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Case-III: If α = 90˚

R P 2
 Q 2  2 PQ  Cos90   P 2  Q 2 Q
R
α = tan (Q/P)
-1

α
P

Force AD is called the resultant of AB and AC and the forces are called its Resolution of a force
components.
The replacement of a single force by a several components which will be equivalent in
action to the given force is called resolution of a force.
P

P
AP

AP
R

R P 2
 Q 2  2 PQ  Cos 
CO

CO

Now applying triangle law Action and reaction

P Q R Often bodies in equilibrium are constrained to investigate the conditions.

 
Sin Sin Sin(   )
w
U

Special cases

Case-I: If α = 0˚
P  Q 2  2 PQ  Cos 0   ( P  Q ) 2  P  Q
ST

ST

R 2

P Q R

R = P+Q
.

Case- II: If α = 180˚

R P 2
 Q 2  2 PQ  Cos180   ( P 2  Q 2  2 PQ )  ( P  Q ) 2  P  Q

Q P R

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Free body diagram 3. Draw the free body diagram of the following figures.

Free body diagram is necessary to investigate the condition of equilibrium of a body or

system. While drawing the free body diagram all the supports of the body are removed
and replaced with the reaction forces acting on it.

1. Draw the free body diagrams of the following figures.

P
AP

AP
Equilibrium of colinear forces:
R

R
Equllibrium law: Two forces can be in equilibrium only if they are equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction and collinear in action.
CO

CO
2. Draw the free body diagram of the body, the string CD and the ring.

(tension)
U

U
Problem 1:
ST

ST
(compression)
.

.
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Superposition and transmissibility Q P R

 
sin  sin sin(   )
Problem 1: A man of weight W = 712 N holds one end of a rope that passes over a
Q sin 
pulley vertically above his head and to the other end of which is attached a weight Q = sin  
534 N. Find the force with which the man’s feet press against the floor. R
1068  sin 60

1698.01
 33

P sin 
sin 
R
890  sin 60

P

P
1698.01
 27
AP

AP

Resolution of a force

Replacement of a single force by several components which will be equivalent in

action to the given force is called the problem of resolution of a force.

By using parallelogram law, a single force R can be resolved into two components P
R

and Q intersecting at a point on its line of action.

CO

CO

Problem 2: A boat is moved uniformly along a canal by two horses pulling with forces
P = 890 N and Q = 1068 N acting under an angle α = 60˚. Determine the magnitude of
U

the resultant pull on the boat and the angles β and ν.

ST

ST

Equilibrium of collinear forces:

Equilibrium law: Two forces can be in equilibrium only if they are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction and collinear in action.
.

P = 890 N, α = 60˚
Q = 1068 N β
R  ( P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos  )
ν
 (8902  10682  2  890 1068  0.5) α

 1698.01N

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Law of superposition Problem 5: Determine the angles α and β shown in the figure.

The action of a given system of forces on a rigid body will no way be changed if we
add to or subtract from them another system of forces in equllibrium.

Problem 3: Two spheres of weight P and Q rest inside a hollow cylinder which is
resting on a horizontal force. Draw the free body diagram of both the spheres, together
and separately.

P
AP

AP
R

R
 762 
  tan 1  
 915 
CO

CO

 39 47 '

 762 
Problem 4: Draw the free body diagram of the figure shown below.   tan 1  
 610 

 5119 '
U

U
ST

ST
.

.
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Problem 8: Find θn and θt in the following figure.

Problem 6: Find the reactions R1 and R2.

Problem 9: For the particular position shown in the figure, the connecting rod BA of
an engine exert a force of P = 2225 N on the crank pin at A. Resolve this force into two
rectangular components Ph and Pv horizontally and vertically respectively at A.
P

P
AP

AP
R

Ph = 2081.4 N
Pv = 786.5 N
Problem 7: Two rollers of weight P and Q are supported by an inclined plane and
CO

CO

vertical walls as shown in the figure. Draw the free body diagram of both the rollers Equilibrium of concurrent forces in a plane
separately.
 If a body known to be in equilibrium is acted upon by several concurrent,
coplanar forces, then these forces or rather their free vectors, when
geometrically added must form a closed polygon.
U

 This system represents the condition of equilibrium for any system of

concurrent forces in a plane.
ST

ST
.

