200-Foot Simple Span Bridge

Girder Design Using NU 2000

Prepared by

Amgad M. Girgis, Research Assistant Professor

Yuri V. Jukarev, Graduate Research Assistant
Ning Wang, Ph.D. Student
Maher K. Tadros, Professor
Charles J. Vranek, Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

August 2004

Nebraska
Department of Roads
Ne15iasKa
Lincoln
 NU2000-200 ft Single Span Example

Given:

Span Data Prestressing Steel

Overall Girder Length =200 FT Type: 0.6-IN Diameter 270 KSI Low-
Design Span = 199 FT Relaxation Seven-Wire Strand
Girder is simply supported Pull: 75%
H = 70 % (Relative Humidity)
Bridge Cross Section Data
Number of girder lines = 6 Use as many depression points as needed
Girder Spacing = 9.00 FT for design. Max. 12 strands depressed at any
Roadway Width= 51.00 FT one point.
Overall Width = 53.50 FT
Reinforcing Steel (Non-Prestressed)
Deck Thickness fy = 60 KSI
Actual = 7.5 IN Es = 29,000 KSI
Structural = 7.0 IN
Haunch thickness = 1 IN Welded Wire Reinforcement
Use standard reinforcement sizes and
Girder Type spacing. Use 75 ksi steel for shear
NU 2000, with 150 mm (5.91 in.) web reinforcement
Location: Interior

Dead Load
Future Wearing Surface = 0.025 KSF
Barrier Weight/Barrier Line = 0.27
KLF

Live Load
HL-93 - Design Truck + Design Lane
Loads

Girder Concrete
fc′ ≥ (f’ci/0.8) KSI
fci′ = to be determined
w c = normal weight aggregate concrete

Deck Concrete
fc′ = 5.0 KSI

1
Proposed design steps:

(1) Calculate gross section properties, assuming a girder concrete strength of 10 ksi.
(2) Calculate live load distribution factors.
(3) Calculate moments and shears at 10th points due to various limit state load combinations.
(4) Approximate number and arrangement of strands based on Service III stress and NCHRP
approximate method. Then use detailed NCHRP 1807 (LRFD 2005) loss method to refine
the number of strands (use spreadsheet and check by hand).
(5) Check Strength I with strands calculated in (4), and determine concrete strength at final
(use spreadsheet and check by hand).
(6) Check if the precast section satisfies Strength IV (use spreadsheet and check by hand).
(7) Determine concrete strength at release; revise concrete strength at final if needed (use
spreadsheet and check by hand).
(8) Determine the design moment diagram at 10th points and check that it is greater than the
Mu diagram at the same points.
(9) Check min. reinforcement limits.
(10) Design shear reinforcement; at least the critical section must be designed by hand
calculation, including longitudinal reinforcement anchorage check.
(11) Check interface (horizontal) shear.
(12) Design and detail the end zone reinforcement (splitting and confining steel).
(13) Estimate midspan camber at release and at erection.
(14) Estimate live load deflection.

2
1.1 Section Properties

1.1.1 Precast Girder

The LRFD Specs allow the inclusion of transformed strand in the section properties
for a prestressed member (Article 5.9.1.4). For initial calculations, the reinforcement
amount is not available and contribution of the strand to the section properties is
neglected.
Properties of NU2000:
A = 903.8 IN2
I = 790,592 IN4
h = 78.7 IN
bW = 5.9 IN
yb = 35.7 IN
yt = 43.0 IN
Sb = 790,592 IN4 / 35.7 IN = 22,145 IN3
St = 790,592 IN4 / 43.0 IN = 18,385 IN3

1.1.2 Composite Section [spelling error on this figure – “Transformed”

108"
Effective Width
72.58"
Transformed Width

Deck C.G.
83.20"
Girder C.G.
35.70"

Figure 1.1.2-1: Cross Section of Single Girder with Composite Deck

3
Effective deck width: (LRFD 4.6.2.6.1)
• One-quarter span length = (199 FT / 4)(12) = 597 IN
• One-half flange width + (12)(deck thickness):
(48.2 IN) / 2 + (12) (7.0 IN) = 108.1 IN
• Average spacing of adjacent girders = (9 FT) (12) = 108 IN (Controls)
f c' (KSI)
W (KCF) = 0.140 +
1000
5
Wcd = 0.140 + = 0.145 KCF
1000
10
Wcg = 0.140 + = 0.150 KCF
1000

- F- F-
1.5
E cd f cd' Wcd 5 0.145
1.5

n= E = f cg' Wcg = = 0.6720

cg 10 0.150

Transformed deck width = (n) (effective width) = (0.672) (108 IN) = 72.58 IN

Transformed haunch width = (n) (haunch width) = (0.672) (48.2 IN) = 32.39 IN

Table 1.1.2-1: Composite section properties.

Component Transformed
yb A yb A(yb- ybc)2 Io Ic
Area
Girder 903.80 35.70 32,265.66 282,684.28 790,592.00 1,073,276.28
Haunch 32.39 79.20 2,565.50 21,586.30 2.70 21,589.00
Effective
508.07 83.20 42,271.26 451,627.27 2,074.61 453,701.88
Deck
Total 1,444.26 77,102.43 1,548,567.16

Table Section Properties Used in Design:

ybcg = ( Σ A yb) / A =77,102.43/ 1,444.26 = 53.39 IN

ytcg = h – ybc = 78.70 IN - 53.39 IN = 25.31 IN
ytcd = hc – ybc = 78.7 IN +1 IN+ 7.0 IN - 53.39 IN = 33.31 IN
Sbcg = Ic / ybc = 1,548,567.16 IN4 / 53.39 IN = 29,004.82 IN3
Stcg = Ic / ytcg = 1,548,567.16 IN4 / 25.31 IN = 61,184.00 IN3

4
 Stcd = (Ic / ytcd) / n = (1,548,567.16 IN4 / 33.31 IN) / (0.6720) = 31,240.98 IN3

Component ybcg ytcg ytcd Sbcg Stcg Stcd

Value 53.39
I 25.31 I 33.31 29,004.82 61,184.00 31,240.98

5
2. Live Load Distribution Factor for a Typical Interior Beam

Distribution Factors: (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)

To use the simplified live load distribution factor formula, the
following conditions must be met:
• Width of deck is constant O.K.
• Number of girders, Nb, ≥ 4 O.K. (Nb = 6)
• Girders parallel and same stiffness O.K.
• Roadway part of overhang, de, ≤ 3.0 FTO.K.
• Curvature < 4o O.K. (Curvature = 0o)

Bridge Type: k (LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1)

2.1 Distribution Factor for Moment (2 or more lanes loaded)

0.6 0.2 0.1

S S Kg
DF = 0.075 + (LRFD 4.2.2.2b-1)
9.5 L 12.0L t 3s

Provided that: 3.5 ≤ S ≤ 16 S = 9.00 FT O.K.

4.5 ≤ ts ≤ 12.0 ts = 7.50 IN O.K.
20 ≤ L < 240 L = 200 FT O.K.
Nb ≥ 4 Nb = 6 O.K.

Kg = n (I + A eg2) (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1)

n = (1/n for composite section calcs = 1/0.6720) = 1.488

eg = yt + (ts / 2) = 43 IN + 1 IN +(7 IN / 2) = 47.50 IN
Kg = 1.488 [790,592 IN4 + (903.8 IN2) (47.50 IN) 2 ] = 4,210,699 IN4
0.6 0.2 0.1
9.0 FT 9.0 FT 4,210,699 IN 4
DF = 0.075 + = 0.689 lanes / girder
12.0(199 FT )(7 IN )
3
9.5 199 FT

2.2 Distribution Factor for Shear (2 or more lanes loaded)

2.0
S S
DF = 0.2 + − (LRFD 4.6.2.2.3a-1)
12 35
Provided that the following condition is met in addition to the conditions specified
above:
10,000 ≤ Kg ( = 4,210,699) ≤ 7,000,000 O.K.

6
 2.0
9.0 FT 9.0 FT
DF = 0.2 + − = 0.884 lanes / girder
12 35

Distribution Factor for Bending Moment (DFM):

For all limit states except Fatigue Limit State, for two or more lanes
loaded, DFM = 0.689 lanes/beam.
For one design lane loaded, DFM = 0.450 lanes/beam.
Therefore, in the case of the two design lanes loaded controls, DFM = 0.689
lanes/beam.

Distribution Factor for Shear Force (DFV):

For two or more lanes loaded, DFV = 0.884 lanes/beam[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1].
For one design lane loaded, DFV = 0.72 lanes/beam.
Therefore, in the case of two design lanes loaded controls, DFV = 0.884.

