all the information
he can obtain such as maps, air photos, intelligence reports and
reports of previous patrols.
b. Plan and carry out detailed recce. If time permits this
might mean completing a recce patrol before taking out a
fighting patrol.
c. Study ground with the following in mind:
(1) Routes.
(2) Obstacles.
(3) Land marks.
(4) Enemy ops, listening posts and surveillance devices.
(5) Dead ground and covered approaches.
(6) Places where ambushes may be set or laid.
(7) Enemy posn, Defensive Fire (DF) areas and fixed lines.
d. Check carefully distances, timings and compass bearings
of bounds or legs on the routes out and in.
e. Keep his plan as simple as possible particularly if the
patrol is to be done at night.
f. Mark his selected route on the operations map at coy or
Bn HQs, so that duty officer can refer to it when co-ordinating fire
support.
PATROL ORDERS AND REHEARSALS
12. Particular care must be taken over the operation of patrol
orders;-
a. The contents of orders and manner of their delivery
will contribute to success of the patrol.
b. Patrol orders must always be given to the whole
patrol. They must be given slowly and by stage.
c. Patrol members must ask questions at the end of
each stage.
d. After the orders are given the comd must check
every member of the patrol, and knows every ones tasks
thoroughly.

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REHEARSALS
13. Time must be set aside for practice. All phases of recce and
fighting patrols ought to be thoroughly rehearsed. The rehearsals
should cover the following:
a. Order of match and individual posns in all formations to
be used.
b. Method of changing formations and directions.
c. Obstacle crossing.
d. Action on meeting the enemy.
e. Action on objective (fighting ptl only).
f. Signals.
g. Action at halt/RV.
h. Action on being illuminated.
j. Casualty evacuation and prisoner escort.
PATROL ORDERS
14. Orders must be issued in detail and to all participants and in
stages. Members must ask questions at the end of each stage. The
Sequence of the orders must include;
GROUND
15. Should be described on a model, a map or from an Observation
Post. You should talk about:
a. Enemy posn.
b. Own posn.
c. Landmarks.
d. Routes in and out.
SITUATION:
16. This includes the following:
a. Enemy.
b. Friendly forces.
c. Atts and Detts.
d. General situation according to briefing given by CO or IO.

MISSION
17. MISSION WILL INCLUDE TASK ALLOTTED. THIS IS BEST
EXPRESSED IN FORM OF A QUESTION IN CASE OF A RECONNAISSANCE
PATROL OR AN ORDER IN THE CASE OF A FIGHTING PATROL. “WE
WILL……………………….…………………………”
EXECUTION
18. To include:
a. Concept of operation.
(1) Task and posn of each man, teams or party.
(2) Patrol formation (rehearse them).
(3) Routes out and in, legs, bearings, distances in paces
and type of country and ingredients on each leg.
(4) Time out and in.
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(5) Action at halts.
(6) Action at RV/Firm base.
(7) Action on reaching the objective (rehearse).
(8) Action when crossing obstacles.
(9) Action on illuminating or trip flares.
(10) Action on bumping into an ambush.
b. Grouping and Tasks
Group Tasks
(1) Command Group………….
(2) Assault Group……………..
(3) Support Group…………….
(4) Cut off gps A and B……….
c. Co-ordinating instructions
(1) Timings:
(a) Day rehearsals ...........................hrs.
(b)Inspection....................................hrs.
(c) Rest............................................hrs.
(d) Food/Rat.....................................hrs.
(e) Night rehearsals.........................hrs.
(f) Final Inspection...........................hrs.
(2) Locations e.g. Final RV.

ADMIN AND LOG (COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT)

19. These to include:
a. Dress.
b. weapons, ammo and equipments.
c. Medical.
d. Feeding.
e. POWs.
COMMAND AND SIGNALS
20. To include:
a. Command.
(1) Patrol commander.
(2) Alternative Commander.
(3) Patrol HQ.
b. Signals.
(1) Patrol signals including opening fire.
(2) Pass words.

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(3) Instructions for the use of radio including any
restrictions.
(4) Time check-final questions.
PATROL REPORT
21. A patrol report is usually prepared as a report form with the
following details:
a. Designation/Type of patrol.
b. To.
c. Maps.
d. Other details.
(1) Size and composition of patrol.
(2) Task.
(3) Time out.
(4) Time in.
(5) Routes (IN and Out).
(6) Description of terrain.
(7) Description of enemy.
(8) Any map correction.
(9) Misc. information.
(10) Result of encounters with enemy.
(11) Condition of patrol (WIA and KIA).
(12) Conclusion or recommendation
(13) Additional remarks by interrogator
(14) Distribution.
(15) SIGN; Ptl comd.
(16) SIGN; Interrogator.
MOVEMENT OF A FIGHTING PATROL BY NIGHT
Cut off team Asslt GP SP GP

Protection man
Radio operator
Scout Patrol leader
group
Compass man
Scout/Guide Direction of Pacer man
Advance
Pacer man
Compass man
RECCE Patrol leader PATROL
22. Radio operator Direction of Advance
Protection man 47
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Get away man
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DEPLOYMENT OF A FIGHTING PATROL ON THE OBJECTIVE

Route in Cut off party A

Patrol leader
Forward RV
Assault group Obj
Firm base Support group

Route out Cut off party B

23. PATROL REPORT FORM

………………………………………………………………………………
…
(Type of the patrol) (Date.)
To..................................................................(Posn).
Map..........................................................................
a. Strength and organisation of the patrol.
b. Task.
c. Time of departure.
d. Time of arrival.
e. Route (Out/In).
f. Ground situation.
g. Enemy.

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h. Any map amendments/corrections.
j. Any other information.
k. Results of contact with the enemy.
l. Casualties and patrol situation (general).
m. Conclusion and recommendations.
................................................................................
(Sign, rank, Bn, ) of patrol comd.
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
Statement /recommendation of the interrogator.
................................................................................
(Sign, rank, Bn, ) of Interrogator.
................................................................................
Time.
23. Usually patrol report should be sent to HQs of the high authority,
even though a copy may be sent to flank Bns depending on the
situation.

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CHAPTER TWELVE
HARBOUR DRILLS/PATROL HARBOUR
GENERAL
1. A patrol harbor is a position established when a patrol halts for an
extended period for the following reasons:
a. To avoid detection.
b. To lie whilst a detailed reconnaissance of the objective is
being carried out and for the formation of a plan and issue
orders.
c. To form a base from which an operation can be conducted
e.g. attack, ambush, reconnaissance or setting up Ops.
d. To provide an RV after infiltration into the enemy area by
small parties.
e. To maintain weapons and equipment and prepare food
after long period of movement or close contact.
SELECTION OF A HARBOUR AREA
2. This can be done either from a map, by aerial reconnaissance or on
the spot. The area must be confirmed by reconnaissance and secured
before occupation. In selecting an area the following points should be
considered:
MISSION
3. a. The harbor must be located so that it enables the patrol to
accomplish its task.
b. Location chosen should be An Area:
(1) Which can be easily defended?
(2) Where there is a dense vegetation preferably bushy
tree.
(3) Away from human habitation.
(4) Near a source of water.
(5) With good routes in and out.
(6) Where communications are good
c. Avoid:
(1) An obvious position.
(2) Ridgelines or crests exist as necessary for adequate
communication.
(3) A known or even suspected enemy or ex-enemy
position.
(4) Roads tracks etc.
(5) Wet areas, steep slopes and small valleys.
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OCCUPATION OF HARBOUR AREA
4. For a swift and efficient occupation of a patrol harbor it is
essential that they adhere to a well understood drill. A suggested drill
is as follows:
a. The patrol halts at 200 Meters from the selected area and
takes up all round defence.
b. The patrol commander and party (usually include the section
commander) go forward and reconnoiter.
c. When satisfied two men are sent back to bring forward the
patrol.
d. The patrol is led to the patrol commander in single file.
e. The patrol commander visualizes the base as a clock face and
position himself in the center.
f. As the sections arrive they are met by their section
commanders and taken to their positions as follows:-
(1) First Section…………… 12 O’clock to 4 O’clock.
(2) Second Section…………... 4 O’clock to 8 O’clock.
(3) Third Section…………….. 8 O’clock to 12 O’clock.
(4) Platoon Hq party...………. Around patrol commander.
g. When in position all section commanders should be able to
see the patrol commander and also their gun and rifle groups.
h. The patrol commander checks the perimeter moving anti-
clockwise each section commander meeting him at his gun group
and any necessary adjustments are made.
j. On signal from the patrol commander clearing patrols area
sent out by each section to search the immediate area. These
patrols usually consist of section commander and one man from
each group. They move out through their gun position. The
distance the patrol needs to clear out will depend on the range of
noise and smell, about 30 meters.
k. Work on harbor starts as soon as all the clearing patrols have
returned and sentries have been posted, the likely tasks are:-
(1) Digging défense obstacles, refuse pits, latrines.
(2) Camouflage and clearing field of fire.
(3) Erection of shelters.
(4) Administration i.e. preparing food for soldiers.
ROUTINE
5. The following points must be properly organized:
a. Track discipline and movement.
b. Weapon cleaning.
c. Sentry roster.

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d. Sleeping.
e. Feeding.
f. Alarm system.
g. Kit not in use packed away.
h. Departure time
SECURITY
6. The patrol commander must ensure:-
a. Sentries and listening posts are established to cover
approach routes into the area. By day and during setting up,
sentries should be sited beside.
b. Good communications with post and sentries to ensure early
warning.
c. Sentries are alert at all times.
d. The harbor is capable of all round defence.
e. Camouflage, noise, light and smell discipline is enforced.
OCCUPATION DIAGRAM

SEC - 1

12

GUN GP 9
SEC 2 8 GUN - GP
HQ 3

SEC - 3
6
GUN GP

DIRECTION OF OCCUPATION DIAGRAM OF CLEARING PATROLS

SY
SY

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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
AM BUSHES
INTRODUCTION
1. An ambush is a surprise attack by a force lying in wait upon a
moving or temporarily halted enemy. It is usually a brief encounter and
does not require the capture and holding ground. The attack from
ambush is normally at close quarters. Ambushes may be used in front
of or behind the enemy FEBA against both regular and insurgent
forces. A series of successful ambush will make the enemy
apprehensive and cautious in movement. Ambushing is always

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considered to be counter insurgency operation within the conventional
war. This is wrong.
AMBUSH SITES
2. Suitable places for ambush include:
a. Known enemy routes in forward and rear areas.
b. Administrative areas, supply and water points. In counter
insurgency Opns the approaches to a village or cultivated areas
and known or suspected food dumps or arms caches are
particularly suitable.
c. Areas where marked change of vegetation occurs, such as the
junction of forest and areas of grass land.
d. Probable lines of enemy withdraw after a successful attack by
our forces.
e. The approaches to own base camps and defensive positions.
f. The withdraw route from ambush site to catch an enemy
follow-up.
CATEGORIES OF AMBUSH
3. There are two categories of ambush:
a. Deliberate ambush.
b. Immediate ambush.
THE DELIBERATE AMBUSH
4. A deliberate ambush is one planned and executed as a separate
operation. There should be time to allow planning, preparation and
rehearsal in great detail. It may vary in size from a small scale ambush
to a major operation using the whole Bn.
5. Many opportunities will exist for small scale ambushes up to Pl
strength. The smaller the force, the easier it will be to move into
ambush area, to control the operation and to withdraw it after the
battle. Success with large scale may be more difficult to achieve. Two
examples of the circumstances in which large scale ambushes that
may be laid include:
a. During counter insurgency operations, to lure the enemy
follow up into a prepared ambush position.
b. When information provides exact enemy location such as an
Assemble area, or the movement of large number of
reinforcement.
THE IMMEDIATE AMBUSH
6. An immediate ambush is one set with a minimum of planning
either to take advantage of ‘Hot’ information or as contact drill by a
patrol. Little time will be available for recce and the amount of success

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achieved will depend on the initiative of the commander Concerned,
rehearsed and well known drills and the general ability and Discipline
of the team.
7. Factors in support of an immediate ambush:
a. Pl report of the previous patrol is vital.
b. Knowledge of the area and therefore an appreciation of
likely enemy movement.
c. Surveillance devices for monitoring enemy activities.
d. Military intelligence sources. These provide accurate
information about enemy activities.
e. Police special branch (counter insurgency Opns). Are also
vital in provision of important information.
PRINCIPLES OF AMBUSH
8. The following are the principles;
a. Thorough planning, recce and rehearsals.
b. Security.
c. Concealment.
d. Good control.
e. Maximum use of fire power.
f. Good battle discipline.
g. Intelligent layout of an ambush.
h. Simple plan for springing the ambush.
j. Good shooting from all positions and from behind cover.

PLANNING, RECONNAISSANCE AND REHEARSAL

9. To include:
a. Study the enemy so that his tactics and counter ambush
techniques can be used to the ambush’s advantage.
b. Plan the reconnaissance and make it detail and thorough.
c. Ensure that all the ambush party know exactly what to do. Do
not plan several variations.
d. Rehearse all possible actions by day and, if
possible/applicable by night to avoid the enemy counters ambush
which could prove disastrous if it has not been rehearsed.
SECURITY
10. Too much reconnaissance and movement in the ambush area
could give away the position. The enemy has the chance of:
a. Avoiding the area.
b. Booby trapping the area.
c. Ambushing our forces as they move in.
11. For effective ambushes always endeavour to:
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a. Move out of the main base camp or position by night and be
clear of civilian areas by dawn.
b. Plan for an enemy follow up after the ambush has been
sprung.
c. Protect the route back to the base camp or main position.
d. Do not re-occupy old ambush sites.
CONCEALMENT
12. Concealment implies the following:
a. Avoid leaving tracks in the ambush area, especially on likely
enemy approaches and in the killing ground.
b. Too much cutting of foliage to obtain good fields of fire
could help the enemy to spot the ambush.
c. Ensure the personal camouflage is of the highest standard.
GOOD CONTROL
13. The ambush comd must make sure that:
a. All members of the ambush must know the plan and the
exact locations of all groups.
b.Have clear signals for “OPENING FIRE, CEASE FIRE, SEARCH,
and WITHDRAW”. Do not attempt complicated groups and
individuals. Keep the system simple, otherwise confusion will rise
and the enemy will be alerted by rustling and moving vegetation.
c. Control can easily be lost if the enemy proves to be too strong
for the ambush. Ensure that all members of the ambush know:
(1) The location of the final RV.
(2) The withdraw routes from their positions to the final
RV.
(3) The order in which groups withdraw to the final RV.
(4) Action in final RV.
MAXIMUM USE OF FIRE POWER
14. The ambush comd must:
a. Site GPMGS so as to make the best use of their trajectory and
long beaten zone.
b.Use of artillery and mortars.
(1) Hit the enemy outside the killing ground.
(2) Disrupt the enemy counter attack.
(3) Harass the enemy flight.
(4) Assist the ambush party to wdrl.
c. Shoot to kill.
BATTLE DISCIPLINE
15. This to include:

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a. There must be no noise and the minimum movement in the
ambush.
b.All must be prepared to stop smoking, coughing, snoring and to
live in cold for long periods of time in the operation. This can be
for hours or even days.
c. A high standard of alertness must be maintained only men
nominated by the comd can relax.
d.Reactions to signals must be fast.
e. All soldiers in the ambush must have clearly understood drill to
hold their fire and to shoot to kill.
f. Weapons must be ready to fire at a moment’s notice.
g.Determination by all ambush members to wait and kill.
LAYOUT OF AN AMBUSH
16. In laying out an ambush the following must be observed:
a. All possible approaches must be covered: Information may
often give the destination of the enemy but will seldom give
exact route he will take. No matter how good the info, the enemy
may arrive from an unexpected direction. This has caused
ambushes to fail in the past.
b. The ambush must have depth: The depth will vary with the
enemy tactics:
(1) If the enemy usually scatters and flees at the first
burst of fire, the chances of getting the second burst from
the same position are small. In this case the depth is
outwards and often fwd of the killing ground to cover
escape routes to get another shot at the enemy.
(2) If the enemy counter attacks then this type of depth
will make control difficult and could result in the loss of stop
groups. In this case the depth must be to the rear and
flanks of the killing party to cover the ambush parties’ wdrl
and to block the enemy counter attack.
c. The ambush must have all round defence.