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Ra  w tan  Problem: A ball of weight Q = 53.4N rest in a right angled trough as shown in figure.
S  w sec  Determine the forces exerted on the sides of the trough at D and E if all the surfaces
are perfectly smooth.
S

P
Lami’s theorem
Problem: An electric light fixture of weight Q = 178 N is supported as shown in

AP

AP
If three concurrent forces are acting on a body kept in an equllibrium, then each force
is proportional to the sine of angle between the other two forces and the constant of figure. Determine the tensile forces S1 and S2 in the wires BA and BC, if their angles
proportionality is same. of inclination are given.
R

R
CO

CO
S1 S2 178
 
U

U
P Q R sin135 sin150 sin 75
 
sin  sin  sin 
ST

ST
.

.
W
S1 cos   P

S Ra W S = Psecα
 
sin 90 sin 180    sin  90   

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Rb  W  S sin 
P
W   sin 
cos 
 W  P tan 

Problem: A right circular roller of weight W rests on a smooth horizontal plane and is
held in position by an inclined bar AC. Find the tensions in the bar AC and vertical
reaction Rb if there is also a horizontal force P is active.

X 0
S1 cos 30  20sin 60  S 2 sin 30
P

P
3 3 S2
S1  20 
2 2 2
AP

AP

S2 3
 S1  10 3
2 2
S 2  3S1  20 3 (1)
Theory of transmissiibility of a force:
Y  0
R

The point of application of a force may be transmitted along its line of action without
changing the effect of force on any rigid body to which it may be applied. S1 sin 30  S2 cos 30  Sd cos 60  20
S1 3 20
CO

CO

Problem:  S2   20
2 2 2
S1 3
 S2  30
2 2
S1  3S 2  60 (2)
U

Substituting the value of S2 in Eq.2, we get

 
ST

ST

S1  3 3S1  20 3  60
S1  3S1  60  60
4 S1  0
S1  0 KN
S 2  20 3  34.64 KN
.

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Problem: A ball of weight W is suspended from a string of length l and is pulled by a Q W


horizontal force Q. The weight is displaced by a distance d from the vertical position sin(90   ) sin(180   )
as shown in Figure. Determine the angle α, forces Q and tension in the string S in the
displaced position. d 
W 
W cos  l
Q 
sin  1 2
l  d2
l
Wd
Q
l2  d 2

W W
S 
sin  1 l 2  d 2

P
l
Wl


AP

AP
l2  d 2

Problem: Two smooth circular cylinders each of weight W = 445 N and radius r = 152
mm are connected at their centres by a string AB of length l = 406 mm and rest upon a
horizontal plane, supporting above them a third cylinder of weight Q = 890 N and
R

R
radius r = 152 mm. Find the forces in the string and the pressures produced on the floor
at the point of contact.
CO

CO
W

d
cos  
U

U
l
d 
  cos 1  
 l
ST

ST
sin   cos 2   1
2

203
cos  
 sin   (1  cos 2  ) 304
   48.1 Rg Rf
d2
 1
l2
1 2 Rg Re Q
 l  d2  
.