7
3. Moments and Shears

3.1 Dead Loads

3.1.1 Girder Dead Load at Release

The moments for this condition are computed separately from other moments because
the full length of the girder is used in computing these moments, rather than the
design span (distance from center-to-center of bearings). The full length is used
because, when the girder cambers upward in the prestressing bed after release, its
only points of contact with the bed (and therefore its support locations) will be at the
ends of the girder.
Girder Dead Load:
w = (903.8 IN2 / 144) (0.140+10/1000 KCF) = 0.941 KLF
Moment at x distance from end of beam due to self weight at relaese time:

Mgdli =
wx
(L− x )
2
L = 200 FT (overall girder length)
Mgdli = 0.941 (x / 2) (200 - x) = 94.1 x - 0.471 x2
Moment due to self weight during lifting. The lifting points are at 0.1L and 0.9 L.

J 0.1L
I \ L_
0.8L 0.1L
w = 0.941 KLF

IY' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
188.2 K-FT 188.2 K-FT

2823.0 K-FT

Locations of interest at release conditions:

1. Transfer point t = 60 db = 60 (0.6 IN) = 36.0 IN = 3.0 FT (LRFD 5.8.2.3)
2. Depression points, yet to be determined
3. Midspan

8
See Spreadsheet 3.3 for calculation of the moment at 10th points. See Table 3.1 for a summary.

3.1.1.2 Girder Dead Load - Final

For all final stress analysis, bearing-to-bearing span should be used.
L = 199 FT (bearing to bearing)
M = 93.63 x - 0.471 x2
gdl

L
Vgdl = w -2 − x = 93.63 - 0.941 x

3.1.1.3 Deck Slab Loading

Deck Thickness = 7.5 IN
wddl = ((7.5 IN x 108 IN) /144) (0.140+5/1000 KCF) = 0.816 KLF
L = 199 FT
Mddl = 81.19 x - 0.408 x2
Vddl = 81.19 - 0.816 x

3.1.1.4 Haunch Weight

wncdl = ((1.0 IN x 48.2 IN) /144) (0.145 KCF) = 0.049 KLF
L = 199 FT
Mncdl = 4.876 x – 0.024 x2
Vncdl = 4.876 – 0.049 x

3.1.1.5 Composite Dead Load - Barriers

Barriers: (2) (0.27 KLF / barrier) = 0.54 KLF
wcdl = 0.54 KLF / (6 girders) = 0.09 KLF / girder (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)
Mcdl = 8.955 x - 0.045 x2
Vcdl = 8.955 - 0.09x
3.1.1.6 Composite Dead Load - Future Wearing Surface
Future Wearing Surface: (51.00 FT) (0.025 KSF) = 1.275 KLF
wfws = 1.275 KLF / (6 girders) = 0.213 KLF
L = 199 FT
Mcdl = 21.194 x - 0.117 x2
Vcdl = 21.194 - 0.106 x

9
3.2 Live load

Bending Moment at Mid-Span

Design truck (design tandem should be checked, but this does not govern for relatively long
spans).
Design Truck will govern over Design Tandem for this span.

~I @
- £
8 kips 32 kips 32 kips

~ -
14 ft -~-- -- 14 ft

For maximum moment due to truck load at mid-span, position the rear axles 14 ft apart. The
maximum moment occurs when the section being considered is halfway between the resultant of
all three loads and the next point load. Also, the case where the 32 kip center axle load is directly
over the midspan section should be checked.

I
I
I

ill rn
32 k R 32 k 8k
x y y

...
t RA

32 × 14 + 8 × 28
x= = 9.33 FT
72
14 − 9.33
y= = 2.33 FT
2
72(199 / 2 + 2.33)
RA = = 36.84KIP
199
M Truck = 36.84 × 199 / 2 − 32(9.33 + 2.33) = 3,292.76 K − FT

Lane load (distributed load):

10
 q = 0.64 klf
it t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
Ji,,.

t RA

0.64 × 199
RA = = 63.68 KIP
2
M Lane = 63.68 × 199 / 2 − (0.64 × 199 / 2) / 2 × 199 / 2 = 3168.08 K − FT
Moment distribution factor for live load 0.689 and impact factor 1.33 for truck load,
MLL+I = DF [Mlane + 1.33 (Mtruck)] = 0.689×(3283.396×1.33+3168.08×1 ) = 5191.6 K-FT

The shear critical section is 5.70 ft away from the support (see section 10.1.1).
1. Truck load:

The influence line of the mid-span shear force is as follows:

0.97

5.7/199=0.029

- ~ 5.7 ft ~ -

The layout of the truck load is as follows:

32k
32k 8k

5.7 ft ~ -

R=
1
(32(199 − 5.7) + 32(199 − 5.7 − 14) + 8(199 − 5.7 − 28)) = 66.56 KIP
199

11
 66.56 K
34.56K
2.56 K

5.44 K

5.7 ft

Vtruck = 66.56 KIPS

3.2.3.2. Lane load

The layout of the lane load is as follows:

0.64k/ft
l l I l Ill l l l l l l Ill ll l Ill l l l l l l l l l l ll

1 0.64(199 − 5.7) 2
Vleft = R = × = 60.08 KIP
199 2
VLL+I = DF [Vlane + 1.33 Vtruck] = 0.896 (1.33×66.56+60.08) = 133.3 KIP

3.3 Applicable Limit States (LRFD Table 3.4.1-1)

Strength I : Qu = 1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75( LL + IM )

Service I : Qu = 1.0( DC + DW ) + 1.0( LL + IM )

Service III : Qu = 1.0( DC + DW ) + 0.8( LL + IM )

StrengthIV : Qu = 1.5DC

3.3.1 Service I Strength IV : Q u = 1 . 5 DC

This load combination is the general combination for Service Limit State stress
checks and applies to all conditions other than Service III.

12
 All load factors are equal to 1.0 for this problem.
For moment at mid-span:
Acting on the non-composite girder, MSLnc:
MSLnc = 4,658.1+ 3,768.3 + 269.2 + 240.3 = 8,935.8 K-FT
Acting on the composite girder, MSLc:
MSLc = 534.6 + 1,158.3 + 5,191.5 = 6,884.4 K-FT

3.3.2 Service III

This load combination is a special combination for Service Limit State stress checks that
applies “only to tension in prestressed concrete structures with the objective of crack
control.”
All load factors are equal to 1.0 for this problem, except that the live load is reduced by a
factor of 0.8.

Moments at mid-span:
Acting on the non-composite girder, MSLnc (same as for Service I).
Acting on the composite girder, MSLc:
MSLc = 534.6 + 1158.3 + (0.8)(5,191.5) = 5846.1 K-FT

3.3.3 Fatigue

According to LRFD 5.5.3.1, “Fatigue need not be checked for concrete deck slabs in multi-
girder applications. … Fatigue of the reinforcement need not be checked for fully
prestressed components designed to have extreme fiber tensile stress due to Service III Limit
State within the tensile stress limit specified in Article 5.9.4.2.2b.” Fatigue of concrete is
checked indirectly by satisfying the compression stress limit of 0.4 f c' for the load
combination specified in LRFD 5.9.4.2.1.

3.3.4 Strength I

This load combination is the general combination for Strength Limit State design.
Since the structure is simply supported, the maximum values for the load factors are
used because they produce the greatest effect (see LRFD Table 3.4.1-2).
No distinction is made between moments and shears applied to the non-composite or
composite sections for strength computations. The factored loads are applied to the
composite section.
The following load factors apply:
Dead Load - Component and Attachments 1.25 DC
Dead Load - Wearing Surface and Utilities 1.50 DW
Vehicular Live Load and Impact 1.75 LL and IM

13
 Mu or Vu = 1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM)

For moment at midspan, Mu:

Mu = (1.25) [4,658.1 + 3,768.3 + 269.2 + 240.3 + 534.6] + (1.50) (1,158.3) + (1.75)
(5,191.5)
Mu = 22,660.6 K-FT

For shear at the critical section for shear, Vu :

Vu = (1.25) [88.3 + 71.4 + 5.1 + 4.6 + 10.1] +(1.50) (21.9) + (1.75) (133.3)
Vu = 490.5 KIP

For moment at the critical section for shear, Mu:

Mu = (1.25) [518.4 + 419.4 + 30.0 + 26.7 + 59.5] + (1.50) (128.9) + (1.75) (577.8)
Mu = 2,521.9 K-FT

3.3.5 Strength IV

This design limit state checks a precast member’s strength under its own weight plus the
weight of all loads applied before composite action takes effect. If this condition is satisfied,
there is no need to check the compressive stress limit of 0.45 f c' due to effective prestress plus
dead load.
The following load factors apply:
Dead Load - Component and Attachments: DC 1.50
Moment at mid-span should be determined for self weight, deck slab weight and haunch
weight, Mu:

