STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION

When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming that the work is their
own.

Student name: Assessor name:

S.Kumarawadu

Issue date: Formative Assessment Date: Submission date:

04/01/2024 01/02/2024 10/02/2024

Programme:

Pearson Higher Nationals in Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Unit:

Unit 19: Electrical & Electronic Principles

Assignment number and title:

Electrical Circuit Analysis

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Higher Nationals
Assignment Brief – BTEC (RQF)
Higher National Diploma in Engineering
Student Name/ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 19: Electrical & Electronic Principles

Academic Year 2023 - 24

Unit Assessor S. Kumarawadu

Assignment Title Electrical Circuit Analysis

Issue Date 04/01/2024

Submission Date 10/02/2024

Majeed Raheem
IV Name
04/01/2024
Date

Submission Format:
You should present.
The assignment working clearly presented with the use of standard technical jargon and fully word-
processed including the text, equations, figures, and tables.

Clearly present the steps of the methods, logic behind the analysis, definitions of the notations used. Use
software where appropriate and show the codes and the results

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1: Apply an understanding of fundamental electrical quantities to analyse simple circuits with constant
voltages and currents.

LO2: Analyse simple circuits with sinusoidal voltages and currents

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Scenario

You work as an electrical, electronic and communications engineer and have been tasked with analysing and
investigating issues with the electrical system in your workplace. Such electrical systems generally consist of
power transformers, standby generators, transmission lines, power factor corrective capacitor banks, circuit
protection and isolation devices, and electrical loads.

The electrical load of your factory may be considered to be single-phase. It is served by a dedicated single-
phase electrical power transformer or by a single-phase standby diesel generator in case of a power outage.

Power, voltage, and current of an electrical load were measured to be 6.3 kW, 230 V, 38.5 A. This load is
connected with a power factor capacitor. Power factor at the metering point is measured to be 0.98 lagging.
This load is served by an 8 kVA, 6 kV/230 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase power transformer. Metering point, capacitor,
and the load are located close to each other. Line impedance between the transformer and the capacitor is
0.1+j0.02 Ω.

Task
Part 1:
Draw the circuit diagram of this electrical system consisting of the transformer, transmission line, PF
capacitor, and the electrical load. What are the transformer voltage, load impedance, capacitor kVAR,
capacitance, and capacitor current?

The power factor capacitor had to be removed in the circuit due to a capacitor failure. Without taking
further measurements, you are supposed to check whether the transformer is now overloaded.

Clearly giving the steps, calculate the load voltage, line drop, and line loss.
Fill in the following table and discuss.

Line current [A] Line loss [W] Transmission Line drop [V] Load voltage [V]
efficiency [%]
With PF
capacitor
Without PF
capacitor

It has been proposed to purchase a new generator identical to the existing one and operate them in
parallel to supply the increased electrical load in your workplace. Your senior management has asked you
to explain whether this is technically feasible. Two identical 1-phase ac generators connected in parallel
are expected to supply the load. The generators do not have AVRs.
1.1 You are expected to analyse parallel operation as well as the importance of AVR. To this end, you may want
to draw the equivalent electrical circuit that consists of the two generators in parallel and the load and obtain
the Thevanin equivalent voltage and impedance of the parallel generator setup to show that the load current
and terminal voltage are given by,

𝐸 𝑍𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = , 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸 [ 𝑍]
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑆 /2 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑠
2

Here, 𝐸 is the open circuit phase voltage of the generator (source voltage), 𝑍𝑆 is the generator per phase
internal impedance, and 𝑍𝐿 is the per phase load impedance. In order to further justify this result, you are
expected to use alternate methods (such as Kirchhoff’s laws) to obtain the same results and compare with
the results obtained using Thevanin theorem.

In order to encourage having the generators equipped with AVRs, you may want to argue that, with AVRs,
the above expressions simplify to the following forms.
𝐸
𝐼𝐿 = , 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸
𝑍𝐿

When a 1-phase load is connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply, the power and current were measured to be
6.3kW and 38.5 A.