.
l sin138.1 sin138.1 83.8
 Rg  Re  597.86 N
Applying Lami’s theorem,

S Q W
 
sin 90 sin(90   ) sin(180   )
Q

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Resolving horizontally
X 0 Resolving vertically
S  R f cos 48.1 Y  0
Rb cos 60  445  S sin 30
 597.86 cos 48.1
 399.27 N  Rb
3
 445 
222.5 Rc
2 2
Resolving vertically  Rb  642.302 N
Y  0
Rd  W  R f sin 48.1 Resolving horizontally
 445  597.86sin 48.1 X 0
Rc  R b sin 30  S cos 30
 890 N
 642.302sin 30  222.5cos 30
P

P
Re  890 N  Rc  513.84 N
S  399.27 N
AP

AP

Problem:

Problem: Two identical rollers each of weight Q = 445 N are supported by an inclined A weight Q is suspended from a small ring C supported by two cords AC and BC. The
plane and a vertical wall as shown in the figure. Assuming smooth surfaces, find the cord AC is fastened at A while cord BC passes over a frictionless pulley at B and
reactions induced at the points of support A, B and C. carries a weight P. If P = Q and α = 50˚, find the value of β.
R

S
CO

CO
U

U
ST

ST

Resolving horizontally
X 0
S sin 50  Q sin  (1)
Ra S 445
  Resolving vertically
Y  0
sin120 sin150 sin 90

 Ra  385.38 N S cos 50  Q sin   Q

.

 S  222.5 N  S cos 50  Q(1  cos  )

Putting the value of S from Eq. 1, we get

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S cos 50  Q sin   Q Method of moments

 S cos 50  Q(1  cos  )
Moment of a force with respect to a point:
sin 
Q cos 50  Q(1  cos  )
sin 50
1  cos 
 cot 50 
sin 
 0.839sin   1  cos 

Squaring both sides,

0.703sin 2   1  cos 2   2 cos 
0.703(1  cos 2  )  1  cos 2   2 cos 
0.703  0.703cos 2   1  cos 2   2 cos 

P
 1.703cos 2   2 cos   0.297  0
 cos 2   1.174 cos   0.297  0  Considering wrench subjected to two forces P and Q of equal magnitude. It is

AP

AP
evident that force P will be more effective compared to Q, though they are of
   63.13
equal magnitude.
 The effectiveness of the force as regards it is the tendency to produce rotation
of a body about a fixed point is called the moment of the force with respect to
that point.
 Moment = Magnitude of the force × Perpendicular distance of the line of action
R

R
of force.
 Point O is called moment centre and the perpendicular distance (i.e. OD) is
called moment arm.
CO

CO
 Unit is N.m

Theorem of Varignon:

The moment of the resultant of two concurrent forces with respect to a centre in their
U

U
plane is equal to the alzebric sum of the moments of the components with respect to
some centre.
ST

ST
Problem 1:

A prismatic clear of AB of length l is hinged at A and supported at B. Neglecting

friction, determine the reaction Rb produced at B owing to the weight Q of the bar.

Taking moment about point A,

l
Rb  l  Q cos  .
.

.
2
Q
 Rb  cos 
2

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Problem 2: Area of cylinder


A bar AB of weight Q and length 2l rests on a very small friction less roller at D and A (0.1016) 2  8.107 103 m 2
4
against a smooth vertical wall at A. Find the angle α that the bar must make with the
horizontal in equilibrium. Force exerted on connecting rod,

F = Pressure × Area
= 0.69×106 × 8.107×10-3
B = 5593.83 N

 178 
Now   sin 1    27.93


 380 
P

P
S cos   F
F
S  6331.29 N
AP

AP

cos 

Now moment entered on crankshaft,

Resolving vertically,
Rd cos   Q S cos   0.178  995.7 N  1KN
R

Now taking moment about A, Problem 4:

Rd .a
 Q.l cos   0
cos 
CO

CO

A rigid bar AB is supported in a vertical plane and carrying a load Q at its free end.
Q.a Neglecting the weight of bar, find the magnitude of tensile force S in the horizontal
  Q.l cos   0
cos 2  string CD.
 Q.a  Q.l cos3   0
Q.a
 cos3  
U

Q.l
a
   cos 1 3
ST

ST

Problem 3:

If the piston of the engine has a diameter of 101.6 mm and the gas pressure in the Taking moment about A,
cylinder is 0.69 MPa. Calculate the turning moment M exerted on the crankshaft for
the particular configuration.
MA  0
l
S . cos   Q.l sin 
.