Mu = (1.5) [4658.1 + 4037.4+ 240.3] =13,403.6 K-FT

The bending moments and shear forces for all required limit states at 10th points of the span
are shown in Tables 3.1 and 3.2:

14
Table 3.1 Bending Moments for a Typical Interior Girder

I I I I
DF 0.689 moment
DF 0.884 shear Table of Moments, K-FT

Location 0 critical 0.1 L 0.2 L 0.3 L 0.4 L 0.5 L 0.6 L 0.7 L 0.8 L 0.9 L critical L
ft 0 5.70 19.9 39.8 59.7 79.6 99.5 119.4 139.3 159.2 179.1 193.30 199

Acting on Non-comp. Section

Girder, klf 0.941 0 518.4 1676.9 2608.5 3912.8 4471.7 4658.1 4471.7 3912.8 2981.2 1676.9 518.4 0.0
Deck (Structural) , klf 0.761 0 419.4 1356.6 2411.7 3165.4 3617.6 3768.3 3617.6 3165.4 2411.7 1356.6 419.4 0.0
Additional Non-composite 0.054 0 30.0 96.9 172.3 226.1 258.4 269.2 258.4 226.1 172.3 96.9 30.0 0.0
haunch, klf 0.049 0 26.7 86.5 153.8 201.8 230.6 240.3 230.6 201.8 153.8 86.5 26.7 0.0

Subtotal: 0 994.5 3216.9 5346.2 7506.0 8578.3 8935.8 8578.3 7506.0 5718.9 3216.9 994.5 0
Acting on Compostie section
Barrier, KLF 0.108 0 59.5 192.5 342.2 449.1 513.2 534.6 513.2 449.1 342.2 192.5 59.5 0
Future wearing Surface 0.234 0 128.9 417.0 741.3 973.0 1112.0 1158.3 1112.0 973.0 741.3 417.0 128.9 0
Live Load + Impact 0 577.8 1878.2 3367.8 4414.9 5040.8 5191.5 5040.8 4414.9 3367.8 1878.2 577.8 0

SUBTOTAL-Service I 0 766.2 2487.7 4451.3 5837.0 6666.0 6884.4 6666.0 5837.0 4451.3 2487.7 766.2 0
SUBTOTAL-Service III 0 650.6 2112.0 3777.7 4954.0 5657.9 5846.1 5657.9 4954.0 3777.7 2112.0 650.6
Total-Strength I 0 2521.9 8174.0 14116.1 19129.5 21853.8 22660.6 21853.8 19129.5 14581.9 8174.0 2521.9 0
Total-Strength IV 0 1491.7 4825.3 8019.4 11259.1 12867.5 13403.6 12867.5 11259.1 8578.3 4825.3 1491.7 0

Moments at release, K-FT

Location 0 transfer 0.1 L 0.2 L 0.3 L 0.4 L 0.5 L 0.6 L 0.7 L 0.8 L 0.9 L transfer L

I
ft 0 1.50 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 198.50 200

Girder, KLF 0.941 0

I I I
140.1 1693.8 3011.2
I 3952.2
I 4516.8
I 4705.0
I 4516.8
I 3952.2
I I I I I
3011.2 1693.8 140.1 0.0

15
Table 3.2 Shear Forces for a Typical Interior Girder
Shear Force, K
Location 0 critical 0.1 L 0.2 L 0.3 L 0.4 L 0.5 L 0.6 L 0.7 L 0.8 L 0.9 L critical L
ft 0 5.70 19.9 39.8 59.7 79.6 99.5 119.4 139.3 159.2 179.1 193.30 199

Acting on Non-comp. Section

Girder 0.941 93.6 88.3 74.9 56.2 37.5 18.7 0.0 -18.7 -37.5 -56.2 -74.9 -88.3 -93.6
Deck (Structural) 0.761 75.7 71.4 60.6 45.4 30.3 15.1 0.0 -15.1 -30.3 -45.4 -60.6 -71.4 -75.7
Additional Non-composite 0.054 5.4 5.1 4.3 3.2 2.2 1.1 0.0 -1.1 -2.2 -3.2 -4.3 -5.1 -5.4
haunch 0.049 4.8 4.6 3.9 2.9 1.9 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -1.9 -2.9 -3.9 -4.6 -4.8

Subtotal: 179.6 169.3 143.7 107.8 71.8 35.9 0.0 -35.9 -71.8 -107.8 -143.7 -169.3 -179.6
Acting on Compostie section
Barrier 0.108 10.7 10.1 8.6 6.4 4.3 2.1 0.0 -2.1 -4.3 -6.4 -8.6 -10.1 -10.7
Future wearing Surface 0.234 23.3 21.9 18.6 14.0 9.3 4.7 0.0 -4.7 -9.3 -14.0 -18.6 -21.9 -23.3
Live Load + Impact 138.9 133.3 119.4 101.2 84 68 53.2 -68 -84 -101.2 -119.4 133.3 -138.9

SUBTOTAL-Service I 172.9 165.4 146.6 121.6 97.6 74.8 53.2 -74.8 -97.6 -121.6 -146.6 101.2 -172.9
SUBTOTAL-Service III 145.1 138.7 122.7 101.4 80.8 61.2 42.6 -61.2 -80.8 -101.4 -122.7 74.6 -145.1
Total-Strength I 515.9 490.5 427.2 340.8 256.1 173.6 93.1 -173.6 -256.1 -340.8 -427.2 -23.9 -515.9
Total-Strength IV 320.5 302.1 256.4 192.3 128.2 64.1 0.0 -64.1 -128.2 -192.3 -256.4 -302.1 -320.5

16
4. Total number and arrangement of strands
4.1 Estimated Number of Strands

The total number and arrangement of strands was estimated using service III and NCHRP 18-07
approximate loss method. Refer to attached Excel sheet 4.1 and Tables 4.1 and 4.2. The total
number of bottom strands can be found = 85-0.6 in. strands: 46 straight strands at the bottom
flange, which is the maximum number of strands that the bottom flange can accommodate. The
rest of the strands will be harped in three groups at 0.2L, 0.3L, and 0.4 L as shown in Figures 4-1
and 4-2. The strands can be harped using a hold down device or steel pipes attached to the
prestressing bed.

Table 4.1 Prestress loss using NCHRP 18-07 approximate method.

f cgs f ps Sub-
Total
Change Net Change Net Loss

f pi A ps [
1
+
e 2tr − rel
] ∆f ps = ni ∆f cg 202.5
(1) Elastic shortening due to Pi Agdr − tr − rel I gdr − tr − rel 7.020 -38.1 164.4
(2) Elastic shortening due to self weight Mgdr e2tr − rel -1.776 9.6 174.0
Elastic, Prestress transfer, f pES 5.244 28.5
(3) Shrinkage 12(1.7-0.01H)(5/(1+f' ci ) Igdr − tr − rel -7.1 167.0
(4) Creep 10(f pi Aps /Ag )(1.7-0.01H)(5/(1+f' ci )) -24.3 142.7
(5) Relaxation, f pR 2.5 -2.5 140.2
Total long-term, f pLT 33.9
(6) Elastic due to deck weight Mdeck e tr-fin /I bm-tr-fin *n -1.673 7.9 148.0
(7) Elastic due to superimposed DL (on composite section) MADL e comp-tr /I comp-tr *n -0.487 2.3 150.3
Elastic, Deck + SIDL -10.2
Total Prestress Loss prior to LL, f pT 52.2
(8) Elastic due to LL MLL e comp-net /I comp-net *n I -7.9
Total loss including gain due to LL 44.3

Table 4.2 Bottom fiber stresses (using transformed/net section properties and approximate
NCHRP 18-07 method).
Cause Initial Final
Pi (transf. section, release) 7.735 7.735
Mg (transf., release) -2.169 -2.169
Loss (net section, precast) -1.594
deck weight (transf., service) -2.039
SIDL (transf. composite) -0.552
LL (transf., composite) -1.910
Net 5.566 -0.528
− 0 . 19 ✓f c
'

Code Limit 4.500 -0.601

4.2 Number of Strands Using Detailed NCHRP 18-07 Method

Use service III and NCHRP 18-07 (LRFD 2005) detailed loss method. For this iterative process
to be done quickly, the Loss spreadsheet is used. Refer to Spreadsheet 4.2 and Tables 4.3 and
4.4. The total number of bottom strands can be refined to 82-0.6 in. strands: 46 straight strands at
the bottom flange and 36 harped strands. To avoid excessive uplift force on the prestressing bed,
a maximum of 12 strands will be harped at any point. Thus, the 36 strands will be harped in three

17
groups. The drape point locations will be assumed at 0.2L, 0.3L, and 0.4 L as shown in figures 5-
1 and 5-2. Further design checks may require altering this arrangement. In addition, 4 straight top
strands will be used for mild reinforcement support and for control of top cracking at prestress
release. For the top strands, the tension will be specified at 10 ksi. The effect of the top strands
on the total prestress force will be ignored.