(1) Train troops to occupy positions without advertising

their presence by noise including noise of cocking and
locking weapons.
(2) Ensure the best sitting of comd’s and weapons, lack of
all-round observation will result in the enemy arriving in the
area undetected.
(3) Good fire control and particularly the even distribution
of fire.
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(4) Accurate shooting at moving targets and countering
the tendency to fire high.
SPRINGING THE AMBUSH
17. When someone sights the enemy, he/she must tug the correct
communication code and gives the signal for the direction of Approach
and the size of the enemy group. Comds must alert the men in their
groups, and the ambush comd must ensure that the ambush base
(depth) is warned so that the relief party does not arrive at the wrong
moment. The ambush should be sprung when as many enemies as
possible are in the killing ground. All members must understand their
comds orders and the drill for opening fire is as follows:
a. Fire should not be opened as long as the enemy is still
moving towards your position and not in better position to kill.
b. A small ambush will normally be sprung by the Comd but
should any enemy act as though he has seen the ambush, any
man who sees the action should spring the ambush.
Setting an ambush on both sides of the killing ground has the
advantage of preventing the enemy escape. This is done in large scale
ambushes.
SEQUENCE
18. The sequence of actions from preparatory to occupying an
ambush position is:
a. Reconnaissance.
b. Issue of preliminary orders in the base camp.
c. Preparations and rehearsal in the camp.
d. Move to ambush area.
e. Final reconnaissance by the ambush comd and Group
comds.
f. Final orders by the ambush comd.
g. Occupation of the position.
THE SITE SELECTED SHOULD
19. The site selected should:
a. Be easy to conceal, so that to the enemy point of view
appears unoccupied.
b. Not offer an early and easy escape to those enemies who
are in the killing ground and are not killed when the ambush is
first sprung.
c. Allow certain troops to give early warning before the first
enemy enters the ambush.
d. Be capable of being covered by all weapons.
e. Have a good covered approach avoiding contact with known
enemy positions or local inhabitants.
THE WITHDRAWS

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20. The route and method of wdrl will have the bearing on the
selection of the ambush site and frequently on detailed layout.
Detailed plan for the wdrl must be made, involving specifying the
movement of all groups. The ambush commander must make full use
of surprise and confusion amongst the enemy to inflict the maximum
number of casualties and at the same time to achieve a clean break.
Small parties may be left behind to cover the wdrl and to ambush any
enemy follow up or relief force. Wdrl plans must cover the following
circumstances:
a. Searching the dead after the successful ambush.
b. When the enemy enters the ambush area and the ambush is
not sprung.
c. When the superior enemy force either approaches the ambush
site or is ambushed and counter attacks.
NIGHT OR DAY AMBUSHES
21. The decision to set day or night ambush will depend on:
a. The terrain, the cover from view and fields of fire.
b. The pattern of enemy movement.
22. A high proportion of night ambushes will be set in the desert or
cultivated or open country where cover is limited and where enemy
movement will take place at night. Day ambush will be set in the
dense country which gives good cover to enemy day movement and to
an ambush for night ambushes have similar characteristics to Day
ambushes.
PARTICULAR POINTS WHICH APPLY TO NIGHT AMBUSHES
23. The following points must be considered when setting up a night
ambush.
a. Concealment is easy but shooting is much less accurate.
b. Automatic weapons will produce a better volume of fire
than a single shot weapon.
c. All weapons particularly GPMGs firing down track must have
the left and right of their arcs of fire fixed by sticks in the ground
d. The ambush party must never move about. All movements will
be regarded as the enemy.
e. Clear orders, precise fire control instructions and good
signals are essential.
f. Men and groups will be sighted closer together and good
signals are essential.
g. It is more difficult to make up an ambush position at night
where possible it should be occupied before last light. However
there will be time when to move in by day light could
compromise the ambush.
COMPONENTS AND LAYOUT
24. The components of all ambushes are:
a. Command element.
b. Stop groups/ Cut offs i.e. “A” & “B”.
c. Killing group.
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d. Protection group.
e. Assault group.
f. Early warning.
25. There are various types of laying an ambush, depending on the
following:
a. Ground.
b. Enemy situation, habits and activities.

26. Some of the format of layout:

a. Triangular basic ambush.
b. “T” Basic ambush.
c. Linear basic ambush.

LINEAR AMBUSH (SHORT TERM) BY THE SECTION

KILLING AREA
Track Track

Obstacle
Obstacles
(If available)
Stop Group
(Early warning/Cut off)
Killing Group

Obstacle Obstacle
(E.g. claymore, ant personnel (E.g.
Clay mine
Land mine etc if available)

RV Protection party (If available)

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Withdrawal route

LINEAR AMBUSH (SHORT TERM) BY THE PLATOON

Killing Area

Track
Track

Cut off Section I Section II Cut off

Obstacle
Obstacle Killing Group Killing Group
(if available)

Pl Comd
Radio operator
Runner

Obstacles (if available)

Obstacles
(if
available)

60mm Mortar
Comd by Pl Sgt

Protection Party
(Protection
party)
RV
1 X fire team

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Withdrawal route
NOTE:
27. Sequence of withdrawal (Reverse order of direction of approach):
a. Cut offs.
b. Comd Group.
c. Killing Group (Sec I followed by Sec II).
d. Protection Group.
LAYOUT OF A PLATOON ‘T’ BASIC AMBUSH LONG TERM
KILLING AREA
Track Track

Section II Section I
Killing Gp Killing Group
Obstacle
Obstacle Pl Comd
Runner and
(If available) operator.

60mm Mortar loader

Pl. Sgt

Obstacles

Obstaclese.g. ant
personnel mines
Protection party

Withdraw Route
28. Sequence of occupation.
.

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Killing group, HQ group, Flank protection & Site LSW and LMG are
required to reinforce.
DIAGRAM SHOWING A TRIANGULAR AMBUSH (SHORT TERM)
KILLING GROUND

Track Trac

Killing Group Sec I

Obstacle
(if available)
Comd Group

Sec II
Sec III
Protection Sgt

Protection

Obstacle
Mortar Obstacle
Loader
Obstacle (if available)
Direction of approach

Withdrawal route in reverse direction

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Note: Triangular Basic Ambush (long term the arrangement
remains the same except the withdrawal route leads to Patrol Base,
whereby the Pl Sgt remains in the patrol base).
COMMON CAUSES OF FAILURE OF AMBUSHES
29. An analysis of numerous operational ambushes has revealed the
following main causes of failure.
a. Footprints left in the vicinity of ambush alerting the enemy.
b. Lack of all round observation allowing the enemy to out
flank the ambush undetected.
c. Noise of cocking weapons or moving safety catches alerting
the enemy.
d. Commander sited in the dead ground and unable to see
killing area clearly.
e. Lack of clear orders for springing resulting into premature
firing allowing the enemy to escape.
f. Lack of fire control leading to a ragged and ineffective
engagement.
g. Misfires and stoppages preventing engagement by full
party.
h. A tendency to shoot high due to poor visibility.
j. Several weapons engaging the same target and allowing
the enemy to escape.
(Note: Always the ambush is executed in three phases).
Phase I
(1) Action at firm Base.
(2) Method of entry.
(3) Position and Arc.
(4) Sentries.
(5) Routes in/out.
(6) Communication.
(7) Action if surprised.
(8) Movement if surprised.
(9) Final Recce Ambush Arcs.
(10) Formation orders.

Phase II
(1) Action in ambush.
(2) Order of Match.
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(3) Method of entry.
(4) Position.
(5) Sitting and laying of:-
(6) Limits.
(7) Mines.
(8) Observations.
(9) Booby Traps.
(10) DFs for Mors/Guns
(11) Wng devices.
(12) Laying of comd Cables.
(13) Arcs of fire.
Action on the approach of the enemy
- Warning.
- Opening fire/ceasing firing.
- Illuminating the enemy.
- Reacting if counter attack.
- Action of cut offs.
- Action of search party.
Phase III
(1) Withdrawal:
(2) Order of match.
(3) Position of check point and Rv.
(4) Reaction if enemy follows up.
OPERATIONAL ORDERS FOR AMBUSH
GROUND
30. Describe the ground as it appears. This must include land marks,
obstacles, boundaries, dead ground and going routes. Use of maps, air
photos, models etc.
ORDERS
SITUATION
1. a. Enemy forces.
(1) Strength.
(2) Morale.
(3) Weapons.
(4) Dress.
(5) Disposition.
(6) Intention.
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b. Friendly Forces : Those in the flank

MISSION:
2. E.G.PL-ONE TO LAY AMBUSH AT…………BY DTG…………IN
ORDER……
EXECUTION:
3. To include:
a. Concept of operation (General outline).
(1) Intent: The ambush position will be occupied using
three sections/two sections and will move from hide out to
RV.
(2) Scheme of maneuver
(3) Main effort

b. Grouping and tasks:

Group Task

(1) Killing group. - to fire and kill the enemy.

(2) Early Warning/Cut - to warn of the enemy approach
off Group. and cut off enemy in disarray.

(3) Command element. - to issue orders and spring the

ambush.
(4) Assault group. - charging the enemy.

(5) Protection group. -to provide security.

c. Co-coordinating instructions:
(1) Timings:
(a) Time to leave firm base.
(b) Time final Rv.
(c) Time for laying ambush.
(d) Time for ambush set (finishing laying).

(2) Locations e.g. Firm Base, Rvs etc.

ADMIN AND LOGISTICS (COMBAT SERVICE AND SUPPORT) (CSS)
4. To include:

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a. Ammo.
b. Feeding.
c. Dress and equipment.
d. Medical.
e. Special equipment (ropes, Spare radios etc).
f. Transport.
g. Civilians, POW etc.
COMMAND AND SIGNALS:
5. To include:
a. Command:
(1) Ambush commander.
(2) 2i/c (Alternative commander) and condition of taking over
command).
(3) Group commander.

b. Signal:
(1) Signal for ambush set.
(2) Wng signal for cut offs/early warning.
(3) Signal for grenades.
(4) Signals for opening fire.
(5) Signal for withdrawal.
(6) Use of Radio.
NB: Questions and confirmation.
Synchronizing watches.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
ANTI-AMBUSH DRILLS
INTRODUCTION
1. Anti-Ambush drills are actions that do assist an ambushed soldier
to extract himself from the killing zone.
AIM
2. The aim of this lesson is to teach the Officer Cadet how a soldier
can extract himself from the killing zone when ambushed.
3. There are two basic types of anti-ambush drills:
a. Counter ambush action when moving on foot.
b. Counter ambush action when travelling in vehicles.

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COUNTER AMBUSH ACTION WHEN MOVING ON FOOT.
4. Any troops moving outside a secure area must be prepared to
encounter enemy ambush tactics. The obvious measure is to avoid
being ambushed. This may be done by denying the enemy fore
knowledge of our movements or by detecting the ambush. To avoid
ambushes;
a. Routine movement must be reduced to a minimum
b. Except in completely secure areas, roads and tracks should
never be used if they can be avoided.
c. Security of impending operations and movement must be
maintained until the last possible moment.
d. Plan and use deception whenever possible.
e. Maps, air photographs, patrol and other reports must be
studied to find likely ambush sites.
BREAKING OUT OF AN AMBUSH
5. A force laying an ambush has the advantage of selection of site,
initiative and surprise. The ambushed force is at a tactical
disadvantage which can be minimized by good training and resolute
action. The basis of the counter ambush battle is controlled offensive
action. There is no hard and fast rule for breaking out of an ambush.
There are however, two essentials which are common to all counter
action. These are:
a. Immediate offensive action must be taken to break out of
the killing zone as rapidly as possible.
b. Commanders must retain control. Alternative arrangements
for command must be made in case the commander is lost.
6. A drill particularly suited to close country and restricted enemy
field of fire is an immediate assault in one direction into the ambush.
Such a drill must be planned and rehearsed prior to the action. The
only orders, if any, required are “FOLLOW ME” “CHARGE” or some
simple words to achieve an immediate reaction. Remember you may
well be moving into more enemy forces in depth.
ACTION IF ONLY PART OF A FORCE IS AMBUSHED
7. The portion ambushed must take aggressive action to fight its
way out of the immediate killing zone using fire and movement if
necessary. This part of the force then forms a hasty defensive

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perimeter sited if possible to bring fire on the ambushes. The obvious
re-organized positions will always be suspects as the enemy may have
laid mines or booby traps in the area.
8. The remainder who are not caught in the actual ambush must do
an immediate encircling attack against a flank. In so doing contact
with the enemy blocking parties can be anticipated. Full advantage
should be taken of any available artillery or close air support. If,
however, this would delay the mounting of the attack, its advantages
should be carefully weighed against the requirements to relieve the
ambushed force.
ACTION IF THE WHOLE FORCE IS AMBUSHED
9. The ambushed troops must take aggressive action to fight their
way out of the immediate killing zone. The following courses are
available.
a. Launch an immediate assault. This is dependent upon the
degree of control retained in relation to the enemy’s main
strength and disposition.
b. Form a hasty defensive perimeter whilst the commander
decides to attack part of the ambush in order to break out, or
whether his force will break down into small groups to filter out.
In either case, the troops must report at a pre-planned RV as
possible.
c. On occasions, during the immediate assault to break out of the
killing zone, it may be possible to seize ground of the killing zone;
it may be possible to seize ground on which a reasonable
defensive perimeter can be established. The aim would then be
to hold this perimeter, to bring in close air support and/or artillery
against the enemy or to await the arrival of a mobile relief force
probably brought in by helicopter. Such action will often force
the withdrawal of the enemy ambush and has the advantage that
it prevents our own wounded and equipment into enemy hands.
COUNTER AMBUSH BY NIGHT
10. As night ambushes are difficult to arrange and co-ordinate, they
are likely to be on a small scale only. If platoons or sections are
ambushed:
a. They must move out of the killing zone at once. This is
especially important if the area has been illuminated.

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b. They must fight their way from the ambush to the pre-
planned RV. Commanders must retain control. If lost it must be
regained as soon as possible.
c. There can be no question of a flanking or encircling attack
at night because of the difficulty of control and the degree of
confusion that will exist in the ambush area.
SPECIAL POINTS FOR COUNTER AMBUSH
11. The following points must be particularly remembered by
commander moving in area where they are likely to be ambushed.
a. The enemy will aim in the opening volley to the ambushed
to destroy commander and radio operator in order to increase
confusion. Commanders with their signallers must not be
conspicuous and must avoid moving to a set pattern within a
column. The practice of commanders at all levels carrying a
particular weapon is dangerous. Badges of ranks should not be
obvious. Signallers must be protected, unless the radio sets are
being operated, aerials should be dismounted.
b. During movement, maximum dispersion commensurate
with control must be practised. The aim must be to ensure that
the whole of the force is not simultaneously ambushed. Too
often, troops are closed up, forming a crocodile shape, and thus
making themselves vulnerable to a comparatively small ambush.
This is particularly applicable to the rear of a column. The degree
of dispersion practised is dependent upon the likelihood of enemy
action.
c. Pre-planned RVs in the event of an ambush must be known
to all ranks and, if possible, should be constant. Two
suggestions for RVs are:
(1) A set distance (say 300 metres) from the rear of the
column and back along the direction of approach. This is
probably not suitable for forces larger than a platoon.
(2) The location of the last long halt.
COUNTER AMBUSH ACTION WHEN TRAVELLING IN VEHICLES
12. There are also occasions, when travelling in vehicles, where there
is a threat of an ambush. This pamphlet does not cover counter
revolutionary warfare operations where the threat is continuous and

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great but ambushes may well also occur on other operations and the
drills shown in paragraphs 7 and 8 apply.
13. Convoys will move in bounds and should be covered by artillery
and possible pickets. If helicopters are available, they can be used to
lift the pickets and maintain observation over the routes.
PREPARATION OF VEHICLES
14. Vehicles may well require special preparations for a move,
particularly if there is a threat of mines. Preparations must include the
following;
a. Sand bagging the floor of the vehicles.
b. Removing glasses and doors.
c. Mine plating.
d. Removing the canopies and bars.
e. Fixing wire mesh over windows and the rear of the vehicle.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
15. The vehicle commander should not be next to the driver in the
passenger seat but in the rear of the vehicle where he can see and
command his men. There should be at least one ground and one air
sentry per vehicle with the air sentry using the GPMG in a mount if
fitted and the ground sentry with rifle and High Explosives and smoke
grenades available for immediate action. Whenever possible,
passengers should sit back to back in the centre of the vehicle with
weapons easily accessible.
ACTION ON CONTACT
16. The following action should be taken on contact:
a. Ambushed vehicles carry out immediate action drill.
b. Rear pockets will be stopped from entering the ambush.
c. The nearest ground commander will put in immediate attack.
d. Artillery or air support may be called for once the target is
identified.
17. To ensure quick and accurate support, the exact location at the
moment of ambush must be known. The route must be followed in
detail by the packet commander to enable accurate information on his
own and the enemy’s location to be passed to the controlling HQ.