2
Q.l sin 
S
l
cos 
2
 S  2Q.tan 

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Friction Laws of friction

 The force which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement is called 1. The force of friction always acts in a direction opposite to that in which body
Frictional force or simply friction. It is due to the resistance to motion tends to move.
offered by minutely projecting particles at the contact surfaces. However, there 2. Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of friction is exactly equal to
is a limit beyond which the magnitude of this force cannot increase. the force which tends to move the body.
 If the applied force is more than this limit, there will be movement of one body 3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal
over the other. This limiting value of frictional force when the motion is reaction between the two surfaces of contact and this ratio is called coefficient
impending, it is known as Limiting Friction. of friction.
 When the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at 4. The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness of the surfaces.
rest and such frictional force is called Static Friction, which will be having 5. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two
any value between zero and the limiting friction. surfaces.
 If the value of applied force exceeds the limiting friction, the body starts 6. After the body starts moving, the dynamic friction comes into play, the
moving over the other body and the frictional resistance experienced by the magnitude of which is less than that of limiting friction and it bears a constant

P
body while moving is known as Dynamic Friction. Dynamic friction is less ratio with normal force. This ratio is called coefficient of dynamic friction.
than limiting friction.


AP

AP
Dynamic friction is classified into following two types:
a) Sliding friction Angle of friction
b) Rolling friction
 Sliding friction is the friction experienced by a body when it slides over the Consider the block shown in figure resting on a horizontal surface and subjected to
other body. horizontal pull P. Let F be the frictional force developed and N the normal reaction.
Thus, at contact surface the reactions are F and N. They can be graphically combined
 Rolling friction is the friction experienced by a body when it rolls over a
surface. to get the reaction R which acts at angle θ to normal reaction. This angle θ called the
R

R
angle of friction is given by
 It is experimentally found that the magnitude of limiting friction bears a
constant ratio to the normal reaction between two surfaces and this ratio is
F
tan  
CO

CO
called Coefficient of Friction.
N

W As P increases, F increases and hence θ also increases. θ can reach the maximum value
α when F reaches limiting value. At this stage,
U

U
F
tan   
P N
ST

ST
This value of α is called Angle of Limiting Friction. Hence, the angle of limiting
F friction may be defined as the angle between the resultant reaction and the normal to
the plane on which the motion of the body is impending.
N
Angle of repose
F
Coefficient of friction =
N
where F is limiting friction and N is normal reaction between the contact surfaces.
.

.
Coefficient of friction is denoted by µ.

F
Thus,  
N

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Consider the block of weight W resting on an inclined plane which makes an angle θ Problem 1: Block A weighing 1000N rests over block B which weighs 2000N as
with the horizontal. When θ is small, the block will rest on the plane. If θ is gradually shown in figure. Block A is tied to wall with a horizontal string. If the coefficient of
increased, a stage is reached at which the block start sliding down the plane. The angle friction between blocks A and B is 0.25 and between B and floor is 1/3, what should be
the value of P to move the block (B), if
θ for which the motion is impending, is called the angle of repose. Thus, the maximum
(a) P is horizontal.
inclination of the plane on which a body, free from external forces, can repose is called (b) P acts at 30˚ upwards to horizontal.
Angle of Repose.
Solution: (a)
Resolving vertically,
N = W. cos θ

Resolving horizontally,
F = W. sin θ
P

P
F
Thus, tan  
N
AP

AP

If ɸ is the value of θ when the motion is impending, the frictional force will be limiting
friction and hence,

F Considering block A,
tan  
N
R

   tan  V  0
  N1  1000 N
CO

CO

Thus, the value of angle of repose is same as the value of limiting angle of repose.
Since F1 is limiting friction,