Table 4.3: Prestress loss using NCHRP 18-07 detailed method.

Prestress Loss Using NCHRP 18-07 Detailed Method
Project Name: PCI Handbook Page 2-19 12DT32 member with 208-D1 Strand Pattern
Designer: MKT Date: 40407

Prestress Loss (ksi)

Loading Loss Components fcgp fps
Combinations
Change Net Change Net
1 etr2 −rel 0 202.5
f pi Aps[ + ] ∆f ps = ni∆f cg
(1) Elastic shortening due to P i =f pi A ps Agdr−tr−rel Igdr−tr−rel 6.809 6.809 -37.0 165.5
M gdr e tr2 − rel
(2) Elastic shortening due to self weight I gdr -1.786 5.023 9.7 175.2
− tr − rel
Elastic, Prestress transfer, f cgp and fp ES 5.023 5.023 -27.3
(3) Shrinkage between release and deck place f pSR = bid *E p *K id -0.149 4.874 -3.6 171.6

(4) Creep between release and deck place f pCR =n i *f cgp *y bid *K -0.565 4.309 -13.7 157.9

(5) Relaxation between release and deck place (assumption) f pR2 -0.049 4.260 -1.2 156.7
Total long-term (initial to deck placemnt)id -0.763 4.260 -18.6 -18.6
(6) Elastic due to deck weight M deck e tr-fin /I bm-tr-fin *n -1.681 2.579 7.9 164.6

M ADL e comp-fin /I comp-fin *n

(7) Elastic due to superimposed DL (on composite section) -0.489 2.090 2.3 166.9
Elastic, Deck + SIDL: Df cd and Df pED -2.170 2.090 10.2 -8.4
(8) Shrinkage of beam bet.deck place and final f pSD = bdf *E p *K df -0.406 1.684 -1.9 165.0

(9) Creep of beam bet.deck place and final, initial loads f pCD1 =f cgp *(y bif -y bid )*K df *n i -1.334 0.350 -7.2 157.7

(10) Creep of beam due to deck and SIDL f pCD2 = f cd *y bdf *K df *n 1.399 1.749 6.6 164.3

(11) Relaxation between deck place and final (assumption) f pR3 -0.255 1.494 -1.2 163.1
E p ε ddf Ad E cd
K df (1 + 0.7ψ bdf )
1 e pc e d
∆f pSS =-----+ -
(12) Shrinkage of deck E c (1 + 0.7ψ df ) Ac Ic 0.134 1.628 0.6 163.7
Total long-term (deck placemnt to final)df -0.462 1.628 -3.1 -11.5

(13) Elastic due to LL n*M LL e comp_tr /I comp_tr -1.693 -0.065 8.0 -3.5
Total loss including gain due to LL I -30.8 I

Table 4.4: Bottom fiber stresses (using transformed/net section properties and detailed
NCHRP 18-07 method).
Cause Final
Pi (transf. section, release) 7.503
Mg (transf., release) -2.180
Loss (net section, precast) -0.841
deck weight (transf., service) -2.047
SIDL (transf. composite) -0.554
Loss (net, composite) -0.136
LL (transf., composite) -1.918
Net -0.174
− 0 . 19 ✓70f c'
Code Limit -0.601

18
 0. 2L
0. 3L
0. 4L
Figure 4-1: Harped strands profile

11
·-II-·
: :: :: :: :11: :: :: :: :

End Section (0.0L) Section at (0.5L)

Figure 4-2: Pretensioning scheme

All strands eccentricities are shown in Table 4.5 below:

Table 4-5: Pretensioning eccentricity at different sections

Shear critical Develop.Leng.
Strand type 0L 0.031 L 0.06 L 0.1 L 0.2 L 0.3 L 0.4 L 0.5 L

12 draped strands 32.2 27.75 23.59 17.85 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
12 draped strands 50.2 45.89 41.86 36.30 22.40 8.5 8.5 8.5
12 draped strands 68.2 63.96 60.00 54.53 40.85 27.18 13.5 13.5
46 straight strands 4.09 4.09 4.09 4.09 4.09 4.09 4.09 4.09

82 Bottom strands 24.33 22.43 20.65 18.20 12.06 8.03 6.03 6.03

19
4.3 Hand Calculation of Prestressed Losses Using Detailed NCHRP 18-07 Method

4.3.1 Shrinkage Strain

4.3.1.1 Precast

First period (from release to Final).

S bif = 0.00048k cp k s k h k st k t
k cp = 1 One day steam curing
1064 − 94(3.2)
ks = = 1.038
735
k h = 2.00 − 0.0143(70) = 1.0
5
kf = = 0.588
1 + 7.5
k sh = (1)(1.038)(1.0)(0.588) = 0.61

k td =
(20000 − 1) = 0.998
61 − 4(7.5) + (20000 − 1)
S bif = 292 x10 −6

Second period (from release to deck placement).

S bid = 0.00048k cp k s k h k st k t
k cp = 1 One day steam curing
1064 − 94(3.2)
ks = = 1.038
735
k h = 2.00 − 0.0143(70) = 1.0
5
k st = = 0.588
1 + 7.5
k sh = (1)(1.038)(1.0)(0.588) = 0.61

k td =
(60 − 1) = 0.656
61 − 4(7.5) + (60 − 1)
S bid = 192 x10 −6
S bdf = S bif − S bid
S bdf = 100 x10 −6

4.3.1.2 Deck Slab

S di-I = 0.00048k cp k s k h k st k t
k cp = 1 for 7 days moisture curing
1064 − 94(7.0 / 2)
ks = = 1.0
735
k h = 2.00 − 0.0143(70) = 1.0

20
 5
k st = = 0.833
1+ 5
k td =
(20000 − 60 ) = 0.998 at final
61 − 4(7.5) + (20000 − 60 )
S ddf = 0.00048(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(0.833)(0.998) = 399 x10 −6

4.3.2 Creep Coefficient

4.3.2.1 Precast

First period (from release to final).

Ψbif = 1.9k st k s k h k la k t
1064 − 94(3.85)
ks = = 0.955
735
5
kf = = 0.588
1 + 7.5
k hc = 1.56 − 0.008(70) = 1.0
( )
k la = t la−0.118 = 1.0

k td =
(20000 − 1) = 0.998
61 − 4(7.5) + (20000 − 1)
Ψbif = 1.9(0.955)(0.588)(1.0)(1.0)(0.998) = 1.065

Second period (release to deck placement).

Ψbid = 1.9k st k s k h k la k t
1064 − 94(3.85)
ks = = 0.955
735
5
kf = = 0.588
1 + 7.5
k hc = 1.56 − 0.008(70) = 1.0
( ) ( )
k la = t la−0.118 = 1−0.118 = 1.0

k td =
(60 − 1) = 0.656
61 − 4(7.5) + (60 − 1)
Ψbid = 1.9(0.955)(0.588)(1.0)(1.0)(0.656) = 0.700

Third period (deck placement to final).

Ψbdf = 1.9k st k s k h k la k t
1064 − 94(3.85)
ks = = 0.955
735
5
kf = = 0.588
1 + 7.5
k hc = 1.56 − 0.008(70) = 1.0

21
 ( ) ( )
k la = t la−0.118 = 60 −0.118 = 0.617

k td =
(20000 − 60) = 0.998
61 − 4(7.5) + (2000 − 60)
Ψbdf = 1.9(0.955)(0.588)(1.0)(0.617)(0.998) = 0.657

4.3.2.2 Deck Slab

Ψddf = 1.9k f k s k h k la k t
1064 − 94(3.5)
ks = = 1.0
735
5
kf = = 1.0
1 + 0.8(5)
k hc = 1.56 − 0.008(70) = 1.0
( ) ( )
k la = t la−0.118 = 1−0.118 = 1.0

k td =
(20000 − 1) = 0.998
61 − 4(5) + (2000 − 1)
Ψbid = 1.9(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(0.998) = 1.877

4.3.3 Transformed Section Properties

Transformed Section Properties at Release ( non-composite ):

A ti = A g + (n i − 1) A p = 982.6in 2
AY
Ybi = = 33.32in
A
I ti = 854,412in 4

Transformed Section Properties at stage II (composite):

A t = A g + (n i − 1) A p = 1,510.12in 2
AY
Yb = = 51.32in 2
A
I t = 1,666,755in 4

4.3.4 Losses at the first period

Strand stress at service from the spreadsheet:

f s = 202.5 − 27.3 − 3.6 − 13.7 − 1.2 + 7.9 + 2.3 − 1.9 − 7.2 + 6.6 − 1.2 + 0.6 + 8 ≅ 172.0 ksi