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IMMEDIATE ACTION DRILL
18. The immediate action drill for a vehicle is:
a. The sentry returns fire immediately.
b. The vehicle commander makes a rapid decision whether to
drive out or fight.
c. If it is to fight, then he must order “Dismount” and mount in
an attack.
d. As soon as he has time the vehicle commander must send a
contact report.
DISMOUNTING DRILL
19. Dismounting drill for troops in the vehicle is:
a. The vehicle commander shouts “DISMOUNT LEFT OR
RIGHT” to indicate which side of the vehicle to muster.
b. Sentries open fire on the enemy and throw smoke
grenades.
c. Troops debus and move to the indicated flank.
d. Sentries debus when troops are clear.
e. All prepare to put in a quick attack.
CONCLUSION
20. The soldier whether on foot or vehicle must master all ant-
ambush drills so as to be able to extract himself from the killing zone.

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CHAPTER FIFTEEN
RAIDS
INTRODUCTION
1. What is a raid? It is a surprise attack made on an enemy location
by small sized force, which afterwards withdraws to its location.
AIM
2. The aim of this lesson is to teach Officer Cadets how a raid is
conducted in general.
KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL RAID
3. A raid can be successful if the following is adhered to:
a. Surprise action. Attack at night or from a flank which the
enemy least expects an attack.
b. Fire Power. There should be strong fire power that can
cause considerably high casualty rate on enemy/targets.
c. Violent action. The enemy should be thoroughly hit so as to
lose initiative to counter attack.
BASIC FACTORS FOR THE SUCCESS OF A RAID
4. The following are the basic factors for the success of a raid.
a. Security and surprise – Own force protection as well as
surprise against the enemy target must be ensured.
b. Thorough recce – detailed reconnaissance about the
intended target must be done.
c. Proper target selection; for which you have good
information, its importance and whether it can cause a big
loss to the enemy.

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d. Detailed information – As much information about the target
is needed.
e. Thorough and detailed planning (of attack). The plan
should be simple and flexible.
f. Swift execution. All efforts must be made so as to storm the
target quickly and according to the plan. Time of execution is
important.
g. Disengagement and withdraw.
NB. The raid party should not involve itself into the fighting role.

TYPES OF RAIDS
5. a. Short term mission – Carried out on temporary enemy
targets.
b. Long term mission – Carried out on permanent enemy
installations.
PURPOSE OF RAID
6. a. For personnel.
(1) To kill.
(2) To capture.
b. For Logistics.
(1) To spoil.
(2) Destroy.
(3) Capture.
c. For logistics and personnel.
TYPES OF TARGETS
6. a. For short term missions.
(1) En Arty positions.
(2) En armour positions.
(3) Hq of the group.
(4) Telephone and communication networks.
(5) En flanking forces.
(6) Capture prisoners.
b. For Long term.
(1) Bridges.
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(2) Dumps or depots for supply of POL & ammo.
(3) Air fields or Airports.
(4) Factories which manufacture military equipments.
(5) Railways.
(6) Communication HQ.
PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF A RAID
7. The raid has five phases.
a. Preparatory phase
b. Approach phase.
c. Execution phase.
d. Disengagement & withdraw phase.
e. Debriefing phase.
(1) Preparatory Phase
(a) Obtaining information.
i. General info on the disposition of the
target.
ii. Detailed info on target i.e. size, loc etc.
iii. How the en is taking care of his security/
Defence.
iv. Approaches to the target.
v. Areas that can be used as cover or for
concealment.
vi. En loc and activity
vii. Relationship between enemy and civilian
Population (is it hostile or friendly).
(b) Target selection. (What should be considered?)
i. Usefulness: compare the advantages and
disadvantages of attacking a given target.
ii. Target accessibility- considers what
problems you are likely to encounter in
approaching the target and how you can
overcome them.
iii. Vulnerability- Is the target vulnerable using
the logistics at our disposal.
(c) Selection of personnel- considers:
i. The number of personnel to be selected
and your reserve should be enough even if there
will be changes.
ii. Their knowledge, ability and how best they
can execute the mission.

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iii. Their physical ability and experience
(d) Selection of equipments.
i. Choose the weapons according to your
aim/target.
(ii) On choosing equipment, a commander
must consider:
(aa) Those that will be used at the execution
time i.e. Ammo, explosives, rope wire cutters
and binoculars.
(bb) Those that will lead you to en loc i.e. Maps,
SVC Protractor, Binoculars and GPS.
(cc) Equipment that will assist you in command
and control of troops i.e. whistles, radios, and
very light shells
(dd) Routine equipment- Those that are carried
by recce groups and other specialists’ personnel.
(e) Detailed plan.
(i) Full organisation of raid group.
(ii) Role of each person and each party.
(iii) Movement.
aa. To forward Assy Area.
bb. From forward Assy Area to en loc.
(v) Routes of withdraw, RVs and check points.
(iv) Central administration concerning causality
evacuation and weapons repair.
(vi) Command and signal- Important in the
control of operations.
(f) Training rehearsals.
(i) General experience and execution of the
operation.
(ii) General training and training of specialised
personal.
(iii) Everybody and every part must know their
tasks.
(2) Approach phase
(a) Route. One that the en doesn’t expect attacks
from, should be used and should not be changed
without sound reason.
(b) Formations. Depending on ground.
(c) Time and space (Consider thoroughly)-you
should leave early but even the target should be
reached at the planned time.
(d) Security. Precautions should be taken especially
against the enemy ambushes by putting scouts and
guards while on movement and:
(i) Recce before occupying positions.
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(ii) Position your parties as ordered.
(iii) The raid parties should be spread out and
not concentrated in one spot.
(iv) First party to enter en loc should be the last
to leave at the same time.
(v) All groups must not leave at same time.
(vi) Keep all equipment not in need safely.
(3) Execution phase
The following elements of raid/parties are used.
However, if other parties are under strength, one
group/party can execute another party’s mission.
a. Action party. Composing:
(1) Command group i.e. commander, runner
and also known as forward command group.
(2) Sentry disposal. Two or more guards but
their number depends on en guard strength.
(3) Action group. Concerned with actual act
(4) Special task group. Other duties such as
explosion, mine laying, technology theft,
intelligence etc.
b. Holding party. To hold the en from interfering
with the mission.
c. Covering party: Composed of:
(1) Rear comd group i.e. 21/c comd plus
runner.
(2) Covering group: Keeping watch as the raid
group returns or withdraws.
(3) Reserve party- stand by to reinforce and is
under comd of the 2 i/c.
d. Cut off party- To cut off en reinforcement
(4) Disengagement and withdraw phase.
Consider:
(a) Group leaders must ensure that those under their command
arrive at the RV.
(b) The commander must ensure that time of the mission
execution and accomplishment has been adhered to.
(c) The en should be thoroughly hit to avoid counter attack.
(d) RVs should be distant to allow for meeting of all groups that
could have strayed.
(e) Some groups should give fire support as others move out.
(f) Casualty evacuation if any must be ensured unless
impossible.
(g) Orders/signals of disengagement should be known to all
parties of the raid.
(5) Debriefing:
The debriefing report should comprise:
(a) Damage caused to the target.
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(b) Details of material captured.
(c) Own casualties and info on those who could not
be evacuated.
(d) Any other valuable info.
CONCLUSION
8. Good planning, surprise, security and good target selection is the
prerequisite for attaining success in a raid.
NB: “HIT THE EN WHERE IT HURTS HIM MOST
SIMPLE DIAGRAM SHOWING DEPLOYMENT OF RAID TROOP ON
THE OBJECTIVE

Route in
Cut off party A

Holding party
Forward RV
Action group Obj
Firm base
Reserve
Route out

Cut off party B

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
FIELD WORK TRENCHES
INTRODUCTION
1. Trenches are holes dug in ground using specific measurements in
the Camp or in the field by soldiers for the following reasons.
a. To enable the soldier fight in one position.
b. Protection against enemy attack.
c. Administrative Operations.
AIM
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2. The aim of the lesson is to teach Officer Cadets the purposes of
trenches and how they are constructed.
CATEGORIES OF TRENCHES
3. They are:
a. Permanent. These are always prepared before a war or in
a deliberate defence (Long Period).
b. Temporary. These trenches are dug during a hasty defence
(Short Period).
PRINCIPLES OF TRENCHES
4. When designing trenches and shelters, the following principles
should be considered:
a. Efficient use of weapon – The soldier must be able to use his
weapon effectively from his trench position.
b. High degree of protection – The trench must provide total
protection to the soldier.
c. Speed of construction–The trench should be completed in
possible limited time.
d. Simplicity and economy – The soldier should be able to
construct his trench using the available tools.
e. Concealment The trench position must be concealed, not to
contrast the surrounding.
5. For maximum protection, battle trenches should not be more
than 02ft (24”) wide. The maximum over-head protection should be
0.45 meters (18”) thick. These factors do conflict and any other design
will be a compromise. The quickest method of obtaining reasonable
protection is to construct overhead protection. A section may be sited
using any combination of two or three man trench.
DIAGRAMS SHOWING TYPES OF TRENCHES
6. a. ‘L’ Trenches
‘L’ Trench can be occupied by one man or two men but with
differing sizes.
NB: The enemy reads it as ‘7’

‘L’ Trench (Two Men)

(02 ft)
0.6m
Shelter

1.8m (06ft) (06ft)

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(02 ft)
08 ft
‘L’ Trench (One man)
(02 ft)
Shelter

1.8m (06ft) (04 ft)

(02 ft)
06 ft

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b. ‘Y’ Trench
This trench is purposely designed for the support weapon
(LMG) of the section.
02 ft

1.8m (06 ft) Shelter

NB: The en reads it ‘Y’
06 ft

04 ft 02 ft
c. ‘U’ Trench
This trench is manned by the Pl Com, Runner and Radio
man.

02 ft 02 ft

Shelter
1.8m (06 ft) 06ft

10 ft
Fire trench
STAGES OF TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
7. The following steps should be followed when constructing
trenches:
a. Design the frame of the trench.
b. Dig a shell scrape on the shelter position.
c. Dig the fire trench to its maximum and develop it by adding an
over head protection (OHP) of not less than “18inches” thick.
d. Clear the Arc of fire for your trench.
DIGGING AIDS
8. a. Explosive.
b. Hand held tools.
c. The light mobile digger.
DIGGING TIME

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9. Digging time is affected by:
a. The following factors do affect/determine the digging time:
(1) Type of ground.
(2) Aids and stores available.
(3) Weather.
(4) Day or Night.
(5) Easy concealment.
(7) State of training.
b. However the following are planning times for infantry men
digging without any explosive or mechanical assistance.
S/No WORK TO BE COMPLETED PLANNING TIMES
- - EASY SOIL DIFFICULT SOIL
01. 2 Man Fire Trench ½ - 2 Hrs 2-4
02. Add OHP The fire trench Plus 1 Hr Plus 1 Hr
03. 2 man fire trench with OHP & 3 – 5 Hrs 5 – 9 Hrs
shelter

Note: As priority, a fire trench should be completed first. The depth of

a fire trench should be measured from the arm-pit of the tallest man.
The height above the ground is 0.3m with gap for firing. Wpn slit to be
constructed to help freedom of switching fire.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
INTRODUCTION TO MAJOR TACTICS (PHASES OF WAR)
INTRODUCTION
1. When either the interests or values of a country are at risk
or in a situation of conflict, the Army will be required to carry out
operations with the purpose of supporting the overall policy to resolve
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or terminate a conflict. The application of military force to solve a
conflict is known as an operation.
TYPES OF OPERATIONS
2. They are basically two (02) types.
a. Offensive operations. These include:
(1) Advance.
(2) Attack.
b. Defensive operations. These include:
(1) Defence.
(2) Withdrawal.
PHASES OF WAR
3. a. ADVANCE.
b. ATTACK.
c. DEFENCE.
d. WITHDRAWAL.
4. The above operations constitute the phases of war.
TACTICAL PRINCIPLES
5. There are three constant principles that do apply in all
phases of war and these include:
a. Seizure and maintenance of initiative.
b. Maintenance of balance.
c. Surprise.
6. Seizure and maintenance of initiative can be done by:
a. Surprise.
b. Offensive action.
c. Efficient use of time.
d. Fore-sight and imagination.

7. Maintaining of balance can be achieved by:

a. Concentration of force.
b. Flexibility.
c. Security.
d. Economy of effort.
While training, we take war as divided into phases. But quite
often the term “War” and “Battle” have been used to mean one
or the other. Indeed before tackling the phases of war, it is
necessary to understand the meaning of war and battle.
a. Battle. Is a clash between two opposing forces for control of
an objective and for a short period of time (with a limited force),
(Mapigano).

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b. A war is accumulated battles over various objectives for a
long period of time with the aim of taking over or defending a
territory (Vita).
8. Surprise can be achieved by:
a. Secrecy.
b. Deception.
c. Concealment.
d. Originality (Creativity/uniqueness).
e. Audacity (courage).

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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
ADVANCE
INTRODUCTION
1. The advance is an offensive operation designed to establish and
maintain contact with the enemy. It may take three forms:
a. Advance to contact. Contact has been lost or not yet made.
The emphasis will be on wide reconnaissance with the main force
un committed but ready for action.
b. Advance in contact. Contact has been made with enemy
troops, but the advance continues. At this stage advance may be
interwoven as the momentum is maintained.
c. The pursuit. After a successful attack, the advance
continues in contact against the enemy who has lost initiative
and is withdrawing off balance. Contact must be maintained and
risks will be taken, harass the enemy relentlessly and turn the
pursuit into a rout.
2. In the first two circumstances, frontages are likely to be wide and
there may be gaps between positions and opportunities may exist for
quick and decisive action.
PRINCIPLES OF ADVANCE
3. The dominating principles in the advance are surprise and the
maintenance of momentum. These two principles have been found to
sum up the original seven principles.
a. Wide recce.
b. Correct grouping.
c. Maintenance of momentum.
d. Concentration.
e. Speed.
f. Flexibility.
g. Use of air power.
h. Surprise.
SURPRISE
4. Surprise is achieved by swift reaction and manoeuvre, boldness
and concentration of a decisive weight of fire power at unexpected
times and places. Complimentary principles of security must not be
dismissed. Precaution must be taken to secure manoeuvre routes and
flanks. However, best security lies in boldness and surprise.
MAINTENANCE OF MOMENTUM
5. Maintaining momentum of the advance will keep the enemy off
balance. This serves both to reduce the probability of enemy counter-
action and the advantage of fleeting opportunity.
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To achieve and maintain speed and momentum the following are
required:
a. Clear orders and directives, which enable junior
commanders to use initiative in furthering the comd’s plan.
b. Balanced grouping and deployments.
c. Sensible anticipation by comd at all levels and preparation
to counter likely obstacles and enemy resistance.
d. Urgency and quick reaction throughout the unit or sub
unit.
CONTROL
6. Success of this operation depends on control which is dependent
on the following factors:
a. Good Initial orders. The briefing must be simple and
straight forward.
b. Good Communication. Both forward and rear, Wireless
being the primary means.
c. Comds. At all levels will move forward, so as to be easily
informed and to be in battle picture, but not so far forward that
they interfere with juniors or become casualties.
d. Good battle procedures. Will allow the smooth operation
and cannot involve the commanders into many details.
7. The advance is controlled by allotment of axis, centrelines,
bounds and report lines:
a. Axis. Axis is used to show general lines which units will
move.
b. Centrelines. Centre lines are the routes along which the
HQs of formation, Units or sub units will move.
c. Bounds. Bound are the tactical features which can be
needed if necessary, but troops will not normally halt at the
bound unless ordered to do so by higher command so as to
conform to the situation elsewhere, or in order to examine the
situation ahead. The bound therefore, in this case is one of the
means to control the advance.
d. Report Lines. Those are imaginary lines drawn across the
axis of advance. These lines are for the purpose of reporting
progress to the advancing force. When the report line is
crossed, the nickname of the line is sent over radio to the
commander. Report lines should coincide with known objects on
the ground to be accurate.
e. Boundaries. Are listed to define areas of responsibilities.