Cone of friction F1
   0.25
N1
F1  0.25 N1  0.25 1000  250 N
U

H  0
ST

ST

F1  T  0
T  F1  250 N

Considering equilibrium of block B,

V  0
 When a body is having impending motion in the direction of force P, the N 2  2000  N1  0
.

frictional force will be limiting friction and the resultant reaction R will make
limiting angle α with the normal. N 2  2000  N1  2000  1000  3000 N
 If the body is having impending motion in some other direction, the resultant
reaction makes limiting frictional angle α with the normal to that direction. F2

1
Thus, when the direction of force P is gradually changed through 360˚, the N2 3
resultant R generates a right circular cone with semi-central angle equal to α.
F2  0.3N 2  0.3 1000  1000 N

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H  0 H  0
P  F1  F2  250  1000  1250 N 200  F1  500.sin  (1)
 200   .500 cos   500.sin 

V  0
(b) When P is inclined:

V  0 N  500.cos 
N 2  2000  N1  P.sin 30  0 F2   N   .500.cos 
 N 2  0.5 P  2000  1000
 N 2  3000  0.5 P H  0
500sin   F2  300 (2)
From law of friction,  500sin    .500 cos   300

P
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1 1 0.5
F2  N 2   3000  0.5P   1000  P

AP

AP
3 3 3 500 = 1000. sinθ
sin θ = 0.5
H  0 θ = 30˚
P cos 30  F1  F2
 0.5  Substituting the value of θ in Eq. 2,
 P cos 30  250   1000  P
 3  500sin 30   .500 cos 30  300
R

R
 0.5  50
 P  cos 30  P   1250   0.11547
 3  500 cos 30
CO

CO
 P  1210.43N

Problem 2: A block weighing 500N just starts moving down a rough inclined plane
when supported by a force of 200N acting parallel to the plane in upward direction.
U

U
The same block is on the verge of moving up the plane when pulled by a force of 300N
acting parallel to the plane. Find the inclination of the plane and coefficient of friction
between the inclined plane and the block.
ST

ST
.

.
V  0
N  500.cos 
F1   N   .500 cos 

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Parallel forces on a plane Problem 1 : A rigid bar CABD supported as shown in figure is acted upon by two
equal horizontal forces P applied at C and D. Calculate the reactions that will be
Like parallel forces: Coplanar parallel forces when act in the same direction. induced at the points of support. Assume l = 1.2 m, a = 0.9 m, b =0.6 m.

Unlike parallel forces: Coplanar parallel forces when act in different direction.

Resultant of like parallel forces:

R
P
Let P and Q are two like parallel forces act at points A and B. Q
R=P+Q

A B V  0
P

P
Ra  Rb
Resultant of unlike parallel forces: P
R=P-Q
AP

AP

R Taking moment about A,

Ra  Rb
B Rb  l  P  b  P  a
R is in the direction of the force having greater magnitude. P(0.9  0.6)
A  Rb 
1.2
Q
R

 Rb  0.25P()
 Ra  0.25P()
Couple:
CO

CO

Problem 2: Owing to weight W of the locomotive shown in figure, the reactions at the
Two unlike equal parallel forces form a couple. two points of support A and B will each be equal to W/2. When the locomotive is
pulling the train and the drawbar pull P is just equal to the total friction at the points of
P contact A and B, determine the magnitudes of the vertical reactions Ra and Rb.
U

A
l B
ST

ST

The rotational effect of a couple is measured by its moment.

Moment = P × l

V  0
.