Bottom fiber stress at Service III:

22
 1 ep yb Mg * yb
fc = Pi -+ -− -
A ti I ti I ti
1 e p _ net y b _ net
− ∆ PI +
_i _i

A net _ i I net _i

[Due to time dependent losses from release to deck placement]

M * y tr
+ d
I tr
M SIDL * y Com _ Tr
+
I Com −Tr
1 e p _ net _ Tr y b _ net _ Tr
− ∆ PII +
A net _ Tr I net _ Tr
[Due to time dependent losses from deck placement to final]
M LL * y Com _ Tr
+
I Com _ Tr
= 7.503-2.180-0.841-2.047-0.554-0.136-1.918= -0.174 KSI
= −0.174 KSI ≤ 0.19 f c' = −0.601 KSI

23
5. Strength I at Mid-Span
The reinforcement bars in the deck slab and the top flange strands are ignored in these
calculations. The I-beam top flange is assumed to be a rectangle of equal area to the actual flange
area. The depth can found to be 3.93 in for the actual width of 48.2 in. of the NU I girder top
flange shape. The strain-compatibility approach was used to calculate the mid- span section
strength. See Table 5.1 for the results. The last cycle of the iterative analysis will be redone by
long hand below to explain the spreadsheet analysis and to check its results (See attached Excel
Spreadsheet 5.1 for Strength I).

Straight strands As1=46×0.217=9.982 IN2 y1 = 81.60 IN from top of slab

Harped Strands As2=36×0.217=7.812 IN2 y2 = 78.20 IN from top of slab

From the spreadsheet, the value of the compression block depth, is a = 11.06 IN This indicates
that the compression block is within the top flange of the beam: 11.07-7 (slab) – 1 (haunch) =
3.07 IN.

According to the average beta formula source PCI BDM and LRFD,

Deck ß1 = 0.85-0.05×(f’c-4) = 0.85-0.05×(5-4) = 0.8

Girder ß1 = 0.85-0.05×(f’c-4) = 0.85-0.05×(10-4) = 0.65
Average ß1 = (Ac1×f’c1×ß1+ Ac2×f’c2×ß2)/ (Ac1×f’c1 + Ac2×f’c2) = 0.76
c = a/ ß1 = 14.55 IN

The compression force in the deck slab and moment due to force at the top of the deck slab is
Fc1 = 0.85×5×(9×12×7) = 3213.00 KIP
Mc1 = 3213.00 ×7/2 = 11245.50 K-IN

Similarly, the compression force in the haunch and moment due to this force at the top fiber of
the deck slab are 204.85 kips and 1536.38 kip-in; the compression force in the beam top flange
and moment due to this force at the top of the deck slab are 1259.17 kips, and 12008.27 kip- in.

The spreadsheet is able to treat each strand layer individually. For convenience in the hand
calculation check, we will assume two groups of strands, the straight strands and the harped
strands, clustered at two points.
82.61 172
Straight strands strain: ε1 = 0.003 × −1 + = 0.020
c 28500
Using the “Power formula” in PCI Bridge Design Manual Section 8.2.2.5,
27613
fps = 887 + ≤ 270
ps
{1 + (112.4 ) }
ps
7.36 1 / 7.36

fps1 = 263.21 KSI

Fs1 = 263.21×9.982=2627.36 kips
Moment at top face Ms1 = 2627.36 ×82.61 = 217045.84 kip-IN

Tension force in the harped strands and moment due to this force at the top of the deck slab is

24
 78.2 172
Straight strands strain: ε1 = 0.003 × −1 + = 0.019
c 28500
Using” Power formula” fps2 = 262.37 KSI
Fs1 = 262.37 ×7.182=2,049.66 kips
Ms1 = 2,049.66 ×78.2 = 160,283.4 K-IN

Sum of forces = 2,049.66 +2627.36 -204.85 -1259.17-3213.00 = 0.0

Since strain in the extreme bottom stand layer is larger than 0.005, the resistance factor φ =1.
Sum of M =1× (160,283.4 +217,045.84 -12,008.27 -1536.38 -
11245.50)/12=29378.3 K-FT > Mu = 22393.3 K-FT
Thus the provided strength is about 30% larger than the required strength. This check will not
need to be revisited unless the final number of strands has been extremely reduced. This also
tells us that the assumed final concrete strength of 10 KSI may be too high. The Strength IV
check should confirm this. We also have an option to try to use a lower deck strength at this
time.

25
 Flexural Strength Using Strain Compatibity and Mast's Variable 0.75 to 1.0
W1
W2 0.003
cu
W3

1~;
c= 14.560
T2 Upper
•
o =r1

-
T2 Lower a 11.061
• 2 T2
Sum of
dsi
• 3 forces 0.00

•
-
A si
----4
C) ANSWER:
1.00
~J Mn kip-in 352186
W4 kip*ft 29348.82732
Units in kips and inches
Concrete Layers f'c Width, W Thick., T Depth, dc 1 Tupper Tlower Revised T Beta1calcuation
1 5.000 108.000 7.000 3.500 0.800 0.000 7.000 7.000 3024 3780
2 5.000 48.200 1.000 7.500 0.800 7.000 8.000 1.000 192.8 241
3 10.000 48.200 3.930 9.531 0.650 8.000 11.930 3.061 959.123074 1475.57396
4 10.000 5.910 74.770 11.930 0.650 11.930 86.700 0.000 0 0
5 86.700 0.850 86.700 86.700 0.000 0 0
6 86.700 0.850 86.700 86.700 0.000 0 0
7 86.700 0.850 86.700 86.700 0.000 0 0
Steel Layers Area Asi 4175.923074 5496.57396

Steel Layers Area Asi Grade Depth dsi Es

Effective Prest. Q fpy R K so
Gr 270 1 9.962 270 172 82.610 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0140
Gr 270 2 7.812 270 172 78.200 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0131
Sum of M MAXIMUM : 0.0140

Table 5.1: Strength I Calculation at Mid-Span Section

26
6. Strength IV Limit State
This limit state is used to check the capacity of the precast section only. The Excel strain-
compatibility program was used to design the section. The capacity of the precast section
without any mild reinforcement in the compression zone was estimated at:

φM n = 12314.0 KIP − FT against the demand of :

M u = 13403.6 KIP − FT (from table 3-1)

The mild reinforcement was provided in the top flange to obtain the adequate moment capacity.
8 # 9 was used to satisfy this limit state. This reinforcement is extended to the 0.4 L. The 6 # 9
are extended to the 0.3 L.
The section at point 0.4L with 6 # 9 in the top flange has capacity of

φM n = 12922.0 KIP − FT > M u = 12867.5 KIP − FT . OK

The section at 0.3L without any top reinforcement has a capacity of

φM n = 11774.0 KIP − FT > M u = 11259.51 KIP − FT . OK

For brevity, the hand calculation for the last iteration only is shown below (mid-span).

f c' =10,000 psi β 1 =0.65

c = 55.34 IN
a = cβ 1 = 0.65(55.34) = 35.97 IN

dp f pe
ε ps = 0.003 −1 +
c Ep

We can combine prestressing strand into the clusters:

1. 46 straight strands

d p = 78.7 − 4.09 = 74.61 IN

74.61 172.0
ε ps = 0.003 −1 + = 7.187 x10−3 IN
55.34 28500

2. 12 draped strands- First Cluster

d p = 78.7 − 3.5 = 75.2 IN

75.2 172.0
ε ps = 0.003 −1 + = 7.219 x10− 3 IN
55.34 28500

3. 12 draped strands- Second Cluster

27
d p = 78.7 − 8.5 = 70.2 IN

70.2 172.0
ε ps = 0.003 −1 + = 6.948 x10−3 IN
55.34 28500

4. 12 draped strands–Third Cluster

d p = 78.7 − 13.5 = 65.2 IN

65.2 172.0
ε ps = 0.003 −1 + = 6.678 x10−3 IN
55.34 28500

5. 4 partially tensioned straight strands in the top flange

d p = 2.0 IN

55.34 − 2 10
ε ps = 0.003 − = 2.541x10− 3 IN
55.34 28500

Strain in compression steel is found from the ratio:

d = 2.0 IN

55.34 − 2
ε s' = 0.003 = 2.892 x10− 3 IN
55.34

f s = ε s E s ≤ f y = 60 KSI

f s = 2.892 x10−3 (29000) = 83.87 KSI ≥ f y = 60 KSI

Thus, take f s = 60 KSI .