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8. Whatever his concept, the advance comd will divide his force into
the following elements:
a. Covering troops.
b. Advance guard.
(1) Vanguard.
(2) Main guard.
c. Main body.
COVERING TROOPS
9. These include:
a. Mobile troops. Operate a head of advance guard and is
normally of a platoon strength, and moves with FOO (Forward
observation Officer) and perhaps MFC (Mortar Fire Controller)
including engineer recce. They are tasked as follows;
(1) Recce on a wide front to provide early warning of
enemy movement, strength etc.
(2) Clear minor opposition or may by pass it with
permission of higher command.
(3) Secure features of tactical importance.
b. Flank guards. They watch exposed flanks and give early
warning of enemy approach.
ADVANCE GUARD
9. This will normally be a balance force of all arms including armour
if available, artillery to give fire support and detachments of engineers
to deal with obstacles. Advance guards move a head of the main body,
which provides security from the front. The advance guard for its own
security sends forward a Vanguard. The remaining portion of the
advance guard is called the main guard.
a. Vanguard.
(1) The composition of the vanguard will depend upon the
tasks, nature of terrain, availability troops and likely enemy
action. Normally, a Vanguard is a company group with
supporting arms, artillery and motors FOO/FMC plus a few
elements of battalion engineers etc. Similarly another
company group in the main guard behind the Vanguard will
be ready to take over the task of the Vanguard coy. This coy
is termed as; follow up company.
(2) The tasks of the Vanguards are as follows:
(a) To drive out minor opposition to prevent
unnecessary delay of the battalion (Bn).
(b) To cover the advance of the main guard protects
it from surprise and enemy action from the front.
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(c) When the opposition is too strong to secure the
ground of Tactical Importance and cover the
deployment of the main guard.
(d) To clear the Centreline.
b. Main guard.
(1) The main guard consists of the remaining coys of
advance guard. The control of the main guard in accordance
with the battalion commander’s orders. Dispersion (Spread
over a wide area) of these sub-units depends on the nature
of the enemy air threat.
(2) The tasks of the main guard is the same as the
Vanguard. This main guard is a reinforcement of the van
guard; both are responsible for their own protection and
early warning of the main body behind.
MAIN BODY
10. This comprises the bulk of forces’ fighting power. The units of the
main body are so positioned to permit maximum flexibility for
employment of other units and controlled by leap frogging. There is
plenty of flexibility, the order of match is often varied and care is taken
against air attack.

THE RIFLE COMPANY IN ADVANCE (AS PART OF THE

BATTALION)
11. The battalion, when given the task of advance guard, will have
several supporting arm attachments to and will perform the following
duties:
a. To protect the main force against an enemy that has been
bypassed or over looked by the mobile troops.
b. To gain information about the enemy.
c. To prevent enemy gaining information about our force.
d. To take over the ground captured and held by the covering
troops.
e. To drive out minor opposition and prevent the main force
from being delayed by such opposition.
f. To seize and hold the ground of tactical importance in order
to cover the deployment of the main force, when a major
opposition is found.
The Vanguard

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12. The vanguard is a company group sent forward of the advance
guard by the advance guard commander for the purpose of:
a. Covering the advance.
b. Driving in minor opposition.
c. Locating the enemy and his flanks, when they find that he is
too strong for them, they deploy quickly in a position to support
the attack launched by the remainder of the advance guard.
13. Movement of the Vanguard:
a. The movement is quick and tactical. Where possible,
transport can be used to achieve more speed but most of the
time the infantry moves on foot. The Vanguard moves by the
bounds allocated by a commander. Halting will depend on the
seriousness of the tactical situation. Dispersion while on the
move will depend on the terrain and degree of enemy air threat.
b. Concentration is only necessary when the strong action is
designed against the enemy. The Vanguard commanders will co-
ordinate his moves from the bound to the bound depending on
the report of his point commander on the likely enemy position.
Report lines when crossed will be reported back to the advance
guard HQ. Speed should be governed throughout during an
advance.

ACTION ON MEETING ENEMY

14. The leading element will send a contact report. The coy comd
makes his decisions whether to deal with the situation himself by using
the whole Coy or only the point platoon. When he finds he cannot cope
with the situation, he will pass the information fast to the advance
guard comdr who will take action. Meanwhile, the Vanguard comd
should contain the enemy thoroughly such that the enemy cannot
launch a counter attack before the main assault comes in from the
advance guard / main guard.
THE POINT PLATOON
15. The following are tasks of the point platoon:
a. To clear minor opposition within their capacity along the
axis to prevent delay of the main forces.
b. To give early warning, gain information and provide
close recce for the comd of the vanguard.
c. To form firm base for coy attacks (or Vanguard).
OPERATIONS OF THE PLATOON
16. a. The point platoon leads ahead of the vanguard by one
tactical bound, with speed and accordance with the orders of the
coy commander.
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b. Movement is tactical and is from bound to bound as
ordered. The platoon commander reports all bounds clear and
will not halt unnecessarily between them. Report lines will be
reported to coy Hqs.
c. On encountering serious opposition, platoon
commander, should send information to coy commander
and while waiting, should work to locate the exact flank of the
enemy and other information of value to the Vanguard comd who
will evaluate the action to be taken.
d. It’s essential that the platoon should have pre-arrangement
drills to meet all situations. This will enable the comd to have
essential tasks; normally the Pl comd divides his platoon to
perform these duties:
(1) Security – by point section.
(2) Command – by platoon Hq.
(3) Fighting- by remaining sections.
(4) Support – Platoon air weapons and other supporting
arms.
THE POINT SECTION
17. The point section is sent forward by point platoon one tactical
bound ahead of the platoon Hqs. The section may send scouts in front
where observation is not so good. The section commander will select
bounds which will be objectives where he can have good observation
over the field of fire. Length of the bound will depend on the terrain
and nature of the anticipated opposition.
LAYOUT OF AN ADVANCE FORCE
18. Diagram showing an advancing force.

Wide recce troops

AXIS OF ADVANCE

Mobile Troops

Vanguard
FLANK GUARD
FLANK GUARD

E GUARD
ADVANC

Main guard
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MAIN BODY (May or may not be

deployed depending on
REAR GUARD the situation)

OPERATION ORDERS FOR ADVANCE

CHAPTER NINETEEN
ATTACK
INTRODUCTION
1. The aim of attack is to destroy the enemy by either capturing
ground of tactical importance or actual destruction of the enemy force.
AIM
2. This précis is provided to students for the purpose of learning the
general aspects of the attack. Emphasis is laid on company level.
TYPES OF ATTACK
3. Attack falls into two main types:
a. Quick attack and encounter battle.
b. Deliberate attack.
QUICK ATTACK
4. Is to take advantage of the unpreparedness of the enemy
defence. The need for speed may cut down the time available for
recce. Speed will be obtained by having a well established procedure
and a simple plan of attack.
ENCOUNTER BATTLE
5. Takes place when two opposing force approach one another such
as the platoon attack. The aim is to break through quickly to seize
tactical features. In this sort of battle there is considerable scope for
initiative and manoeuvre, but fire from other arms is limited.
DELIBERATE ATTACK
6. This attack is normally mounted against strongly prepared
positions with the aim of breaking through the defence to enable
mobile forces to fight through and exploit.
7. Assaulting troops may be restricted in manoeuvre but this
disadvantage compensated by the weight of fire support from the
supporting arms i.e. Tanks, Arty and Air force.
TERMINOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
8. These include:
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a. Phase. The initial attack on the forward locations of enemy
forces and subsequent passing through of fresh troops to
maintain the momentum of the attack. The number of phases
required by the troops and fire support available, also the size
and depth of the objective. Consequent attacks on a big objective
can mean different phases.
b. H – Hour. The time when assaulting troops in a deployed
formation cross the start line. All the timings for the move of
troops and fire support programme are given in relating to ‘H’
Hour.
c. ‘K’ Hour. ‘K’ Hour used for donating the time troops crosses
the start line for phase II.

d. Concentration area. Where the troops taking part will meet,

be briefed and if possible rehearse their role. It should be out of
range of enemy arty concealed from the air and have room for
dispersal.

e. Assembly area. The area allotted to a unit for temporary

occupation prior to move forward. It is usually from a map and is
1 – 5 miles from the FEBA (Fwd Edge of Battle Area). Also:

(1) Good assembly area is free from enemy

observation and harassing fire, has good vehicle entrances,
exits and provides cover from the air.

(2) It is here that the companies marry up with their

supporting arms take the necessary admin action
concerning meals, arms etc prepare weapons and
equipment for battle and radio sets. Normally shell scrapes
will be dug, sentries will be posted and sub-units will all
stand to positions for local protection.

f. Form Up Place (FUP).An area where the assault troops of all

arms deploy into battle formation. It should be:

(1) Out of enemy view and clear of their aimed small arm
fire, be easily recognisable specious and signed. Minimum
time must be spent in the FUP due to the danger of enemy
DFS.

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(2) Tanks may share the same FUP with the infantry they
are supporting. In this case timings of arrival, formations
and the effect of noise must be considered.
g. Start Line (SL). The line which assaulting troops cross at H-
Hour. It may be artificial that is taped, or natural. It should not be
behind on obstacle but must be easily recognised, secure from
enemy interference and at right angles to the axis of advance.
h. Boundaries (Bdries). These lay down the limit of a unit
responsibility. They should be recognisable on the ground and a
definite platoon made responsible for them. Pl Comds if possible
should allot section boundaries on the objective.
j. Assault Platoon (Aslt Pl).Platoons details to capture
objectives of each phase.
k. Reserve Platoon ( Res Pl). Platoon detailed in the role of
reserve. It can be used to deal with the unexpected, exploit
beyond the objective if the opportunity arises and provide depth
to the re-organisation position.
l. Mopping Up. Is the systematic elimination of the enemy.
Assault platoons must mop up as they advance unless other
troops have been detailed for the task. Enemy action to the
flanks must hold up the advance.
m. Re-organisation (Re-org). The process whereby a unit
establishes itself finally on the ground already captured. Speed is
essential so as to be fully prepared for the enemy counter attack
which in most cases is inevitable. The following takes place but
not necessary in this sequence.
(1) Pl Comd goes quickly round his positions and see to
coordinate the defence layout and ensure his area has been
thoroughly searched.
(2) The coy comd will visit platoon and coordinate the
defence layout of the whole coy. He will send out the patrols
for local defence and early warning.
(3) Supporting weapons will be ordered up forward and
the weapons dug in.
(4) All officers and NCOs must ensure that the men dig in
rapidly and sentries are alert.
(5) The Pl Comd will report casualty and ammunition
status to Coy Hq (this Info is usually collected by the Pl
Sergeant).
n. Exploitation. Action beyond the captured area and is used
to give early warning of enemy action. A limit is laid down to
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assist the support arms engage targets quickly without danger to
own troops.
PRINCIPLES OF ATTACK
9. There are seven principles or fundamentals of attack.
a. Seize and control of the ground of tactical importance. This
can be done by:
(1) Patrols.
(2) Obstacles.
(3) Deployment of OP’s.
b. Speed and violence.
(1) Maintain impetus of attack.
(2) Use of Bn SP weapons.
(3) Deny enemy time for counter attack.
c. Reconnaissance.
(1) Enemy obstacles.
(2) Strength.
(3) Defensive fire.
(4) Reserve force.
d. Surprise.
(1) Secrecy.
(2) Deception.
e. Depth and frontage. To counter the attack.
f. Flexibility.
(1) Simple plan.
(2) Clear order.
COMPONENTS OF THE ATTACK
10. Whichever type of attack the comd chooses, a force will be
divided into four components;
a. Assault troops-to capture the objective
b. Fire support troops- to provide fire sp.
c. Flank protection troops- provide security
d. Reserves – ready to reinforce.
Composition and strength will vary according to circumstances.

PLANNING POINTS
11. When planning the attack, the following eight points must be
considered:
a. The attack must be organised in depth.
b. The start line must be secure.

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c. The attack must be supported by maximum supporting fire
available.
d. The assault infantry and tanks must keep close up to the
supporting fire.
e. The momentum of the attack must be maintained.
f. Re-organisation must be rapid to ensure ground captured is
held.
g. Support weapon must go forward quickly in order to assist
in re-organisation.
h. After re-organisation, no man’s land must be dominated by
keeping the initiative.
PLANNING TIMINGS
12. After receiving his orders, the Coy comd should:
a. Make out his time appreciation to ensure that subordinate
comds have maximum time available for recce, planning and the
issue of orders and that the troops have sufficient time to move
forward in position for the attack.
b. Issue of orders.
c. Make his own appreciation of the situation as how to
complete his task with the force available and within the time
allowed. He should seek the advice of his support arms comd or
representative.
d. The plan must be a logical conclusion of the appreciation.
e. The platoon commander must include:
(1) Allocation of objectives to assault sections with inter-
section boundaries.
(2) Attack formation.
(3) Allocation of tools, weapons and ammo within the
platoon.
(4) Allocations of sections and Pl Hq to APCs or vehicles if
necessary.
(5) Layout in Assy area and FUP.
(6) Method of crossing obstacles.
(7) Details of the support and infantry/tank target
indication.
(8) Reorganisation.
(9) Limit of exploitation.
CONTROL
13. In the deliberate attack, it is essential that the Platoon comd
exercises full and effective control throughout the whole operation.
Assault formations must be rehearsed and this will help in control.
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During the assault stage, Pl comd should be between assault sections.
In final assault and exploitation, he must use voice and ensure section
not go beyond his control.
BRIEFING AND ORDERS
14. Whenever possible, the section comd should be able to have the
chance of looking at the ground. If this is not possible, a thorough
briefing on a sand model should be given. This must be followed by
clear and concise orders, (according to aid memoir). Even the most laid
plans go astray if the soldiers are not briefed properly and rehearsed.
ARMOUR AND ARTY SUPPORT
15. In the Coy group deliberate attack, the principles of fire and
movement still apply. The fire SP is largely provided by Armour, the
Artillery and Mortars.
a. The armour may be.
(1) Under command. This means that the infantry comd
has complete responsibility for the armour, in addition to its
tactical deployment.
(2) In SP, the infantry comd is only responsible for co-
ordinating its tactical employment. Note :(Normally a tank
Coy is attached to a battalion and tank Pl to a Coy).
b. The Artillery may be:
(1) In direct support (DS).
(2) In Sp (Arty).
(3) At priority call (Pri - Call).
BATTLE PROCEDURE
16. Correct battle procedure is the key to mounting the deliberate
attack speedily and efficiently. Concurrent activity and automatic drills
are very essential.
ACTION IN THE ASSEMBLY AREA
17. On arrival, the Pl comd must:
a. Post sentries.
b. Carry out a final inspection of his platoon to ensure that
every man is fully prepared for battle.
c. Supervise changes of magazines.
d. Test radio if ordered.
e. Rehearse formations and order of March for the move to
FUP.
f. Order equipment to be taken off if there is time for men to
rest.
g. Supervise feeding if time allows.
ACTION IN THE FUP
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18. On arrival at the FUP Pl comd should:
a. Note the time of arrival so that he is ready when the time
comes to move.
b. Check that the platoon formation is correct.
c. Insist on absolute silence.
d. Takes his compass and checks the bearing for the move to
SL.
e. Order his men to kneel or lie down.
19. All in all successful attack depends on;
a. Good planning.
b. Good battle procedure.
c. Clear orders and briefing.
e. Good control and communication.
f. Detailed execution.
g. Good Administration.
OPNS ORDERS FOR DELIBERATE ATTACK
20. GROUND. To be described as it appears.
ORDERS
1. SITUATION.
a. Enemy forces.
(1) Present location and identification.
(2) Morale.
(3) Disposition.
(4) Strength.
(5) Known or suspected DFs.
(6) Probable reaction.
b. Friendly force- those in our flanks.
c. Atts and Detts.
(1) Atts.
(2) Detts (if any).
MISSION.
2. Describe the mission and purpose clearly and briefly, and
should be repeated in order to be understood (capture, destroy
and seize).
EXECUTION.
3. To include:
a. Concept of operation.
(1) Intent
(2) SOM. Pl/coy will attack the enemy at ………. using two
up formation with Sec 1/ Pl 1 to the right, Sec 2/ Pl 2 to the
left and Sec 3/ Pl 3 at the rear.
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(3) ME
b. Grouping/ Tasks.
(1) Grouping.
(2) Tasks. Task each sub unit in order of seniority.
c. Co-ordinating instructions. These differ according to
the type of operation. You need to talk about instructions
which affect more than one unit for easy co-ordination. They
should include:
(1) Timings, e.g. preliminary move and H- hour.
(2) Locations.
(a) Conc area.
(b) Assy area.
(c) FUP, SL etc.
(3) Fire plan.
(4) Boundaries, report lines (RL).
(5) Limit of exploitation (LOE).
(6) OOM.
(7) ROE.

SERVICE SUPPORT
4. a. Dress.
b. Ammo.
c. Weapons and equipment.
d. Feeding.
e. POWs.
f. Transport.
COMMAND AND SIGNAL
5. These are:
a. Command.
(1) Overall comd
(2) Alternative comd
(3) Loc of Coy/ Pl Hq

b. Signals.

(1) Signals for fire, cease fire and Re-org.

(2) Code words.
(3) Frequencies.
(4) Call signs.
(5) Passwords.

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(6) Nick names.
Note:Questions from ‘O’ GROUP
Ask questions to confirm.
SYNCHRONISE WATCHES – According to support
weapon representative or comds watch.