Sign convention: Anticlockwise couple (Positive)

Clockwise couple (Negative) Ra  Rb  W

Taking moment about B,

31 32

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M B 0 FBD
Ra  2a  P  b  W  a
W .a  P.b OR
 Ra 
2a
 Rb  W  Ra
 W .a  P.b 
 Rb  W   
 2a 
W .a  P.b
 Rb 
2a M A 0
S l  Q x
Problem 3: The four wheels of a locomotive produce vertical forces on the horizontal
P.l
girder AB. Determine the reactions Ra and Rb at the supports if the loads P = 90 KN x

P
each and Q = 72 KN (All dimensions are in m). Q

Problem 5: A prismatic bar AB of weight Q = 44.5 N is supported by two vertical

AP

AP
wires at its ends and carries at D a load P = 89 N as shown in figure. Determine the
forces Sa and Sb in the two wires.
R

R
V  0
CO

CO
Ra  Rb  3P  Q
 Ra  Rb  3  90  72
 Ra  Rb  342 KN
Q = 44.5 N
M A 0 P = 89 N
U

U
Rb  9.6  90  1.8  90  3.6  90  5.4  72  8.4
Resolving vertically,
 Rb  164.25 KN
 Ra  177.75 KN
V  0
ST

ST
S a  Sb  P  Q
Problem 4: The beam AB in figure is hinged at A and supported at B by a vertical  Sa  Sb  89  44.5
cord which passes over a frictionless pulley at C and carries at its end a load P.  Sa  Sb  133.5 N
Determine the distance x from A at which a load Q must be placed on the beam if it is
to remain in equilibrium in a horizontal position. Neglect the weight of the beam.
.

.
33 34

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M A 0 Problem 1: Consider the triangle ABC of base ‘b’ and height ‘h’. Determine the
distance of centroid from the base.
l l
Sb  l  P   Q 
4 2
P Q
 Sb  
4 2
89 44.5
 Sb  
4 2
 Sb  44.5
 Sa  133.5  44.5
 Sa  89 N
Let us consider an elemental strip of width ‘b1’ and thickness ‘dy’.

AEF  ABC
P

P
Centre of gravity b1 h  y
 
AP

AP

b h
Centre of gravity: It is that point through which the resultant of the distributed gravity h y 
force passes regardless of the orientation of the body in space.  b1  b  
 h 
 As the point through which resultant of force of gravity (weight) of the body acts.  y
 b1  b 1  
 h
Centroid: Centrroid of an area lies on the axis of symmetry if it exits.
R

Area of element EF (dA) = b1×dy

 y
Centre of gravity is applied to bodies with mass and weight and centroid is applied to  b 1   dy
 h
CO

CO

plane areas.

xc   Ai xi
yc 
 y.dA
yc   Ai yi A
h
 y
 .b 1  h  dy
y
U

0
1
b.h
A1 x1  A2 x2 2
xc 
ST

ST

A1  A2 h
 y 2 y3 
A y  A2 y2
yc  1 1 b  
A1  A2

 2 3h  0
1
b.h
2
Moment of area
xc  yc  2  h 2 h3 
Total area    
.

h 2 3 
xc 
 x.dA 2 h2
A  
h 6
yc 
 y.dA h
A 
3

Therefore, yc is at a distance of h/3 from base.

35 36

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Problem 2: Consider a semi-circle of radius R. Determine its distance from diametral 2 R3

axis.  32
R
2
4R

3

4R
Therefore, the centroid of the semicircle is at a distance of from the diametric
3
axis.

Centroids of different figures

Shape Figure x y Area

P
Due to symmetry, centroid ‘yc’ must lie on Y-axis. Rectangle b d bd
2 2
Consider an element at a distance ‘r’ from centre ‘o’ of the semicircle with radial width

AP

AP
dr.

Area of element = (r.dθ)×dr

Triangle 0 h bh
Moment of area about x =  y.dA 3 2
 R
R

R
    r.d .dr   r.sin  
0 0
 R Semicircle 0 4R  r2
CO

CO
   r 2 sin  .dr.d 3 2
0 0
 R
    r .dr .sin  .d
2

0 0
Quarter circle 4R 4R  r2
 R 3 3 4
r 
U

U
3
    .sin  .d
0 
3 0

R3
ST

ST
 .sin  .d
0
3 Problem 3: Find the centroid of the T-section as shown in figure from the bottom.
R3
  cos  0


3
3 1
R
 1  1
3
2 3
.