Find the stress of the prestressing strands using the “Power formula”:

27,613
f ps = ε ps 887 + ≤ 270 KSI
(1 + (112.4ε ) )
1
7.36 7.36
ps

1. 46 Straight strands

27,613
f ps = 7.187 x10− 3 887 + = 199.80 KSI
(1 + (112.4(7.187 x10 )
1
−3
) )
7.36 7.36

2. 12 Draped strands- First Cluster

28
 27,613
f ps = 7.219 x10−3 887 + = 200.54 KSI
(1 + (112.4(7.219x10 )
1
−3
) ) 7.36 7.36

3. 12 Draped strands- Second Cluster

27,613
f ps = 6.948 x10− 3 887 + = 194.14 KSI
(1 + (112.4(6.948x10 )
1
−3
) ) 7.36 7.36

4. 12 Draped strands –Third Cluster

27,613
f ps = 6.678 x10− 3 887 + = 187.48 KSI
(1 + (112.4(6.678x10 )
1
−3
) ) 7.36 7.36

5. 4 Partially tensioned straight strands

27,613
f ps = 2.541x10− 3 887 + = 72.41KSI
(1 + (112.4(2.541x10 )
1
−3
) )
7.36 7.36

Assume the compression flange is divided into separate sections.

The rectangular shape was used to substitute the trapezoidal form of the top flange. The width of
the rectangular shape “b” is as follows:
b = (48.2 + 5.9)/2=27.05 IN

Compression forces:
C1 = 0.85 f c' Ac = 0.85(48.2)2.56(10) = 1048.8 KIP

C 2 = 0.85 f c' Ac = 0.85(27.05)1.77(10) = 407.0 KIP

C 3 = 0.85 f c' Ac = 0.85(5.9)(35.97 − 2.56 − 1.77)(10) = 1586.8 KIP

C 4 = APS ( f ps − 0.85 f c' ) = 4(0.217)(72.41 − 0.85(10)) = 55.5KIP

C 5 = AS ( f s − 0.85 f c' ) = 9(0.79)(60.0 − 0.85(10)) = 366.2 KIP

Tension forces:
T1 = A ps f ps = 46(0.217)199.8 = 1994.4 KIP

T2 = A ps f ps = 12(0.217)200.54 = 522.2 KIP

29
T3 = Aps f ps = 12(0.217)194.14 = 505.5 KIP

T3 = A ps f ps = 12(0.217)187.48 = 488.2 KIP

To derive the moment capacity of the section, we can take the sum of the moments around any
point.
Summing the moments around the bottom of the compression block:
4 3
Mn = Apsi f psi y psi + A top ps ( f ps − 0.85 f c' ) y ps + As ( f s − 0.85 f c' ) y s + 0.85 f c' Acj y j =
i =1 j =1

=1,994.4(38.64) + 522.2(39.23) + 505.5(34.23) + 488.3(29.23) + 1,048.8(34.69)

+ 407.0(32.53) + 1,586.8(15.82) + (55.5+366.2)33.97 =
=77,063.6 + 20,485.9 +17,303.3 + 14,273.0 + 36,382.9 + 13,239.7 + 25,103.2 + 14,325 =
218,176.7 KIP*IN = 18,181.4 KIP*FT
The resistance factor φ shall be taken according to LRFD 5.5.4.1.
For flexure and tension of prestressed concrete, it is equal to 1.
For the unified design method, the following formula for φ calculation will be used:

0.75 ≤ φ = (1.75 + 250ε extreme ) / 3 ≤ 1.00

Proposed for LRFD by Seguirant et al. (PCI Journal 2004):
78.7 − 2
ε extreme = 0.003 − 1 = 1.158 x10 −3 IN
55.34

φ = (1.75 + 250(1.158 x10 −3 ) / 3 = 0.68 Thus take φ = 0.75

φM n = 0.75(18,181.4) = 13,636.0 KIP-FT
From Table 3-1, the factored moment for Strength IV is equal to:
M u = 13,403.6 KIP-FT OK
The Excel program treats each layer of strands individually and provides more accurate results.
Refer to Figure 6-2 and the attached Excel program for Strength IV, cell M17.
Its output for φM n = 13,505.7 KIP − IN , which is greater than M u = 13,403.6 KIP − IN
The precast section has a sufficient capacity to resist the ultimate load during the construction
stages.
OK

30
Flexural Strength Using Strain Compatibity and Mast's Variable φ = 0.75 to 1.0))
W1
W2
εχυ 0.003
W3

I=~
c= 55.343
T2Upper
•

-
T2Lower
1 a 35.973
• 2 T2
Sum of
dsi
• 3 forces 0.00

•
-
-• Asi
Units in kips and inches
04 ANSWER:
φ 0.75

Concrete Layers f'c Width, W Thick., T Depth, dc β1

~ - ...j
W4

Tupper Tlower Revised T Beta1calcuation

I φΜν κιπ−ιν
kip*ft
162404.8
13533.7
I Area
1 10.000 48.200 2.560 1.280 0.650 0.000 2.560 2.560 802.048 1233.92 123.392
2 10.000 27.050 1.770 3.445 0.650 2.560 4.330 1.770 311.21025 478.785 47.879
3 10.000 5.900 74.370 20.152 0.650 4.330 78.700 31.643 1213.5186 1866.9516 186.695

Total: 78.700 2330.214 3584.944

Steel Layers Area Asi Grade Depth dsi Es

Effective Prest. Q fpy R K eso De Total es Stress
Grade 60 Bars 1 7.11 60 0.0 2.000 29000 0 60 100 1.096 0 −0.0029 -0.0029 -60

Gr 270 1 3.472 270 172 76.700 28500 0.031 243.00 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0012 0.00719 199.9197
Gr 270 2 3.472 270 172 74.700 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0010 0.0071 197.39
Gr 270 3 2.17 270 172 72.700 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0009 0.0070 194.80
Gr 270 4 0.868 270 172 70.700 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0008 0.0069 192.17
5 0.868 270 10 2.000 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0004 -0.0029 -0.0025 -72.41
6 2.604 270 172 75.200 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0011 0.0071 198.02
7 2.604 270 172 70.200 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0008 0.0068 191.51
8 2.604 270 172 65.200 28500 0.031 243 7.36 1.043 0.0060 0.0005 0.0066 184.72

Figure 6.1: Strength IV Calculations for Mid-span

31
7. Required Concrete Strength at Release

Because of the extreme length of this beam, it is necessary to set the lifting points some distance
away from the beams ends to help resist buckling of the top flange. We will assume that a careful
lifting analysis has resulted in identifying the lifting points at 20 feet from each end.

Based on NDOR Policy and January-February 2001 PCI paper by Tadros et al., “Strength Design
of Pretensioned Flexural Concrete Members at Prestress Transfer,” the prestressed member can
be treated as a “reinforced concreted column subjected to moment combined with axial
compression force equal to the force in the prestressing steel just before prestress transfer.”
Therefore, we can solve for the neutral axis location “c” and f ci' by using the equilibrium
equations.

j=9
j=8
j=7
j=6

Asi

1
ysi j=5
j=4
j=3
j=2
Tj
j=1
dcj

bj

32
Table 7.1 Excel program for calculating f ci'

STRENGTH DESIGN PROGRAM FOR PRESTRESS TRANSFER

Directions:
1 Input Output
2 Sign convention: compressive stress
in concrete and tensile stress in steel
are considered positive. Prestress force
is always positive. Moment in the same
sense as prestress force moment is negtive.
3 Units in kips and inches
4 Make sure the compression fibre.
dc & ys based on compressed concrete edge
5 Functions are used below

Output f'c Top Steel Stress

8.468 -14.28

DATA FOR CONTROLING

MExt γm γp ε cu
-35.2875 1.15 0.75 1.15 0.003

CONCRETE LAYERS
Width, b Thick., T Sum of T Compr. T Depth, dc Ac Fc Mc
1 38.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 2.65 203.52 1464.896 3881.975
2 22.15 5.5 10.8 5.5 8.05 121.825 876.872 7058.819
3 5.9 63.59 74.39 49.24668 35.42334 290.5554 2091.36 74082.95
4 27.05 1.75 76.14 0 0 0 0 0
5 48.2 2.56 78.7 0 0 0 0 0
78.7 4433.128 85023.74

STEEL LAYERS
As Initial Prest fpi Depth ys Es ε s Stress ∆ f s wi Fs M s
Grade f py K Q R
Gr 270 1 9.982 202.5 4.09 28500 -0.002867 -81.71194 1 2355.611 9634.449 270 243 1.04 0.031 7.36
2 7.812 202.5 36.3 28500 -0.001821 -51.9032 1 2076.387 75372.86 270 243 1.04 0.031 7.36
3 0.868 10 76.95 28500 -0.000501 -14.28047 0 0.913884 70.32338 270 243 1.04 0.031 7.36
β c a F M 4432.912 85077.63
0.65 92.38 60.05 0.2158243 0.215824

The equations that were used in the analysis are as follows:

1. Strain calculation:
y si
si = −0.003 × 1 −
c
2. Force equilibrium:
γp y si > a wi = 1
F = 0.85f c A cj − A si ∆f si + f si + 0.85f c w i = 0
j i φ y si < a wi = 0
3. Moment equilibrium:
γp γm y si > a wi = 1
M = 0.85f c A cj y cj − A si ∆f si + f si + 0.85f c w i y si − M=0
j i φ φ y si < a wi = 0

4. Power formula to get strand stress: 1− Q

fsi = Es Q +
si 1/ R
R
E
1 + si s
kfpy

By solving the two equilibrium equations, the two variables “c” and f ci' can be obtained. The
analysis can be done by trying “c” and f ci' and checking the equilibrium equations.