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CHAPTER TWENTY
THE NIGHT ATTACK
INTRODUCTION
1. Modern night fighting aids and equipment are changing the
environment of the battlefield at night. Darkness is no longer a
blanket of concealment but offers opportunity for surprise both in
offensive and defensive operations. Surprise is one of the major
principles of tactics because it enables a comd to seize the initiative,
outwit his adversary and dictate the course of the battle. If the
commander can achieve tactical surprise, he may be able to achieve
his aim with a smaller force, with few casualties, in short time, and
there by establish a key priority of morale over the enemy. It is likely
in future that more fighting will be done at night and that battle will be
won by forces that are skilled in night operations.
AIM
2. The aim of this chapter is to consider the principles of night
operations with particular emphasis on the changes required to basic
tactics.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NIGHT OPERATIONS
3. They include:
a. Advantage.
(1) The main advantage of a night attack is the cover
afforded by darkness, which makes it difficult for the enemy
to the observed fire.
(2) Local surprise may be achieved, an important
consideration especially in nuclear warfare.
(3) A night attack may adversely affect enemy morale.
b. Disadvantages.
(1) Recce and observation are strictly limited.
(2) Target acquisition and identification are difficult.
(3) Movement is slowed and navigation is difficult.
(4) Control when moving with little dispersion between
vehicles or groups of men is difficult.
(5) It is easy to get lost. If forces are lost, they cannot
play an effective part in battle.

4. In such offensive operation as pursuit night operations may be

undertaken:
a. To achieve surprise.

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b. To maintain momentum and so keep continuous pressure
on the enemy.
c. To continue to exploit the success achieved during the
daylight.
d. To gain objective for further operations.
e. To reduce the hazards of the enemy aircraft.
f. To minimize the affect of enemy armed or observed small
arms, mortars, tanks or artillery fire thus lessening our casualties.
5. In defensive operation such as the delaying action, defence,
disengagement or withdrawal night operations may be undertaken to:
a. Compensate for lack of air support.
b. Achieve surprise by concealing our movements to
occupation of new positions.
c. Continue to harass and delay an enemy advance.
d. Achieve a clean break.
TYPES OF ATTACK
6. In addition to normal day light quick or deliberate attack, night
attacks may be classified into:
a. Noise attack. The noisy attack uses all support from the
onset; this method is used when there is little chance of
achieving surprise by stealth. In such cases, deception measures
must be planned to conceal the place, scope, direction and
timings of assault. The maximum fire support must be available
as in the daylight.
b. Silent attack. This is one method of achieving surprise. It is
launched silently but re-arranged for the support on call or time
programme and is used when surprise is considered lost. If the
enemy has modern night fighting devices, it will be difficult
however for the attacker to gain surprise in this way:-
(1) On call. Targets are selected but guns or mortars are
not necessary laid on them this is more flexible than time
program me as it allows the guns and mortars to be used on
other tasks until called for.
(1) Time program me. This can be planned on H-Hour
basis activated by the artillery comd at the appropriate time
from H-Hour.
PRINCIPLES
7. The principles and tactics used in day attacks apply largely to
operation at night. Indeed on a bright light the differences between
day and night attack-may-be only marginal. On the other hand, in

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darkness with cloud, mist, fog, rain or smoke there is little ambient
light, what is possible by day may be impossible in the night.
a. Information. The comd will need to know in addition to that
info required for a day light attack, as much as possible about
enemy night fighting aids and Surveillance and Target Acquisition
Plan (STAP). To make the enemy reveal his ‘STAP’ the comd may
used combination of patrol contact, action probing attacks and
day light reconnaissance.
b. Simplicity. Control and movement by night are difficult, so
plans should be kept simple, Simplicity is achieved having:-
(1) A clear limited aim and uncomplicated plan.
(2) Clear briefing and orders based on a realistic
assessment of tasks, capability and timings.
(3) Standing operation procedures understood and
practiced by all.
(4) Clear and simple control arrangements include good
fire discipline to minimize the risk of friendly forces
clashing.
(5) Re-grouping between stages kept to a minimum.
(6) The allocation and co-ordination of all surveillance and
target acquisition devices.
c. Surprise. Surprise is the major advantage of a night attack.
Measures which a commander can take to achieve surprise
include:-
(1) Creating diversion by noise away from main attack.
(2) Neutralizing enemy surveillance and night vision
devices by use of smoke or white light at critical moments
in the battle.
(3) Conducting the attack without initial fire support
illumination or active infer-red equipments at least until
surprise has been lost.
(4) Using covered plan approaches.
(5) Taking advantage of difficult weather conditions.
PRE-REQUISITES FOR SUCCESS
8. Night attacks are not likely to be successful unless:-
a. Adequate intelligence of the enemy has been obtained.
b. The enemy surveillance capability is known.
c. Troops have been trained thoroughly in operating at night.
d. Measures have been taken to achieve surprise.
PLANNING THE NIGHT ATTACK
9. Reconnaissance
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a. As much day recce as possible must be carried out. The
enemy will try to prevent day light recce on his position out, even
though the attacker may have the capability to launch quick
attack in darkness, every effort must be made to let junior
commanders see in day light the ground over which they are to
attack. However tactical urgency, the distance to be covered to
reach the assaulting position and the topography may prelude
the visual recce.
It may therefore be necessary to rely on indirect recce using
maps, air-photos and any other source of relevant information.
Troops must be trained in the techniques of operating at night
without previous day light recce.
b. Neutralize enemy surveillance and light vision devices by
use of smoke and white light.
c. Conduct attack using active target/acquisition devices.
d. Using covered approaches.
e. Take advantage of bad weather conditions.
OBJECTIVES
10. These must be easily identifiable. The less it has been possible
to carry out day light recce the more difficult it will be to retain control
during the attack. The width and depth of objectives are therefore
normally less than in a day attack.
APPROACHES
11. Accurate direction finding is difficult at night and approaches to
FUPs should be across open country or be clearly defined or marked.
Axis of advance from the FUP for each phase/stage should if possible.
a. Be at right angles to the SL/LD.
b. Lead straight to the objective.
c. Follow an easily definable feature.
H-HOUR
12. The selection of the H-Hour will depend on the time required to
prepare the attack and the need for speed to maintain pressure on the
enemy. These requirements may conflict. When FUP and SL/LD are
outside the FEBA indirect recce of the ground for approaches is
impossible. In this case it may be impracticable to give its hour in
orders; timings of h-hour may have to be given out over radio to the
assaulting troops as they approach their FUPs.
USE OF RADER
13. Possible use of Rader in offensive night Ops are:
a. As an aid to navigation e.g. directing patrols to their
objective.
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b. Surveying infiltration routes for enemy activity.
c. Following the progress of own infiltration troops particularly
their passage through bounds and report lines when radio silence
is necessary.
d. Adjustment of fire.
e. Co-ordination support fire with troop’s movement.
f. Covering exposed flank to give warning of the enemy
troops.
g. Detecting enemy re-enforcement, withdrawal or
redeployment.
h. Mortar and gun locating.
USE OF TANKS AT NIGHT
14. The basic difference between the use of tanks in a night or day
attack is that tanks must never be interspersed with infantry at night.
DIRECT FIRE SUPPORT
15. General. Whether or not attack should be completely silent
depends on the enemy, e.g. alertness, whether he has modern night
lighting surveillance equipments and the likely hood of encountering
wire, mines, trip flares or other obstacles. A silent approach to the
final, assaulting position followed by a noise assault is likely to have
the following advantages:
a. The effects on the enemy’s morals, of a sudden
concentration of fire followed quickly by an assault can be
considerable.
b. It minimizes the effect of setting off trip flare running into
unsuspected wire or fixed line of fire, when it is too late to call
down effective supporting fire.
c. It is simple.
MARKING OF ROUTES
16. The marking of routes may entail use of guides and artificial aids.
The responsibility for marking may be given to the recce platoon or
regimental police or intelligence party.
AIDS TO IDENTIFICATION
17. Personnel, leader may wear white or luminous tape on the back
of helmets or caps, officers may wear vertical bars and horizontal bars.
Veh Commanders may wear white or luminous shield on their fore
arms those will help their signals to be seen. Guides or Navigation
teams sent forward may wear white or luminous arm bands.
AIDS TO IDENTIFICATION
18. a. Map using. All ranks must be trained and practice in map
navigation in all types of ground and weather.
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b. Compass. The aid is completely reliable in maintaining
general direction if regularly checked.
c. Pacers for measuring distance on foot, and milometer for
use in vehicles. The performance of both must be checked for
accuracy over different types of ground and the pacer or vehicle
must become a permanent part of the navigation teams.
d. Tracer fired from any weapon can be used to indicate
direction.
e. Illuminating bombs can be fired on call for bearing to them
to be taken. Star shell can be fired to illuminate pre-determined
reference point.
f. Navigation by the stars, with the aid of the compass is
simple if understood and practiced
FIGHT THROUGH
19. The final assault and fight of the objective are governed by the
following considerations:
a. The frontage and depth of the objective is less than in a day
light attack.
b. Troops advancing from the final assault position move
directly towards the objectives.
c. The adopted formation for this final advance depends on
the ground and how dark it is.
d. Stealth and the minimum of noise are maintained as long as
possible. Even after surprise has been lost
e. Fighting through, normally consists of a series of short-
range engagements, which are settled by quick shooting, the
grenade and charge.
f. The use of night surveillance devices assist fighting through
the objective, but enemy activity can often be detected by
assaulting. Troops listening after each pocket of enemy
resistance are over come.
EXPLOITATION
13. After reorganization, a comd should always exploit the enemy’s
loss of initiative maintenance of momentum. Because of strong mobile
reserves to exploit on weak point and engage on counter actions such
action prevents the enemy conducting an organized withdrawal.
RE-ORGANIZATION
21. The re-organization layout adopted at night will have to be
adjusted at first light. Some enemy trapped between positions may
have to be left until light to be properly cleared.
CONCLUSION
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15. A comd may choose to use either quick or deliberate attack. He
should always try to strike a defender a violent blow at an en expected
time and in an expected place. The attacker must maintain the
momentum by organizing fire support. Forceful and determined
leadership will be needed to press home attacks and exploit thereafter.

LAY OUT OF COY DELIBERATE NIGHT ATTACK.

Objective
……………………………………………………………………………………………
SL

LIGHT LIGHT FUP

LIGHT

Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 2 Sec 1

P1 Hq P1 Hq

Sec 3
Sec 3

Coy
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Hq
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Sec 1
Sec 2

Pl

Sec 3

CHAPTER TWENTY ONE

DEFENCE

INTRODUCTION
1. Defensive operation is usually undertaken when the enemy has
the initiative to prevent him from seizing terrain or through into a
defence area. The aim is to break the enemy attack, destroy his forces
and stop him from accomplishing his aim.
OBJECTIVES OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
2. The reason of conducting defensive operations are:
a. To develop more favourable conditions for offensive
operations.
b. To destroy or trap in enemy force.
c. To reduce the enemy capability of offensive action.
d. To contain enemy force in one area or place while offensive
operations are conducted elsewhere.
e. To deny enemy access or entry into vital areas.
f. To regroup and build up forces before resuming an
offensive.
g. To lure an enemy into a destructive trap.
h. To protect the flanks of another formation conducting
offensive operations.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEFENCE

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3. Much time is always spent in defence in any war. Infantry man
may be required to stand against massed enemy. Infantry attacks
supported by aircrafts, tanks and artillery firing both the
concentrations and probably nuclear weapons. Only the most resolute
and efficient defence will succeed in this task.
In this task. The general principles of the defence which have been
evolved are:
a. Ground of tactical importance must be denied to enemy.
The careful selection of the ground of tactical importance should
be the first priority in setting a defensive position. This must be
physically occupied, although occasionally other considerations
such as lack of cover will dictate that it will be denied by holding
or dominating the approaches to it instead.
b. Depth. Depth is needed to:
(1) Stop the enemy from gaining information about our
main defensive position when preparing his attack.
(2) Surprise the attacker.
(3) Slow down the momentum of the enemy’s attack.
(4) Localize any penetrations of our localities so that they
can be counter-attacked and elimination
c. Mutual Support. Each sub-unit in the battalion must be able
to fire on the front, flanks, or rear of its neighbouring sub-
units. In this way, sub units protect each other from isolation
and defeat in detail.
d. Concealment
(1) From the air. The overall plan for concealment from
air observation and the camera will be laid down by
forming HQ and will include such matters as track discipline
and dummy positions.
(2) From the ground. It is more important to hide our
disposition from the enemy ground for observation. Once a
post has located, it is liable to be neutralized before
the enemy main attack is launched.
(3) Concealment should not be sacrificed for field of
fire.100 yds is the minimum desirable field of fire
acceptable, 300 yards is adequate for most purposes but a
longer field of fire is desirable for light machine guns.
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e. All round defence. Battalion are often responsible for long
frontages.
In such Cases, it is not possible to hold ground along the whole
front as this would result in loss of depth. Gaps are acceptable
and will be dominated by fire and active patrolling. Sub-unit have
a primary Direction on which they will concentrate their attention
and fire effort but they must be ready always to meet an attack
from any direction.
f. Reliable Communication. It is impossible to fight a battle
effectively without reliable communication. Wireless is the main
method and all junior leaders must be trained to use it. Line is
usually laid in defence but it is not always a reliable method of
obtaining additional fire support owing to frequent breakages.
g. Administration. A defensive battle can last a consideration
period of time and Demands a high degree of determination and
the will to fight from the defenders. These requires in addition to
leadership, adequate supplies of ammunition, food and water,
sleep and medical care. The platoon commander must plan his
administrative arrangements with care giving his men the
supplies and rest they need.
CONCEPTS OF DEFENCE
4. While defensive operations may take a wide variety of forms,
traditional usage divides defensive concepts into 2 broad categories.
a. Mobile Defence In mobile defence the force is on the
destruction of the/attacking force by permitting the enemy to
advance into a position which exposes him to counter attacks
and envelopment by a mobile reserve.
b. Positional Defence. In positional defence the focus is on
the retention of terrain by absorbing the enemy into an inter-
locking series of position from which he can be destroyed largely
by fire.
TYPES OF DEFENCE
5. The degree of preparedness of defence is indicated in terms of
hasty or deliberate. These two terms apply equally to mobile and
positional or area defence.

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a. Hasty Defence. It may have to be involuntarily organised
while in contact with the enemy, when contact is imminent and
especially when:
(1) Time available for preparation is limited.
(2) The choice of ground for defence is restricted by the
enemy threat.
(3) Battle procedure overlaps.
(4) Co-ordination and preparation take place
simultaneously and hasty defence may progress to level of
deliberate defence.
b. Deliberate Defence. It is conducted when:
(1) Contact is not imminent.
(2) Time is available for preparation and recce.
(3) Defence can be organized on the ground of our own
choice.
(4) Battle procedure is more thorough and systematic
than in hasty defence.
(5) Co-ordination and deployment of weapons is well done.
COMPONENTS OF DEFENCE
6. At a battalion level, there are three components of the defence,
these are:
a. Covering troops. These are usually sub-divided into a
screen and a guard, their primary task is to observe enemy
movements, identify, reports information concerning the enemy
and at times fight to delay the enemy or channel the enemy into
suitable killing areas.
b. Main defence troops. This is the troops that occupy the
main defensive position. The main defensive area is sited using
the principles of defence.
c. Reserves. Reserves at a battalion level may be small and
the roles of such reserves are likely to be:
(1) Re-enforce.
(2) Counter penetration/Blocking.
(3) Immediate counter attacks.

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RECONNAISSANCE
7. What to consider:
a. Preparations. Before platoon commander goes on his
reconnaissance, he should arrange to be accompanied by a
runner for his personal protection and a signaller through whom
he can communicate with his platoon.
b. Field of fire. In deliberate defence the platoon commander
will site each trench personally. To do this he must lie down in
each position with his chin close to the ground to ensure
that the firer can carry out the task which he intends to give him.
The firer trench must have a good clear filed of fire usually not
less than 100 yds. It may be shorter in some reverse slope
positions, while in very close country as little as 50 yds may
have to be accepted. The infantry soldier should be a skilled
man-at-arms. He must be taught to kill the enemy with his MG at
ranges up to 400 yards and with a rifle up to 300 yds.
c. Observation. Although very long fields of fire are not
essential platoon and section commanders should if possible
have observation on longer ranges. This prevents them from
being surprised and gives time to prepare to meet an attack and
in the case of a platoon commander wants to call for mortar and
artillery support.
d. Frontage. The size of locality which can be physically held by
a platoon is limited to that over which platoon commander can
maintain voice control and by the fire, not men, in open country
or built up areas.
e. Sittings. Where possible, the platoon commander should
first look at his position from the enemy’s point/view. He will
then be able to deduce his probable approaches and can site his
own weapons accordingly.
8. The setting of the MG is the most important part of the
reconnaissance as their tasks provide the framework around which the
defence of the platoon locality is built. They should therefore be sited
first and the rest of each section fitted in accordingly. Reverse slopes
are a great aid to concealment from enemy ground observation and to
surprise.
The field of fire must however be adequate and the ground alone will
dictate whether a forward or reverse slope should be occupied.
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THE FIRE PLAN
9. To help the platoon hold its position, certain DF tasks for artillery,
60MM mortars and MMGs will be planned. A platoon commander is
usually authorised to call for DF tasks but he must always know where
such task are on the map and on the ground and if he wants a task
fired, he should send back quick and accurate information to company
HQ stating:
a. Enemy strength.
b. Enemy location, grid reference or its relocation to a DF task.
c. Direction in which the enemy is moving.
d. Time seen.
OBSTACLES
10. Natural obstacles such as deep water ways are always the most
economical and generally the most effective. Others such as ditches,
sunken lanes and thick hedges can be improved and strengthened with
barbed wire and mines. Gaps between obstacles can be filled with
anti-personnel or mixed minefield. No obstacles are really effective
unless it is covered by fire as the enemy can simply remove, cross or
gap it unhindered.
a. Mines. Well sited and carefully concealed minefields,
covered by fire are effective obstacles. The platoon may be called
upon to lay minefield. Details are given in field engineering and
mine warfare subject.
b. Wire obstacles. Wiring is a quick way of providing an
obstacle to the enemy. The objective of the wiring is to slow
down the enemy’s advance to give a better chance of killing him
with fire. Wire must be sited so as to check the enemy outside
grenade throwing range of the platoon position. Wire not covered
by fire is useless.
c. Trip flares. Trip fares are used in defence to give clear
warning of enemy approach. They are usually sited along wire
obstacle, minefield, hedgerows running towards the positions and
in maps in the wire and lanes in the minefield.