.
 R 2
3

Moment of area
yc 
Total area

37 38

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Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi   4x 
2
 R2
2000 0 110 10,000 22,0000 A3 = Area of semicircle to be subtracted =   25.13x 2
2 2
2000 0 50 10,000 10,0000
  4x
2
4000 20,000 32,0000 R 2
A4 = Area of quatercircle to be subtracted =   12.56 x 2
4 4
1
A5 = Area of triangle =  6 x  4 x  12 x 2
yc 
Ay i i

A1 y1  A2 y2 32, 0000
  80
2
Ai A1  A2 4000 Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
A1 = 268800 7x = 280 6x =240 75264000 64512000
Due to symmetry, the centroid lies on Y-axis and it is at distance of 80 mm from the A2 = 25600 2x = 80 10x=400 2048000 10240000
bottom. A3 = 40208 6x =240 4  4x 9649920 2730364.448
=67.906
3
Problem 4: Locate the centroid of the I-section. A4 = 20096  4  4x   4  4x  9889040.64 8281420.926
10 x   4 x   8x   4 x  
P

P
 3   3 
 492.09  412.093
AP

AP

A5 = 19200 6x 4x 12288000 1023936

14 x   16 x  53.33
3 3
= 640

A1 x1  A2 x2  A3 x3  A4 x4  A5 x5
xc   326.404mm
A1  A2  A3  A4  A5
R

As the figure is symmetric, centroid lies on y-axis. Therefore, x = 0

A1 y1  A2 y2  A3 y3  A4 y4  A5 y5
Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi yc   219.124mm
A1  A2  A3  A4  A5
CO

CO

2000 0 140 0 280000

2000 0 80 0 160000
4500 0 15 0 67500 Problem 6: Determine the centroid of the following figure.

yc 
Ayi i A y  A2 y2  A3 y3
 1 1  59.71mm
U

Ai A1  A2  A3
Thus, the centroid is on the symmetric axis at a distance 59.71 mm from the bottom.
ST

ST

Problem 5: Determine the centroid of the composite figure about x-y coordinate. Take
x = 40 mm.

1
.

A1 = Area of triangle =  80  80  3200m 2

2
 d 2  R2
A2 = Area of semicircle =   2513.274m 2
8 2
D 2
A3 = Area of semicircle =  1256.64m 2
A1 = Area of rectangle = 12x.14x=168x2 2
A2 = Area of rectangle to be subtracted = 4x.4x = 16 x2

39 40

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Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi Numerical Problems (Assignment)

3200 2×(80/3)=53.33 80/3 = 26.67 170656 85344
2513.274 40 4  40 100530.96 -42650.259
 16.97
3
1256.64 40 0 50265.6 0

A x  A2 x2  A3 x3
xc  1 1  49.57mm
A1  A2  A3
A1 y1  A2 y2  A3 y3
yc   9.58mm
A1  A2  A3

Problem 7: Determine the centroid of the following figure. 1. An isosceles triangle ADE is to cut from a square ABCD of dimension ‘a’.
Find the altitude ‘y’ of the triangle so that vertex E will be centroid of

P
remaining shaded area.

AP

AP
R

R
A1 = Area of the rectangle 2. Find the centroid of the following figure.
A2 = Area of triangle
A3 = Area of circle
CO

CO
Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
30,000 100 75 3000000 2250000
3750 100+200/3 75+150/3 625012.5 468750
= 166.67 =125
3. Locate the centroid C of the shaded area obtained by cutting a semi-circle of
U

U
7853.98 100 75 785398 589048.5
diameter ‘a’ from the quadrant of a circle of radius ‘a’.

 A x  A x  A x  A x  86.4mm
ST

ST
xc  i i 1 1 2 2 3 3

A i A A A 1 2 3

yc 
 Ay i

Ay A y Ay
i 1 1
 64.8mm
2 2 3 3

A i A A A 1 2 3

4. Locate the centroid of the composite figure.

.