33
The following table shows the results for several critical sections.

Table 7.2: Prestress Member Strength at Release

Sections Moment (Kips-IN) f’ci (KSI.) Top fiber stress (KSI.)
Transfer length 60d=0.015L 3336.786 7.318 -25.36
0.1L 20325.6 7.449 -24.08
0.2L 36134.4 7.712 -20.09
0.3L 47426.4 8.159 -13.06
0.4L 54201.6 7.456 -20.85
lifting point 0.1L -50.8 8.469 -14.27
'
Max. f ci 8.469

Note that prestress loss calculation needs to be redone using 8.5 KSI for concrete strength at
release.

Note:
The following is the check by hand at 0.1L span and the last trial of the analysis.
c= 92.38 IN., f’ci = 8.468 ksi
ß = 0.85-0.05×(f’c-4) = 0.85-0.05×(8.468 -4) = 0.7
a = c × ß = 60.91 IN.
Divide NU2000 into 5 layers:

Table 7.3: Concrete layers

Concrete Layer Width Thickness

1 38.4 5.3
2 22.15 5.5
3 5.9 63.59
4 27.05 1.75
5 48.2 2.56

The force at each concrete layer, and the corresponding bending moment at the edge of the
bottom flange for the final trial, are as follows:

1. Concrete layer1
Fc1 = 0.85×8.468 ×( 38.4×5.3)= 1464.896 Kips
Mc1 = 1464.896 ×5.3/2 = 3881.975 Kips-IN

2. Concrete layer2
Fc2 = 0.85×8.468 ×( 22.15×5.5) = 876.872 Kips
Mc2 = 876.872×(5.5/2+5.3) = 7058.819 Kips-IN

3. Concrete layer 3
Fc3 = 0.85×8.468 ×( 5.9×63.59) = 2091.36 Kips
Mc3 = 2091.36 ×[(60.91-5.3-5.5)/2+5.3+5.5] = 74082.95 Kips-IN

34
4. Concrete layer 4
Fc4 = 0 Kips
Mc4 = 0 Kips-IN

5. Concrete layer 5
Fc5 = 0 Kips
Mc5 = 0 Kips-IN

Adding them together, F = 1464.896 +876.872 +2091.36 = 4433.128 Kips

M = 3881.975+7058.819+74082.95=85023.74 Kips-IN
Use
y si
si = −0.003 × 1 −
c
Top steel:
4.09
s1 = −0.003 × 1 − = −0.00287
86.97

1− Q 1 − 0.031
fs1 = Es Q +
s1 1/ R
= −0.00287 × 28500 0.031 + 1 / 7.36
= -81.71 KSI
R 7.36
siE s
0.00287 × 28500
1+ 1+
kfpy 1.04 × 270

If the strands are within the compression block height, the compression force of the concrete
should be 0.85f’c (Ac-As)=0.85 f’cAc-0.85 f’c As.
0.85f’cAs is considered when we calculate force of strands in order to avoid the calculation of
centroid of the concrete area.

Fint erior = Fexternal

Fc − Fs =
p
A ps fpi

0.85fc ( A c − A s ) − A s f si =
p
A ps fpi

Rearranging the items in the equation, we get

y si > a w i = 1
F = fc A cj − f si + f si + 0.85fc w i = 0
p
A si
j i y si < a w i = 0

Hence, Fs=9.982(-81.71+1.15/0.75×202.5+0.85×8.468) = 2355.611 Kips.

Ms = 2355.611 ×4.09=9634.45 Kips-IN

The force calculations of the other strands are the same way. Therefore the total force and
moment of strands are:
Fs = 2355.61 + 2076.4 + 0.914 = 4432.9 Kips

35
 Ms = 9634.45 + 75372.86 + 70.32 = 85077.63 K - IN
Fc − Fs = 4433.128 - 4432.9 ≈ 0
1.15
Mc − Ms − m
Mext = 85023.74 - 85077.63 - (-35.2875 ) ≈ 0
0.75
Thus, the assumptions of f’ci and the neutral axis location c are OK.

36
8. Design moment diagram φM n and factored moment Mu at 10th Points

The flexural moment capacities were estimated at 10th points of the span. For the end section, the
moment capacity was based on 8 bottom strands bent in the end diaphragm. The embedment of
those strands was assumed to be equal to 36 inches, which allowed us to develop 0.8 f pu .
The moment capacity of the section located at the distance equal to the development length was
also estimated. The development length of prestressing strands was calculated using the formula:
2
Ld = k ( f ps − f pe )d b ( LRFD 5.11.4.2-1)
3
where k = 1.6 for precast , prestressed beams

and f ps = 263.21 KSI , see section 5.

2
Ld = 1.6(263.21 − 172)0.6 = 142.6 IN = 11.88 FT
3
The appropriate eccentricities of the strands were used to estimate the capacity of the sections at
different points of the span (see Table 4-5). The strain-compatibility approach was used for these
calculations. (See attached files)

30000

25000
φ Mn
Bending Moment (K-Ft)

20000

15000

Mu
10000

(f)M 11.'a t Developmenl..

5000 Length

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Girder Sections X/L

Figure 8.1: Design moment diagram and the factored moment along the girder line

37
9. Minimum Reinforcement Calculations

φM n ≥ the lesser of 1.2 M cr or 1.33 M u (LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)

Compute Mcr using Std. Specs Article 9.18.2.1
M cr = (f r + f pe ) S c − M d / nc (S c IS b − 1) ≤ S c f r (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.2-1)
where
f r = 0.37 f c′ = 0.37 ✓ 10.00 KSI = 1.170 KSI (LRFD revision 2004)
f pe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after …
losses) at the extreme fiber of the section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads.
Prestressing force is P = 82(0.217)172.0 = 3060.6 KIP

f pe = P + Pe y nc = 3060.6 + 3060.6(35.7 − 6.03) 35.7 = 7.487 KSI

A I nc 903.8 790,592
M d / nc = the non-composite dead load moment
M d / nc = 8,935.8 K-FT (Refer to Table 4-1)
S c = Sbcg = composite section modulus for the tension face
S b = non-composite section modulus for the tension face

( )
M cr = (1.170 KSI + 7.487 KSI ) 29,004 IN 3 − (8,935 K − FT )(12)
29,004 IN 3
22,145 IN 3
−1

= 251,087.6 – 33,212.4 = 217,875.2 KIP-IN = 18,156.3KIP – FT. CONTROLS

Sc f r = 29,004(0.759) = 22,014.0 KIP-FT
1.2 Mcr = 1.2 (18,156.3) = 21,787.5 K-FT GOVERNS since 1.2 Mcr < 1.33 Mu

1.33 Mu = 1.33 (22,660.6) = 30,138.6 K-FT

Moment capacity of the composite section at mid-span is:

φM n = 29,728.5 KIP − FT

(See attached Excel program Strength I mid-span, cell M17)

φM n = 29,728.5 K-FT > 1.2M cr = 21,787.5 K-FT 0.K

The requirement of minimum reinforcement has been met.

38
10. Shear Design

10.1 Transverse Shear Reinforcement

In this example, the girder will be designed for vertical shear at the critical section for shear.
In a full design, other sections along the length of the girder would have to be designed as
well.

10.1.1 Critical Section for Shear

Critical section for shear is located at distance dv from the support:

dv = Effective shear depth (LRFD revision 2004)
= Distance between the resultants of tensile and compressive forces
The depth of the compression block, a, was computed in determining the moment
capacity of the section (see Section 3.1.4.5). You can also use the output of Excel
program Strength I, Strain-Compatibility Approach AASHTO LRFD @ critical
section (cell M8).

d v = d e − = (h g + h f − c.g. @ critical sec tion ) − = (78.7 + 7.0 + 1 -22.19) - (10.05/2)

a a
2 2
= 59.49 IN
But dv need not be taken less than the greater of (LRFD 5.8.2.7)
0.9 de = (0.9) (78.7 + 7 + 1 – 22.19) = (0.9) (64.51) = 58.06 IN
0.72 h = (0.72) (78.7 + 7 + 1) = 62.42 IN GOVERNS
Therefore, use dv = 62.42 IN.
The critical section for shear is then
0.50 FT + 62.42 IN / 12 = 5.70 FT from centerline of support.
At the critical section for shear, Vu = 490.5 KIPS.