DIGGING A DEFENSIVE POSITION

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11. a. Sitting Plan. Commanders at all levels always think two
levels down when setting a defensive position. A division
commander tries to visualize each of his battalion on the ground;
a battalion commander looks for platoon localities, the platoon
commander sites each weapon slit. He must make a complete
plan on paper showing the layout of his platoon for protracted
defence before he allows digging to begin. The paper layout must
include projected communication trenches. This will facilitate
linking up the trench system as the position develops.
b. Platoon Headquarter (HQ). The platoon sergeant is
responsible for the detailed layout of platoon HQ once its position
on the ground has been pointed out. The pl comdr occupies a
four-man trench with his batman/operation and No 1 and 2 of the
light mortar. The platoon wireless set must be given protection
on below ground level using the ground conversion kit; the aerial
must be screened from the company HQ.
c. Defence stores. Platoon commanders are not likely to get a
complete issue of defence stores. They must make the most
initiative on anything they do not get and take pride in being able
to improvise with any suitable local material. All stores allotted
to and otherwise obtained by the platoon should be centralized in
a platoon dump. He should divide the platoon’s holding of
defence store into section pockets. Section commanders in turn,
must make the best use of what they get and realize that the
strength of their positions will depend primarily on improvisation
of local material.
d. Earthworks. A section at battle area strength occupies
two four-man slits. Where numbers vary or ground dictates, a
combination of two men and four-man slits may be dug. Three
men slits are uneconomical to dig and should be avoided if
possible. Drainage is always a problem but sumps of channels
can be dug according to the slope of the ground. Shelter
trenches must not run down hill.
Camouflage nets and replaced turf will help hide diggings and
temporary Positions must also be concealed from the enemy
ground observations because enemy tanks will systematically
knock out every post they have located before an attack.
e. Sanitation. The platoon shallow trench latrine should be dug
as soon as possible after work begins. Shallow trench latrines
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must be filled in daily. There should also be at least a shell
scrape near by to protect anyone caught in the open by the
fire. On a forward slope, latrines may only be usable by night.
Each section position must then include a latrine. Until this is
available, it may be necessary to keep time in fire trenches in
case of need. Section refuse pits should be dug; they should be
about two by two feet and must be concealed.
f. Platoon tasks. The various tasks to be carried out by the
platoon must be fairly allotted between Pl Hq and the sections.
These tasks may include:
(1) Sentries.
(2) Patrols.
(3) Diggings.
(4) Wirings.
(5) Mining.
(6) Setting trip flares.
(7) Helping, supporting dets in Pl locations.
(8) En or coy tasks. Troops will take up positions.
(9) Sec comds’ range cards.
g. Alarm Scheme. While the position is being dug, there must
be an alarm scheme, this must be rehearsed. Troops will take up
positions in or near their own weapons slit. According to progress,
men working away from section areas must know what to do if
there is an alarm.
h. Personal Equipments. During digging, personnel
equipments should be disposed as follows:
(1) Items needed for fighting if there is an alarm such as
weapon ,pouches and steel helmet must be put in front or
besides the pit and taken with the man whenever he leaves
the section locality. In reserve Bns, however Pl may be
given verbal orders that only arms needed be carried.
(2) Other personal equipment must be concealed in a
place where they can easily be found in the dark and where
they will not be covered by soil.

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j. Wiring parties. Wiring parties, which often work near the
enemy, must take the following precautions:
(1) They must have local protection.
(2) They must work quietly.
(3) As few men as possible should work on the enemy
bank of the fence.
(4) Arms, pouches and respirators if issued should be at
hand for immediate use.
(5) Men not working must be disposed so as to give added
protection to the wiring party.
k. Duties of section commanders. As soon as the troops arrive
on the position and before they begin to dig, the section
commander must show them their dispositions and fire tasks.
This ensures that they know how to deal with any immediate
enemy attack. When preparing a position while in contact with
the enemy each man must have some form of cover behind
which he can fire as Soon as his weapon has been sited. The
section commander is responsible for ensuring that:
(1) Section weapons are so placed that each man can fire
on the ground allotted to him. The section commander must
site each individual position with his eyes close to the
ground.
(2) Precautions are taken to prevent his section being
surprised by enemy.
(3) Track discipline is strictly observed by his section.
(4) His section is effectively concealed from enemy
ground observation.
(5) His section is properly dug in.
(6) A proper routine is observed.
(7) A range card is made. The identification of targets is
usually the hardest part of any fire order. The section
commander must ensure that every man in his section
knows the ground around him, the main reference points
noted in his range card, and the ranges to them.

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l. Priority of work. The sequence of work will naturally vary
according to the situation. The following table therefore should
only be taken as a guideline.

Stage Task Store

(a) (b) (c)
1 (i) Decide on the type
Digging of posn.
(ii) Site & mark out each
fire trench.
(iii) Plan in advance the
position of trench Camouflage nets if
shelters & available.
communication trenches.
(iv) Decide on
concealment plan
including tracks,
conserving turf and top
soil and hiding soil until
required for head cover.
(v) Clear immediate
fields of fire
(vi) Dig fire trenches to
a depth of three ft.
(vii) Clear full field of
fire.
(viii) Complete fire
trenches to four feet six
inches depth or three
feet mine inch parapet.
(ix) Camouflage
trenches

Stage Task Store

(a) (b) (c)

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II (x) Rivet if necessary. Sand bag, pickets,
First (xi) If no shelter material groundsheets etc
improvement is available dig slit
trenches and roof or if
shelter material can be
improvised dig trenches Sand bags, pickets
of full shelter width with
supported overhead
Timber, sandbags,
cover.
pickets, corrugated
(xii) Camouflage iron
shelters.
(xiii) If rain is expected,
Odd boxes
dig catch water drains.
(xiv) Dig drainage
sumps and slope floors. Odd boxes

(xv) Make ammunition

recesses in fire trenches.
(xvi) Begin crawl
trenches to join up fire
bays as necessary.
III (xvii) Widen fire Corrugated iron or
Further trenches. brush wood, pickets
development (xviii)Continue and and wire.
deepen crawl trench. Duck boards or
plans and small
(xix) Improve drainage trestles. Half round
and flooring if necessary. embrasures or
(xx) Construct sentry culvert sections,
embrasures if necessary. sand bags and
pickets.
(xxi) Provide fire bags
Sand bags, pickets,
with overhead cover
three or four-inch
after completing the
round timber wire,
necessary modifications.
nails, ammunition
boxes and timber
loopholes if
available.

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CONDUCT OF THE DEFENSIVE BATTLE
12. a. Morale. Living underground for long periods in defence is a
severe test of morale. Under these conditions, high morale
depends on:
(1) A sound defensive plan. Every man must
understand the plan and the part he has to play.
(2) Aggressive action. Every pair of eyes in the platoon is
a potentials (OP) by day information must be passed back
quickly so that the supporting arms can hit the enemy as
soon as he shows himself; by night, the ground forward of
the defence must be dominated by patrols, listening and
watching, ready to call for fire to hit the enemy as soon as
he appears.
(3) Regular information.
(4) Good discipline: This is the result of good leadership.
Well disciplined troops stand and fight under the worst
conditions, undisciplined troops does not.
(5) Good administration. The Pl comd should carry out
routine tours of inspection to check personal cleanliness,
latrines and refuse pits.
(6) Reliable communications: As important to the infantry
man as his weapons.
b. Communication. The four means of communication are
wireless, line, light signals and runner, but during the battle, only
wireless is reliable. Gunfire and tanks take out lines, light signals
are easily missed or misunderstood, and runners become
causality. The wireless link to the company is so important for
the conduct of the defence that, in quiet periods, line should be
used to save batteries. Within the platoon the battle is controlled
by the Pl commander by voice and by lengths of wire or cable
linked between trenches. A simple code of tugs must be worked
out for this by the Pl Comdr.
c. Conduct when attacked. Troops in prepared localities must
understand clearly that they have to stand fast and fight it out
where they are. There must be no thought of withdrawal or
looking over the shoulder. The only reasons which justify
troops bearing their positions during an attack are:

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(1) To carry out an immediate counter attack.
(2) To fight off attack from an unexpected quarter.
As soon as the enemy is seen forming up or advancing to attack,
information must be wireless back to the company comd who will
then call for DF from supporting artillery and other weapons.
Within the platoon itself, fire must be controlled to be effective.
Platoon and section comd must therefore ensure that good fire
discipline is observed. This is particularly important since the
introduction of self-loading rifles. At night, the control of light is
usually in the hands of the company comd because one flare
could give the whole position away. At times, especially during
battle, platoon commanders may be allowed to fire illuminates at
their own discretion. An enemy whose attack has been halted is
in a most unfavourable situation. This is the climax of the
defensive battle when the enemy must be attacked and driven
back.

ROUTINE IN THE DEFENCE

13. a. Information. Between battles, the constant requirement is
to obtain information and at the same time deny information to
the enemy. The usual ways of doing this are:
(1) OP’s the platoon will always have its own OP. An OP
consists of a sentry suitably posted using field glasses if
available.
(2) Patrolling.
(3) SHELREPS and MOTREPS.
(4) Observation from weapons slits primarily by sentries.
(5) Denying information by:
(a) Concealment: Track discipline and strict
attention to camouflage.
(b) Strict fire discipline.
b. Communication. Communication should be tested
regularly to ensure that they are in reliable working order.

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c. Arms and equipment. The Pl comd must issue clear orders
on dress, equipment to be won and arms to be carried. He
should include:
(1) Orders about when steel helmets, boots and pouches
are to be worn. They should be worn by sentries, by
anyone leaving his section area and by everyone at stand-
to.
(2) An order forbidding troops to leave kit about
anywhere outside the weapon slit.
(3) Orders for drying towels, clothing and blankets. These
will depend on the situation and whether the Pl is in a
forward or reverse slope position.
(4) An order laying down times of cleaning for MGs. These
times must be staggered so that not more than one MG is
stripped at any one time.
d. Inspections. Inspections by the Pl comd help to ensure a
high standard of readness, His routine inspection should
include arms, ammunition, wireless equipment, tools,
clothing personal cleanliness of troops and his general cleanliness
of his platoon position.
e. Platoon HQ. Routine duties in Platoon HQ include:
(1) Command.Either the platoon comd or Sgt must be in
the platoon area. Messengers should deal with the Pl Sgt
when the Pl comd is asleep. Field glasses, compass,
notebook and pencil should be ready available to the
commander.
(2) Communication. The Pl Sgt must ensure that the
telephone is always manned; this will be another task for
the Pl HQ sentries.
(3) Illumination. At night, the Platoon HQ sentry must
have illumination ready to put up at once if necessary.
(4) Anti-tank. The Platoon anti-tank team should not be
thought of as an integral part of the Pl HQ. The weapon will
be located where it can best carry out its task. In contact, it
should always be manned.
f. Rest. No one can give out his best for long without sleep.
Junior leaders must try to see that they themselves with their
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men get enough sleep. The only way to ensure this is
organization. Rest will mostly be taken in the day time especially
on an inward/reverse slope.
g. Stand to. Troops stand to in defence so that their
commanders can ensure that all is ready to meet an attack at the
start of each day and night the timings of each day and night.
The timings of stand to are influenced by the enemy’s habits and
the existing threat from shelling. Matters which the platoon
commander should check on stand- to are:
(1) Every man is both present and alert and properly
equipped.
(2) All weapons are manned and properly aligned.
(3) Ammunition is to scale and readily available.

OPERATIONAL ORDERS FOR DEFENCE

13. Ground. You describe the ground showing how it looks like
(general appearance of the terrain).
ORDERS.
1. SITUATION.
a Enemy.
(1) Strength.
(2) Equipment.
(3) Morale.
(4) Intentions.
d Friendly Forces : Those in the flanks
c Attachments and detachments.
(1) Atts.
(2) Detts.
MISSION
2. PL 1/A COY WILL OCCUPY/ ESTABLISH A DELIBERATE/ HASTY
DEFENCE AT GR........BY DTG......... IN ORDER.......
EXECUTION
3. a. Concept of operation

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(1) Intent
(2) SOM
(3) ME
b. Grouping and Tasks.
(1) Pl1
Grouping-----------------------
Task----------------------------
(2) Pl 2
Grouping---------------
Task----------------------
(3) Pl3
Grouping--------------------
Task------------------------
(4) 60 mm Motr.
Task-----------------------
c. Co-ordinating Instructions.
(1) Timings.
(a) Positions to be occupied by---------Hrs.
(b) Digging stage two to be occupied by—Hrs.
(c) Digging stage three to be completed by…
Hrs.
(d) Stand to.
(e) Stand down.
(2) Patrols.
(3) Sentries.
(4) Boundaries.
(5) Track discipline.
(6) Obstacles.
(7) Alarm system.
ADMIN AND LOGISTICS
4. a. Dress.
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b. Weapons and equipment.
c. Ammo.
d. Defensive stores.
e. Feeding.
f. Medical.

COMMAND AND SIGNALS

5. a. Command.
(1) Comd.
(2) Alternative comd.
(3) Location of platoon/Coy Hq.
b. signals.
(1) Runner routes.
(2) Frequency.
(3) Password.
(4) Nicknames.
NB: Briefing.
a. General outline of the defence plan.
b. Plans for counter attack.
c. Policy for governing the defence and the reason for
the policy.

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CHAPTER TWENTY TWO
WITHDRAWAL
INTRODUCTION
1. Withdrawal is the most difficult operation of war. The conditions
under which it takes place are often adverse, the initiative will almost
certainly have passed to the enemy and the morale of our own troops
may be correspondingly affected.
2. The essential requirements for a successful withdrawal are clear
designs for battle, sound arrangements for control simple and flexible
plan. There must also be an ability to instil in tired and probably
frightened troops an aggressive spirit and the will to fight on.
REASONS FOR WITHDRAWAL
3. Withdrawal may be taken for any of the following reasons:
a. Following defeat.
b. To conform to movement by flanking force.
c. To draw the enemy into an unfavourable position.
d. To extend the enemy lines of communication.
e. To avoid battle in unfavourable circumstances.
f. To gain time without fighting a major battle.
g. To allow the use of part of the forces elsewhere.
h. For logistical reasons.
4. The commander will always aim to extract his force to withdrawal
and occupy a new position with the minimum interference and
casualties. Ultimately he will aim at assessing the situation before the
offensive.
5. Enemy ground threat. On the ground, the enemy may threaten.
a. To overrun the withdrawing force in an attempt to turn the
operation into a front- the distinction is seldom very clear.
b. To surround and destroy withdrawing elements by
infiltration, penetration or by outflanking movement.
c. To bypass some or all the withdrawing forces.