Two 4.5 kVA, 50 Hz, 230 V, 1-phase power generators operating in parallel are supplying this load. Line
impedance between the generator and the load is 0.08 + 𝑗0.02 Ω. The generators are capable of regulating
the terminal voltage at the rated value using high-end AVRs. You are supposed to check whether the
generator currents do not exceed their rated values and hence the generators are overloaded or not.

Task
DC circuits are often used in systems that do not have access to AC electricity. Further, DC microgrids are
becoming commonplace with rapid growth of solar PV and battery storage-based technologies.

Part 2:

Fig. 1: Circuit of a simple dc power distribution system

2.1 Short circuit has happened at load 𝑅1 of the DC circuit shown in Fig. 1 of a small DC power
system. DC circuits are becoming common place in the industry power systems as a result of
growing popularity of solar systems and technologies such as dc micro grids etc. The resistances
𝑅1 and 𝑅2 represent two lighting loads that nominally operate at 120 V, while 𝑅3 represents the
heating element in an oven that nominally operates at 240 V. The resistances labelled 𝑅𝑤 , 𝑅𝑛
represent the resistances of connecting wires.
You are supposed to calculate the currents in all the branches of the circuit in Fig. 1 under
healthy and faulty conditions and compare.

2.2 You are required to demonstrate the discrepancies between theoretical results obtained based on
variety of assumptions and the real-world practical scenarios of electrical circuits to colleagues from
diverse backgrounds through examples. In order to accomplish this, you may follow the following
procedure and produce a concise report:
• Consider the two resistive circuits shown in Fig. 2 with complex interconnections. Write the
mesh current analysis equations for the two circuits that may be solved to obtain the loop
currents, 𝑖1 , 𝑖2⋯ etc. Put these equations into standard form 𝐴𝒊 = 𝒃 where 𝒊 is the current
matrix vector.
• Chose a suitable batteries as the DC voltage sources and the resistors, 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 , available
in the market for the circuit Fig. 2(a). Calculate the currents through all the elements in the
circuit for the 𝑣𝐴 , 𝑣𝐵 , and resistor values you have chosen.
• Construct the circuit in Fig. 2(a) on a breadboard, measure all the currents and compare them
with the theoretically calculated values. Discuss the possible reasons why the calculated and
measured values are not exactly the same. Discuss the means that you followed to minimize
such errors while designing and constructing the circuit.

Fig. 2: DC circuits with complex interconnections

 Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

LO1: Apply an P1 Apply the principles M1 Apply the principles D1 Apply the principles of
understanding of of circuit theory to of circuit theory to a circuit theory to complex
fundamental electrical simple circuits with range of circuits with circuits, with constant
quantities to analyse constant sources, to constant sources, to sources, explaining and
simple circuits with explain the operation of explain the operation of evaluating the operation of
constant voltages and that circuit. that circuit that circuit
currents.
LO2: Analyze simple P2 Analyze the M2 Analyse the D2 Critically analyse the
circuits with sinusoidal principles of circuit principles of circuit principles of circuit theory
voltages and currents theory as applied to theory to a range of as applied to complex
simple circuits with more complex circuits circuits, with sinusoidal
sinusoidal sources, to with sinusoidal sources, sources, explaining and
explain the operation of to explain the operation evaluating the operation of
that circuit of that circuit that circuit

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

P1 Apply the principles of circuit theory to simple

circuits with constant sources, to explain the operation
of that circuit
P2 Analyse the principles of circuit theory as applied
to simple circuits with sinusoidal sources, to explain
the operation of that circuit
M1 Apply the principles of circuit theory to a range of
circuits with constant sources, to explain the operation
of that circuit

M2 Analyse the principles of circuit theory to a range

of more complex circuits with sinusoidal sources, to
explain the operation of that circuit
D1 Apply the principles of circuit theory to complex
circuits, with constant sources, explaining and
evaluating the operation of that circuit
D2 Critically analyse the principles of circuit theory as
applied to complex circuits, with sinusoidal sources,
explaining and evaluating the operation of that circuit
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