. Module –II

41 42

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Truss/ Frame: A pin jointed frame is a structure made of slender (cross-sectional

dimensions quite small compared to length) members pin connected at ends and
capable of taking load at joints. Problems on method of joints

Such frames are used as roof trusses to support sloping roofs and as bridge trusses to Problem 1: Find the forces in all the members of the truss shown in figure.
support deck.

Plane frame: A frame in which all members lie in a single plane is called plane frame.
They are designed to resist the forces acting in the plane of frame. Roof trusses and
bridge trusses are the example of plane frames.

Space frame: If all the members of frame do not lie in a single plane, they are called
as space frame. Tripod, transmission towers are the examples of space frames.
P

P
Perfect frame: A pin jointed frame which has got just sufficient number of members
to resist the loads without undergoing appreciable deformation in shape is called a
perfect frame. Triangular frame is the simplest perfect frame and it has 03 joints and
AP

AP

03 members.

It may be observed that to increase one joint in a perfect frame, two more members are
required. Hence, the following expression may be written as the relationship between
number of joint j, and the number of members m in a perfect frame.
R

m = 2j – 3

(a) When LHS = RHS, Perfect frame.

CO

CO

(b) When LHS<RHS, Deficient frame. tan   1

(c) When LHS>RHS, Redundant frame.    45
Assumptions Joint C
The following assumptions are made in the analysis of pin jointed trusses:
U

S 1  S2 cos 45
1. The ends of the members are pin jointed (hinged).  S1  40 KN (Compression)
2. The loads act only at the joints. S 2 sin 45  40
ST

ST

3. Self weight of the members is negligible.

 S2  56.56 KN (Tension)
Methods of analysis
Joint D
1. Method of joint
2. Method of section
S3  40 KN (Tension)
S 1  S 4  40 KN (Compression)
.

Joint B

Resolving vertically,
V  0
S5 sin 45  S3  S 2 sin 45

43 44

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 S5  113.137 KN (Compression)  S1  41.86 KN (Tension)

Resolving horizontally, Joint D

H  0
S6  S5 cos 45  S2 cos 45 V  0
 S6  113.137 cos 45  56.56 cos 45 S7 sin 60  77.5
 S6  120 KN (Tension)  S7  89.5KN (Compression)

Problem 2: Determine the forces in all the members of the truss shown in figure and H  0
indicate the magnitude and nature of the forces on the diagram of the truss. All S6  S7 cos 60
inclined members are at 60˚ to horizontal and length of each member is 2m.
 S6  44.75KN (Tension)

P
Joint B

V  0

AP

AP
S1 sin 60  S3 cos 60  40
 S3  37.532 KN (Tension)

H  0
R

R
S 4  S1 cos 60  S3 cos 60
 S4  37.532 cos 60  83.72 cos 60
CO

CO
 S4  60.626 KN (Compression)
Taking moment at point A,
Joint C
M A 0
Rd  4  40 1  60  2  50  3 V  0
U

U
 Rd  77.5KN S5 sin 60  50  S7 sin 60
 S5  31.76 KN (Tension)
Now resolving all the forces in vertical direction,
ST

ST
V  0
Ra  Rd  40  60  50
 Ra  72.5 KN

Joint A

V  0
.

.
 Ra  S 1 sin 60 Ra

 S1  83.72 KN (Compression)

H  0
 S2  S 1 cos 60

45 46

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P

P
AP

AP
R

R
CO

CO
U

U
ST

ST
.

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P
AP

AP
R

R
CO

CO
U

U
ST

ST
.

.
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P
AP

AP
R

R
CO
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U
U

ST
ST

.
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AP
R

R
CO

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U

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ST

ST
.

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STUCOR APP STUCOR APP

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DOWNLOADED FROM STUCOR APP
STUCOR APP

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STUCOR APP
DOWNLOADED FROM STUCOR APP