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PRINCIPLES
6. a. Flexibility
(1) All commanders must know the overall plan and be
ready to act decisively to implement it in the face of
confusion and disruption of communication. Orders must be
simple and passed by whatever means appropriate.
(2) The unexpected will become the usual accordingly, a
commander must keep his force balanced he usually has
one leg on the ground e.g. troops in rear defensive position
while forward troop withdrawal and reserves counter enemy
penetration, infiltration or airborne landings.
b. Simplicity. The enemy will try to provide chaos and
confusion. He may very well succeed if plans are not simple and
direct.
c. Offensive Action. Commanders should seize every
opportunity to attack the enemy subject is the overall aim.
Ambushes, quick counter attack, cut-off manoeuvres and
infiltrations by patrols should be considered, all these can
imbalance the enemy and gain time. The enemy will learn
caution and the morale of our own troops will arise.
d. Surprise
(1) Surprise in this case depends on secrecy. This will not
be easy to achieve in the light of the overall strategic or
tactical situation even so, a clear deception plan and a
normal pattern of behaviour may help disguise short term
intentions. Constant tank/vehicle noise will mask the
moment of their withdrawal particularly if some remain until
the last moment. Stimulated preparations for attack may at
least cause the enemy to proceed with caution.
(2) The aim will be to conceal the withdrawal from the
enemy until some hours after it has started. Knowledge
of the plan before hand should be restricted to those who
need to know.
e. Information. Before withdrawal intelligence efforts should be
concerned on discovering the enemy’s capabilities and

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intentions. Air recce can stay behind parties will be of particular
value once the withdrawal is underway.
f. Morale.
(1) Withdrawal imposes a great strain on morale than any
other operation of war. It must be sustained by leadership
and discipline. The presence of commander where situation
are critical and their calm determination to make plan
succeed will contribute greatly to steadiness and confidence
of units. The value of offensive action has already been
stressed.
(2) Once withdrawal begins, troops must be told what is
happening. This implies particularly to those in rear areas.
Where reports are able and rumours will easily spread
unless unit are briefed. The physical strain of withdrawing
will be severe and key personnel must get proper rest if the
operation extends over some days.
g. Control. Effective control will not be easy particularly if
distance is great, it must be maintained by clear orders, key
timings, careful co-ordination.
PLANNING
7. The plan will depend on the following factors:
a. Orders from higher HQ.
b. The distance between present and new main positions and
the time needed for recce and preparations.
c. The number of routes available and the frontage of the
withdrawal.
d. The way in which the intervening terrain can be used to
delay the en and inflict casualties.
e. Ground conditions, weather and the degree of the duration
of darkness. Night withdrawal unlike by a full moon will help
achieve secrecy and surprise and reduce casualties from air
attack. It may also be the only way of maintaining control if the
going is ready.
f. Enemy ground strength.
g. The situation on both flanks.
h. The air situation.
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j. The mobility of the recce.
k. The logistics situation.
BATTALION WITHDRAWAL CONCEPT
8. The Bn may be given anyone of the following roles in the
withdrawal:
a. Preparing and occupying a new main defensive position or
intermediate position to or through which other Bn will
withdrawal.
b. Acting as a screen/guard.
c. Forming a reserve.
d. Withdrawing from the present main position to an
intermediate or new main position. This chapter deals with the
last role.
WITHDRAWAL BY NIGHT
9. By night thinning out starts with the rear depth company
withdrawal first. The aim is to achieve a withdrawal from contact and
to conceal our intention from the enemy until the last possible
movement.
10. The withdrawal is carried out in four stages.
a. Move of rear recce parties.
b. Moves of company to a vehicle waiting area and embossing
point.
c. Movement of Coys to Bn releasing point.
d. Occupation of new main or intermediate position.
REAR RECONNAISSANCE PARTIES
11. The rear recce party is commanded by Bn 2i/c and includes the
coy 2i/c. The task is to recce and plans the new main position. They
carry out normal battle procedure with RV & “O” groups down to
platoon level. Once detailed sitting has been decided, the recce party
will split; locate weapon slit and command post positions. It is
desirable that the rear recce party reaches the new position in
daylight. When the main body arrives it is customary for 2i/c to
exercise temporary tactical command until all commanders have
familiarized themselves with the defensive lay out.
SEQUENCE OF NIGHT WDR BY A COY GROUP
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12. The following is suggested example of how a coy group with
tanks in SP might withdraw by night in contact with the enemy, when
last light is at 1800 hrs and the position is to be denied to the enemy
until 0000 Hrs.
a. No rearward moves before 1800Hrs.
b. CQMS out with back loaded stores 2000Hrs.
c. Tanks start withdrawing 2200Hrs.
d. Replenishment Pl back to org coy RV 2330 Hrs.
e. Coy HQ (less Coy comd, Radio operator, runner) Coy RV’s
back to Pl RV 0000Hrs.
f. Patrol 2350Hrs.
g. Denied time 0000 Hrs.
h. Replenishment secs off fwd and Pl RV’s 0000 Hrs.
j. PL HQ (less Pl Comd, Radio Runner) back to Pl RV 0000 Hrs.
k. Tanks withdraw 0000 Hrs.
l. Fwd sec back to Pl RV 0005 Hrs.
m. Coy Comd, radios Ops, OP offrs and coy RV 0005 Hrs.
n. Position abandoned 0015 Hrs.
o. Move to Bn RV 0030 Hrs.
WITHDRAWAL BY DAY IN CLOSE CONTACT
13. a. It is likely to be a very difficult and costly operation
especially if enemy has general superiority, troops will have to
fight their way back by bound covered by maximum of SP fire
from artillery tanks and air power.
b. It will be normal for the forward sub-units to withdraw first
covered by the reserve sub-units.
c. Tanks are an ideal weapon to be included in the rear guard on
account of their speed, good cross country performance and great fire
power. They can often lift out the last infantry to abandon the
position.
RV AND CHECK POINTS
14. Each unit and subunit should have an RV selected to enable
the comd to regain control of his whole comd. It is a tactical halt
and therefore will require protection. It should be sited in the
dead ground.

CHECK POINTS

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15. Check points should be established at an easily recognised
place where the Sub units pass. Sub units don’t halt at check
points.

DIAGRAMMATIC LAYOUT OF A BN WITHDRAWAL

1 2 3 sec
Pl check point: manned by
sec sec
Pl Sgt, troops do not halt
led through by sec comds.

Pl recce: Pl withdrawal while

Protected by reserve sec

2 PL 3 PL
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Pl RV
Coy Check point manned by
CSM using Coycomd Rover.
Troops do not halt’ led through
by Pl comd
B Coy
C Coy

‘A’ COY RV

Bn Check point: Manned

by Offr with radio on Bn
net. Troops
Pass through led by Coy
comd. No halt
Bn RV
PROTECTED BY
RESERVE COY
Bn Embussing point

OPERATION ORDERS FOR WITHDRAWAL

16. Ground: to be described as it appears.
ORDERS.
SITUATION.
1. a. Enemy forces.
(1) Present loc.
(2) Strength.
(3) Morale and tactics.
(4) Disposition.
b. Friendly force: Those in our flanks
c. Atts and Detts.
(1) Atts.
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(2) Detts.
MISSION
2. COY/PL WILL WDR TO GR…….BY DTG.........................IN
ORDER........................
EXECUTION
3
a. Concept of opns
(1) Intent
(2)SOM
(3) ME
b. Grouping and Tasks
Grouping Tasks
1 sec
2 Sec
3Sec
Coy SP weapons.
Armour.
Engrs.
c. Co-ordinating instruction.
(1) Timings:
(a) Posn denied until -----Hrs.
(b) Rearward move before ------Hrs.
(c) Except rear recce parties.
(d) Timings out to begin at ------Hrs.
(e) Posn abandoned by -----Hrs.
(f) All troops clear of line by------Hrs.
(2) Locations.
(a) Check points.
(b) RVs.
(3) Routes to check pts and Rvs.
(4) Guides.
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(5) Recce parties.
(6) Mov’t
(7) Tpt.
(8) Destruction of equip if necessary.
ADMIN & LOG
4. To include:
a. Feeding.
b. UAS.
c. Dress and equip.
d. Ammo (amount carried).
e. Type (loading and thinning out).
COMMAND AND SIGNAL
5. To include:
a. Command.
(1) Loc of Pl/Coy HQ on move.
(2) Loc of Pl/Coy comd on the move.
(3) Other instructions.

b. Signal.
(1) Radio silence.
(2) Code words.
(3) Password and others.
Note:
a. Allow the subordinate orders.
a. Let them ask questions.
b. Ask them questions.
d. Synchronise watches.

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CHAPTER TWENTY THREE
RELIEF
INTRODUCTION
1. Relief in place is a common operation in war or security
operations. Relief as an operation refers to the situation whereby one
unit takes over the duties of another unit. While it is in progress both
incoming and outgoing units will have many troops in the forward area
at the same time. This does not only increase their vulnerability but
also if the enemy attacks command and control is difficult to exercise.
In the interest of morale troops first introduction to a new position or
area should be conducted calmly and with speed and efficiency.
2. Infantry battalion may take part in relief operations as a unit or it
may conduct a relief within battalion such as a depth company
relieving the forward company.
AIM
3. The aim of this chapter is to teach Officer Cadets how relief
operation is conducted and the reasons for it.
REASONS FOR CONDUCTING RELIEF
3. The following are reasons for relief:
a. Resting of troops after long time of stay in defence.
b. Bad conditions due to nuclear/chemical bombs or hazards.
c. To re-organize after suffering heavy casualties and loss of
equipments.
d. Re-deployment out of the battle area to get reserved for
new tactics etc.
CATEGORIES OF RELIEF
4. The following are categories of relief:
a. Routine relief –between equal groups e.g. Bn group to Bn group.
b. Quick relief-changing of troops within a short time.
c. Un equal relief –between group e.g. combat team with
battle group.

PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF

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5. In order to relieve troops in contact with the enemy. Maintaining
position, securing and to keep intact without the enemy’s knowledge.
To do this the following principles should be observed.
a. Secrecy. With the inevitable concentration of troops up
front any inkling of a relief is bound to bring sharp and violent
enemy reaction. Casualties would be many. The most usual
causes are:
(1) Poor battle discipline and disregard for movement by
the relief advance party.
(2) Increased radio activities.
(3) Change in normal pattern of activity prior to and
during relief.
b. Speed. The shorter the time, both units are in position
together the better. Although knowledge of relief drills is
essential at all levels as is high degree of discipline and
consideration by those leaving forward position.
c. Control. Absolute control throughout the operation and the
time that the commander passes must miraculously and
clearly be stated and understood by all ranks. This together with
a sound and simple plan which covers the arrangements for
guides, check points, routes, making movements on foot and
vehicles, patrol direction.
d. Normal activities. Normal activities whether patrolling,
wiring, digging, harassing artillery fire, arrival of rats must be
maintained and digested by the enemy. Nothing must be done to
suggest that this is a special day.
e. Silence. This is applicable when relief is done during night.
Whenever possible relief should be conducted at night during
periods of limited visibility to make maximum use of concealment
offered. Since sound travels faster and longer distance during
night, it is necessary to keep the operation in silence.

PLANNING AND CONDUCTING RELIEF

6. Consider the following when planning and conducting relief:
a. Adequate time for planning, liaison and recce.

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b. Simple plan, detailed and well co-ordinated between the
incoming and outgoing units.
c. Relief plan must take all practicable means to ensure
secrecy. It may be absolute silence or fire plan to cover vehicles,
the incoming will normally be on radio silence.
d. Relief must be exhausted quickly and smoothly with every
precaution taken to reduce vulnerability to enemy action. This is
true under nuclear conditions.
e. Whenever possible relief should be conducted at night or
during periods of limited visibility to make maximum use of
concealment offered.
PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF RELIEF
7. Warning order (Wng ‘O’). The battle group usually expects to
receive its warning order 48 Hrs in advance. The platoon commander is
given all available information by his company commander. After
passing this to Platoon Sgt and section commanders, he (Pl comd) will
go for recce with the battle group or combat team advance party.
Whenever possible the platoon Comd, the runner and section comds
should see the ground during day light.
COMPOSITION OF ADVANCE PARTY
8. This will be laid down in SOP but may have to:
a. Normal.
(1) Platoon comd and runner.
(2) Three section guides.

b. If possible:
(1) Section commander, especially important if the
platoon is to be a forward platoon in forward combat team
location.
(2) Platoon Sgt is likely to be available as he will be
commanding the platoon in the absence of the platoon
commander.
(3) Additionally, patrol group will be required early so
that continued patrolling can be maintained, before, during

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and after relief. Patrolling can be maintained before, during
and after relief.
DUTIES OF ADVANCE PARTY
9. The duties of the platoon commander are:
a. To shadow his opposite number in the battle area and get
the maximum possible information about the enemy.
b. To make sure all the necessary arrangements are made and
enable the relief of the platoon to be carried out swiftly and
smoothly.
10. Both the platoon comd and his runner should try to combine the
inquisitiveness and tact. The platoon commander should list all the
points on which information is needed before he leaves the advance
party as there are far too many to carry in his head.
They include:
a. Ground.
(1) Detailed explanation.
(2) Nicknames for prominent features.
(3) Correct approaches.
(4) Obstacles (natural and artificial)
(5) Areas to be cleared at first light.
b. Enemy.
(1) Opposing units and formations.
(2) Known locations including tanks and support weapons.
(3) Mine fields wire and obstacles.
(4) Known DFs and fixed lines.
(5) Shelling.
(6) Habits.
(7) Patrol activities.
(8) Ops and surveillance.
(9) Morale.
(10) Probable intention.
c. Friendly Forces.

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(1) General layout of battle ground with special regard to
flanking platoons or combat teams.
(2) Detailed disposition for platoon including:
(3) MG fixed lines and arc of fire.
(4) See arcs of fire.
(5) Anti Tank arcs of fire.
(6) Likely tasks for light mors.
(7) Position of trip flares.
(8) Position on the ground DF and MG (DF) tasks and how
they are called for.
(9) Position and the task of any support weapon in Pl Locs
for firing across the Pls front and how his support is called
for.
(10) Range cards.
(11) Map and air photos.
(12) Ops and details for patrol out.
(13) Wire obstacles and fields, gaps and safe lanes through
them.
(14) Approaches and dead ground.
(15) Surveillance plan including location and tasks of arms
and if radars available.

ACTION IN PLATOON AND SECTION LOCALITIES

11. The sequence of events:
a. Before the platoon arrives, the advance party gives section
commanders arranging with them which trenches they are to
occupy. The outgoing section commander leads the incoming
section to their trenches in pairs or more as the case may be.
b. On reaching the trenches, the incoming men at once lie
down behind the trenches to occupy shelter trenches if caught
under enemy fire. These must be clear of kit belonging to the
outgoing section which will stand to throughout the relief.

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c. Both sections commander then go to each trench in turn.
The outgoing section commander briefs the incoming men on
their arc of fire and any other important detail, all of which must
be noted by the incoming section commander.
d. Next, all incoming section commander’s report to their
platoon commander they are ready to take over. The platoon
commander informs his combat team commander and asks
permission complete.
e. When this is given to the platoon commander he stays at
platoon headquarter ready for any emergency whilst either:
(1) The section commander, when they return to their
position, give the order to the outgoing section commander
to change; or
(2) The two platoon Sgts have round the position to give
the order to change. This is an excellent opportunity for the
incoming platoon sergeants.
f. When this has been done, the platoon Sgt will report to their
platoon commander and the outgoing platoon commander with
his HQ will move back to the Platoon RV. His platoon commander
will not wait there longer than is necessary to ensure that it is
complete before moving on to the combat team check point and
combat team RV, following the normal withdraw procedure.
g. After the outgoing platoon has left, the incoming platoon
commander will report that the relief has been completed to his
combat team commander. Meanwhile the incoming soldier
stands to.
h. When the relief has been completed, incoming commander
will come back. This ensures that, at least two men know routes.
The runner to come back will usually be the one who was with
the platoon commander on the advance party.
j. The incoming platoon will continue to stand to until the
combat team commander orders to stand down.
COMMUNICATIONS
12. Points to be noted are:
a. There are three means of communication available during
the relief and they should be used in the following order of
priority:
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(1) Line.
(2) Outgoing combat teams’ radio net.
(3) Incoming combat teams’ radio net.
b. Radio traffic must be kept at the normal level so as not to
arouse the enemy suspicious. When this cannot be ensured,
traffic must be confined to the outgoing battle group net which is
already known to the enemy and this is not monitored by the
incoming unit.
c. The incoming battle group must keep radio silence for as
long as possible. Rule for breaking radio silence will be laid down
and must be strictly observed.
PROTECTION DURING RELIEF
13. Before the relief, the incoming battle group arranges or the
protection of its debussing point and check points. Protection for the
relief itself is given/standing and fighting patrols.
a. Standing patrols can be changes over during the relief in
combat team area after the incoming platoons have taken over.
Ideally, however, these patrols should go forward with the
advance party and be in position before the main relief begins.
b. Fighting patrols
(1) Responsibility for providing fighting patrols lies with
outgoing patrol group unless the commanding officer
agrees otherwise.
(2) They should stay out all night and rejoin their own
battle group next day.
(3) If these patrols come from the incoming battle group,
patrol commander and members of the patrol must go
forward with the advance party and given the usual for
reconnaissance and briefing. It is helpful if these patrol
comd go the night before a patrol so as to get to know the
ground.
CHANGE OF COMMAND
14. The arrangement and time for change of command are agreed
between the commanding officers before the relief takes place and
order for it issued down as platoons. Command normally passes each
level as follows:

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a. Platoon, when all three sections have been relieved.
b. Combat team, when two or more platoons, including the
forward platoons, have completed relief.
c. Battle group, when two or more combat teams, including
the forward combat teams, have completed relief.

CONDUCT OF A COMPANY RELIEF N BATTLE AREA

Pl THREE
Pl ONE

Pl CP

Pl CP
Pl CP

Pl CP

Pl RV

Pl RV

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Pl
TWO
Pl CP

Pl
RV

Pl CP Pl CP
Coy RV

COY
CP
COY EMBARKING
POINT COPY DIS-EMBARKING
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE POINT
CROSSING WATER OBSTACLE
INTRODUCTION
1. Crossing a water obstacle may be part of a phase of war, either in
advance or the attack. The comds primary aim is to achieve both
surprise and concentration of forces with fully mechanized amphibious
forces; a comd is able to achieve that concreting across water
obstacles more quickly and effectively.
TYPES
2 There are two types of crossing water obstacle
a. The encounter crossing. These includes crossing small
rivers as own force continues to pursue the enemy.
b. The opposed river crossing. This involves crossing big
slightly big water bodies and thorough and detailed preparation is
needed.
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
3. a. Problems of the defence
(1) Defence works on a river line are difficult to conceal as
they are often under enemy observation, ground may be
marshy and unsuitable.

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(2) A river must be covered by fire if it is to be an
effective obstacle. This calls for wide dispersion of the
defender forces along the river bank. The defender’s main
problem will be to strike a balance between:
(a) Holding the river line strongly with only forces in
reserve.
(b) Holding the river line weakly with an adequate
reserve.
b. Problems of the attacker
(1) It will be necessary to clear and secure the home
bank before detailed recce and planning.
(1) The attacker has initiative and advantages of being
able to achieve surprise by attacking at an unexpected time
and place thus the importance of the secrecy, deception
and speed.

PRINCIPLES
4. a. Detailed planning – All necessary administrative
arrangements and security measures are considered in stage.
b. Clear orders and briefing – Crossing plan must be clearly
understood by all troops taking part.
c. Simplicity – Plans must be flexible enough to accommodate
unforeseen events.
d. Surprise – Deception measures must be taken to protect the
crossing forces.
e. Speed and determination – Crossing troops must be ready
to cross as rapidly as possible.
f. Rapid exploitation of success–This must be done as quickly
as possible to allow the crossing troops to expand the Bridge
head on the enemy bank.
STAGES
5. The eight stages of river crossing are as follows:
a. Reconnaissance– For administrative points, crossing points
and Bridge head position.

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b. Appreciation and planning – Detailed planning of the
operation must be done.
c. Detailed planning and orders – This involves preparation
and orders to all troops.
d. Assembly and preparation of troops – Administrative and
operational preparation of troops are vital.
e. Advance of the water way–Moving of troops to the crossing
points and other administrative areas.
f. The assault – Actual crossing of troops.
g. Establishment of a bridge head – Establishment of a secure
area on the enemy bank.
h. Construction of bridges and crossing of the main force–
Preparations for the crossing main force to the enemy bank.
RECCE AND PLANNING
6. Information needed on:
a. In defence including mines on both sides of the river
b. Details about the river:
(1) Width, depth, current, types of bottom.
(2) Bank height and slope.
(3) Islands, fords and sand bank.
c. Subsidiary obstacles, ditches and fences.
d. Suitable crossing place for boats and amphibious.
TO THE WATER WAY
7. This is the movement of the force from the concentration area to
crossing areas:
a. Conc Area. Out of enemy artillery range where troop if
possible can train and rehearse for coming operations.
b. BdeAssy Area. Bn vehicles other than those crossing under
Bde arrangement assemble before crossing.
c. BnAssy Area. Bn make final preparations before moving to
FUP’s.
d. Boat off loading point. If the Assy area is some way from
the river and it is possible to take target forward without

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prejudicing surveying a boat off loading point is selected to
which the vehicle carrying the assaulting boats are driven before
being unloaded.
e. Check Points. This will ensure that companies move
forward in the correct order at the right time.
f. FUP Means forming up places where assault troops get into
their assault formation. In this case the formation in which
they enter the water.
g. Crossing places. Where troops put their boats into the water
of where amphibious vehicles enter the water.
THE ASSAULT AND ESTABLISHING OF BRIDGE HEAD
8. The plan cannot succeed unless all ranks are absolutely
determined to get over the river and to secure their allotted objective
in the assault and subsequent establishment of bridge head certain
factors must be considered and remembered:
a. Flights and waves, flights are terminologies used at Bde
level and above meaning the body of men about to cross. At
Bn level normal attack terms are used, i.e. A coy and B coy cross
at H-Hour, C coy and D coy cross H-Hour plus 20 minutes etc.
b. Objectives
(1) Must be limited particularly by night.
(2) Primary objective. Those positions from which the
enemy put aimed small arms fire into the crossing places.
(3) Secondary objectives. These positions which over loo
the river and from which the enemy can direct military fire
out of the crossing places.
c. H-Hour. The time at which the first wave of assault boats or
amphibious enter the water.
d. Fire support. This is as for a normal attack, but the
following points are emphasised.
(1) If a silent crossing is attempted fire support must be
on call.
(2) Flat trajectory weapons are useful for:
(a) Flank protection.
(b) Close protection of the crossing places.

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(c) Neutralizing enemy defences particularly those
to the fire.
e. Mopping up. This must be thoroughly carried out by
forward troops not left to the reserve companies.
f. Anti-tank defence. It may be sometimes before anti-tank
guns can reach forward coys in the Bde head. Anti-tank defence
artillery guns to be put across as early as possible
h. ‘F’ Echelon tpt – Priority of crossing:
(1) Anti-tank guns
(2) Ammo
(3) SP coy and forward observation Officer (FOO) vehs
(4) Comd, medical, signals and recce platoon vehicles.
DUTIES OF THE BANK GROUP
9. The smooth and orderly progress of the crossing depends largely
upon the efficient direction and control of movement of troops and
vehicle between the area and release points of the far bank. These
duties are taken either entirely or in part by bank group specially
formed for the operation usually formed by separate unit provide its
own men.
10. The main duties are:
a. Directing and controlling movement of personnel and
vehicles into Assy area.
b. Close supervision of the crossing by making full use of all
available bridges and crossing places.
c. Protection of routes to crossing places.
d. Off loading assault equipments and helping to man handle it
forward the FUP.
e. Guiding troops to the crossing places.
f. Organizing each crossing including protection.
g. Operating the boats, rafts and out board meters.
h. Recovery posts and POW cage needed near the rivers.
j. Organising and staffing the Assy areas and other areas.
k. Keeping the next higher comd informed of the progress of
the build up.
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ADMINISTRATION
11. After a battalion has gained its bridge it may be temporarily cut
off by en counter attacks or shelling of the bridge, therefore:
a. An adequate reserve of all requirements particularly ammo
must be put across the river with the assaulting troops.
b. Arrangements must be made to hold wounded and POW for
a time until they are evacuated.
c. Men must carry enough food and water to prevent either
becoming a high priority requirement for 24 Hrs.

CHAPTER TWENTY SIX

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PERIMETER DEFENCE
1. A perimeter defence is a defensive operation oriented in all directions.
The battalion can organize a perimeter defence to accomplish a specific
mission or to provide immediate self protection.
REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A PERIMETER DEFENCE
2. a. A perimeter is established when the battalion must hold critical
terrain in an area where the defence is not tied in with adjacent units.

b. When the battalion is operating behind the enemy lines or when

it is securing an isolated objective such as a bridge, mountain path, or
airfield.

c. The battalion may also form a perimeter when it has been

bypassed and isolated by the enemy and must defend in place.

d. During operations against insurgents in counter insurgency

operations.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEFENCE
3. Much time is always spent in defence in any war. Infantry men may be
required to stand against massed enemy such as Infantry attacks supported
by aircrafts, tanks and artillery and probably nuclear weapons. Only the
most relocate and efficient defence will succeed in this task. The general
principles of defence which have been evolved are:
a. Ground of tactical importance must be denied to enemy. The
careful selection of the ground of tactical importance should be the
first priority in setting a defensive position. This must be physically
occupied, although occasionally other considerations such as lack of
cover will distaste that it will be denied by holding or dominating the
approaches to it instead.
b Depth. This is the extension of operations in time, space,
recourses and purpose. Depth is needed to:
(1) Stop the enemy from gaining information about our main
defensive position when preparing his attack.
(2) Surprise the attacker.
(3) Slow down the momentum of the enemy’s attack.
(4) localize any enemy penetrations of our localities so that
they can be counter-attacked and eliminated.
c. Mutual Support. Each sub-unit in the battalion must be able to
fire to the front, flanks, or rear of its neighbouring sub-units. In
this way, sub units protect each other from isolation and
defeat in detail.

a. Concealment
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(1) From the air. The overall plan for concealment from air
observation and the camera will be laid down by formation HQ
and will include such matters as track discipline and dummy
position.
(2) From the ground. It is more important than ever to hide
our disposition from the enemy ground observation. Once a post
has been located, it is liable to be neutralized before the enemy
main attack is launched.

(3) Concealment should not be sacrificed for field of fire.

100yds is the minimum desirable field of fire acceptable, 300
yards is adequate for most purposes but a longer field of fire is
desirable for light machine guns.
e. All round defence. Battalions are often responsible for long
frontages i.e. the width of the front plus that distance beyond
the flanks covered by observation and fire by a unit in combat.
In such Cases, it is not possible to hold ground along the whole front as
this would result in loss of depth. Gaps are acceptable and will be
dominated by fire and active patrolling. Sub-unit have a primary
direction on which they will concentrate their attention and fire effort
but they must be ready always to meet an attack from any direction.

f. Reliable Communication. It is impossible to fight a battle

effectively without reliable communication. Wireless is the main
method and all junior leaders must be trained to use it. Line is usually
laid in defence but it is not always a reliable method of obtaining
additional fire support owing to frequent breakages.
g. Administration. A defensive battle can last a consideration period
of time and Demands a high degree of determination and the will to
fight from the defenders. These require in addition to leadership,
adequate supplies of ammunition, food and water, sleep and medical
care. The platoon commander must plan his administrative
arrangements with care giving his men the supplies and rest they
need.
4. The need to hold or protect features, such as bridges, airfields, or
landing zones (LZs), from enemy observation and fires may restrict the
positioning of units within a perimeter. These factors and an inability to
achieve depth, also make a perimeter defence vulnerable to armour. The
commander reduces these vulnerabilities by doing the following:
a. Positioning the anti armour weapons systems on restrictive
terrain to concentrate fire on armour approaches.

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b. Providing as much depth as the diameter of the perimeter allows
through his location of security elements, the reserve, and secondary
sectors of fire of antitank weapons.

c. Constructing obstacles to fix or block the enemy so that he can be

effectively engaged.
d. Perimeters vary in shape, depending on the terrain and situation.
If the commander determines the most probable direction of enemy
attack, he may weigh that part of the perimeter to cover that
approach. The perimeter shape conforms to the terrain feature that
best uses friendly observation and fields of fire. The effectiveness of
the perimeter maybe enhanced by tying it in to a natural obstacle,
such as a river, which allows combat power to be concentrated in more
threatened sectors.
e. Several methods maybe used to organize a battalion perimeter.
One method is to place all platoons in the position on the perimeter.
This is least desirable since it facilitates an enemy penetration.
However, certain positioning techniques can create some depth in
defence:
(1) The perimeter is divided into company sectors with
boundaries and coordinating points, which are established based
on the same considerations discussed earlier. When possible,
two platoons are placed on the outer perimeter and one on the
inner perimeter of each sector (C, Figure 4 - 9). This gives depth
to the company position and facilitates control. It gives one
platoon from each rifle company the mission to support front-line
platoons. Also it enables the company commander to locate his
command post (CP) and his 82mm mortars near the reserve
platoon, enhancing control and security.

(2) The battalion commander may decide to assign two rifle

companies to the outer perimeter and the third to an inner
perimeter. Regardless of the method used, the inner
perimeter should be far enough from the outer perimeter
to prevent the enemy from suppressing both with the
same fires. However, the inner perimeter must be close enough
to support the outer perimeter with small arms fire. Gaps on the
outer perimeter between units in open terrain must be covered
by fire. When units are in restrictive terrain with restricted fields
of fire and observation, no gaps should be allowed, and narrow
frontage maybe required. This may also require the company
commander to deploy his entire platoon on line.

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f. The commander ensures the outer perimeter positions have
rearward protection from the inner perimeter weapons once the inner
perimeter is established.
g. Combat vehicles supporting the defence are normally assigned
firing positions on the perimeter, covering the mostly mounted
avenues of approach. Additional firing positions and routes to them
should be selected and prepared. If the perimeter has several mounted
approaches, combat vehicles may be held in a mobile position.
Therefore, units must prepare routes, firing positions, and range cards
for all positions in advance. Also, commanders must ensure that
vehicles do not destroy wire communications.

h. The battalion commander normally employs the scout platoon

outside the perimeter for early warning. He may augment security
with squad sized or similar elements, which are provided and
controlled by units on the perimeter. The security elements are
positioned to observe avenues of approach. Patrols cover areas that
can be observed by stationary elements. If the scout platoon remains
under battalion control, it must coordinate with units on the perimeter
for a passage of lines.

j. Reserve elements may consist of a designated unit or provisional

force organized from headquarters and support personnel. They form
the second line of defence behind the perimeter elements. Ideally,
reserves are mobile enough to react to enemy action in any portion of
the perimeter. They are positioned to block the most dangerous
avenues of approaches and are assigned on order positions on other
critical avenues. If available, combat vehicles initially occupying firing
positions on the perimeter may be tasked to reinforce the reserve on
order.
k. The perimeter defence is conducted much like a forward
defence. Mortars, field artillery (FA), tanks, and TOW missile system
engage the enemy at long ranges. As the enemy comes within small
arms range, other weapons on perimeter engage him. If the assault
continues, final protective fire (FPF) is fired. If the perimeter is
penetrated, the reserves block the penetration or counterattacks to
restore the perimeter. After committing the initial reserve, the
commander must reconstitute a reserve to meet other threats. This
force normally comes from an unengaged unit in another portion of the
perimeter. If an engaged force is used to constitute a new reserve,
sufficient forces must be retained to defend the vacated sector.

l. Combat Service Support (CSS) elements may support from within

the perimeter or from another location depending on the mission and
status of the battalion, the type of transport available, the weather,
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and the terrain. Re-supply is often by air. The availability of landing
zones (LZs) and dropping zones (DZs) are protected from the enemy’s
observation and fire and it is a main consideration in selecting and
organizing the position. Since aerial re-supply is vulnerable to weather
and enemy fires, commanders must emphasize supply economy and
protection of available stocks.

DIAGRAMMATIC LAYOUT OF 3 COMPANIES ON THE PERIMETER RESERVE

PLATOONS DEPLOYED IN DEPTH

Fig: 14 3 Companies on the perimeter, reserve platoons deployed in

depth

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DIAGRAMMATIC LAYOUT OF 2 COMPANIES ON THE PERIMETER, ONE IN

RESERVE

Fig:15 2 Companies on the perimeter, one in

reserve

RECOMMENDED READING

Manual for UPDFs Counter Insurgency campaign and tactical doctrine -

proposal by HE Rtd Gen YK Museveni

The Uganda Defence Doctrine - April 2015.

Cross JE Conflict in the shadows: The nature and politics of Guerilla war -New
York Double day 1964.

Galloway, Gerald E. Counter insurgency: relearning how to think. US Army

war college, 2005.

Green Daniel. Counter insurgency diplomacy: political advisors at the

operational levels. 2007.

Jones David M. ‘‘whose hearts and whose minds? The curious case of global
Counter Insurgency’’ journal of strategic studies. 2010.

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Shultz Richard. Insurgents, terrorists and militias. The warriors of
contemporary combat

In FW Beckett. Armed forces and modern counter insurgency (croom Helm,

London 1985)

In Beckett (Ed). The roots of Counter Insurgency, Armies and Guerilla

warfare, 1990 – 1945. (Bland ford press. London 1988)

Sir Robert Thompson – defeating communist Insurgency – (Chatto and

Windus London 1974). (NORDCAPS) Nordic coordinated arrangement for
military peace support. Tactical manual volume 11 2007.

The essential of law of war – off print of FDE MULINEN. A handbook on the
law of war for armed forces.

Field manual No 90.8 on counter insurgency operations – Headquarters Dept

of the army – Washington, DC August 86.

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