10.1.2 Component of Shear Resistance from Prestress, Vp

Pf = 82 (0.217)172.0 = 3060.6 KIP
The angle of the center of gravity of the strand profile with respect to horizontal θ is
θ = tan-1 [(eCL - eend) / (distance to depression point)]
= tan-1 [((24.33 IN – 18.20 IN) / 12) / (0.1(200)) FT] = 1.463o
Vp = Pf sin (1.463o) = (3060.6 KIP) [sin (1.463o)] = 78.2 KIPS

10.1.3 Governing Equations for Shear

Vu ≤ Vr = φ Vn (LRFD 5.8.2.1-2)
φ = 0.90 for shear (LRFD 5.5.4.2.1)
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (LRFD 5.8.3.3-1)

39
 Compute maximum shear capacity of the section:
Vn max = 0.25fc′ b v d v + Vp (LRFD 5.8.3.3-2)
Vn max = (0.25) (10.00 KSI) (5.9 IN) (62.42 IN) + 78.2 KIP = 998.9 KIPS
φ Vn max = (0.90) (985.1) = 998.9 KIPS > Vu = 485.0 KIPS O.K.

10.1.4 Concrete Contribution to Shear Resistance, Vc

Vc = 0.0316 β fc′ bv d v (LRFD 5.8.3.3-3)
To use this equation, the quantity β must be determined. This quantity is a factor that
represents the efficiency of shear transfer by concrete. Note that 0.0316 ✓ fc′ (KSI) =
1.0 ✓ f c′ (PSI) , so a β value of 2 would provide a concrete contribution similar to the
familiar simplified value of Vc = 2 ✓ fc′ (PSI) bd.
v v
To obtain β , the quantities and ε X are needed, where is a relative shear stress
f c′ f c′
and ε X is the largest longitudinal strain which occurs within the web of the member.
Vu − φVp 490.5 KIP − 0.9 (78.2 KIP )
v= =
0.9 (5.9 IN )(62.42 IN )
= 1.265 KSI (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-1)
φ bv dv

v
1.25 KSI
= 10.0 KSI = 0.127
fc′

We can begin iterations using the initially assumed value of θ in the formula below.

Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5(Vu − V p )cotθ − A ps f po
dv
εx =
2 (E s As + E p A ps )
≤ 0.002 (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-2)

New Commentary allows us to avoid an iterative process by simplifying the formula

above to the form of
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + (Vu − V p ) − A ps f po
dv
εx =
2 (E s As + E p Aps )
≤ 0.002

Mu = 2,521.9 K-FT = 30,262.8 K-IN (Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects)
Moment in this formula is not supposed to be taken less than Vu dv (LRFD C5.8.3.3)
Vu d v = 490.5(62.42) = 30,617.0 K-IN Controls
Nu = 0 - no applied axial loads
fpo = 0.7 (270) = 189.0 KSI (LRFD C5.8.3.4.2)
Aps = area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member,
i.e., the straight strands

40
 Aps = 46(0.217) = 9.982 IN2

+ (490.5 − 78.2) − (9.982)(189.0 )

30,617
εx = 62.42
≤ 0.002
2 [ (28,500)(9.982)]
490.5 + 412− 1,886.6 − 984.1
εx = =
2(284,487 )
= - 0.00173
568,974
Because ε x is negative, use Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-3:
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5(Vu − V p )cotθ − A ps f po
dv
εx =
2 (E c Ac + E s As + E p Aps )
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-3)

or simplify this formula to:

Mu
+ 0.5 N u + ( Vu − V p ) − Aps f po
dv
εx =
2 (E c Ac + E s As + E p A ps )

Ac = Area of concrete on flexural tension side

= Area of girder below h/2 = (78.7+7+1)/2 = 43.35 IN
= (38.4)(5.3) + (5.5)(38.4+5.9)/2 + (43.35-5.3-5.9)(5.9) = 517.4 IN2
490.5 + 412 − 1886.6 − 984.1
εx = =
2[(6062)(517.4) + 284,487] 6,841,932 = -1.44x10
-4

v
From Table 5.8.3.4.2-1, with ε x = -1.44x10-4 & = 0.127, find β = 3.05 and
f c′

θ = 21.22

With these values, the concrete contribution, Vc , can now be computed.

VC = 0.0316 (3.05) ✓10.0 KSI (5.9 IN )(62.42 IN ) = 112.2 KIPS

Another check was added by AASHTO LRFD revision 2004 to ensure that web concrete does
not crack (mostly necessary for box girders):

Vcw ≥ VD +V L
From the Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects, we can find:
VD + VL = 169.3 + 10.1 + 21.9 + 133.3 = 334.3 KIP

Vcw can be found using ACI formula

( )
Vcw = 3.5 f c' + 0.3 f pc bw d + V p Eq.(11-12)

41
where f pc is the resultant compressive stress at the centroid of the composite section due to both
prestress and moments resisted by the precast member acting alone, and d is a distance from the
extreme compression fiber to the centroid of prestressed reinforcement or 0.8h , whichever is
greater.

d = 78.7 + 7 + 1 - 22.19 = 64.51 IN

0.8h = (78.7 + 7 + 1)0.8 = 69.36 IN CONTROLS

f pc =
P Pe
− ( yc − y nc ) + M d / nc ( y c − y nc ) =
A I nc I nc

M d / nc = 994.5 KIP-FT = 11934 KIP-IN from Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects
P = 82(172)0.217 = 3060.6 KIPS

Section properties can be found in Table 1.1.2-1:

f pc =
3060.6 3060.6(22.19)
− (53.39 − 35.7 ) + 11934 (53.39 − 35.7 ) =
903.8 790,592 790,592
3.386 -1.520 + 0.267 = 2.133 KSI

( )
Vcw = 3.5 1000 / 1000 + 0.3(2.133) 5.9(69.36) + 78.2 = 307.2 + 78.2 = 385.4 KIPS > 334.3 KIPS
O.K.

10.1.5 Required Shear Reinforcement, Vs

Required Vs = Vu / ϕ - Vc – Vp = 490.5 / 0.9 – 112.2– 78.2 = 354.6 KIPS
Assuming vertical stirrups,
A v f y d v cot θ
Vs = (LRFD C5.8.3.3-1)
s

Compute Av on an IN2/FT basis (s = 12 IN):

12 Vs
Av =
fy dv cot θ

Av =
(12 IN )(354.6 KIP ) 2
(75 KSI )(62.42 IN ) cot(21.22°) = 0.353 IN /FT
Check minimum transverse reinforcement:
bv s
A v = 0.0316 f c′
✓~-­
(LRFD 5.8.2.5)
fy

Av = 0.0316 ✓10.00 KSI

(5.90 IN )(12 IN )
75 KSI = 0.094 IN2/FT < 0.352 IN2/FT O.K.

42
 Check maximum stirrup spacing: (LRFD 5.8.2.7-2)
Vu = 490.5 KIP > 0.1 f’c bv dv = (0.1) (5.9) (10.00) (62.42) = 368.3 KIPS
Therefore, maximum WWR spacing is 12 IN.
For D18 WWR, maximum spacing is
s = 0.18*2*12/0.352 = 12.27 IN
Use D18 WWR @ 12 IN

Av,prov’d = 0.18(2)12/12 = 0.36 IN2/FT

The design of the other sections is in the attached spreadsheet.

10.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement

In this example, the longitudinal reinforcement requirement will be checked at the
critical section for shear. The Specifications require that this requirement be satisfied
at each section of the girder. Therefore, in a full design, other sections along the
length of the girder would also have to be checked.

10.2.1 Required Longitudinal Force

Required Longitudinal Force:
Mu N Vu
Treqd = + 0.5 u + − 0.5 Vs − Vp cotθ (LRFD 5.8.3.5-1)
dv ϕ ϕ ϕ

However, at the inside edge of the bearing at simply-supported ends,

Vu
Treqd = − 0.5 Vs − Vp cot θ (LRFD 5.8.3.5)
ϕ
where
Vs = shear resistance provided by transverse reinforcement, not to exceed Vu / ϕ.
A v f y d v cot θ
= (Use final values from shear design above) (LRFD C5.8.3.3-1)
s
(0.36 IN )(75 KSI )(62.42 IN ) cot (21.22°)
2

= 12.0 IN = 361.7 KIPS

− 0.5 (361.7 ) − 78.2 cot (21.22°) = (545.0 – 180.9 – 78.2) cot (21.22°)
490.5
Treqd =
0.9
= (285.9) (2.58) = 736.5 KIPS

10.2.2 Available Longitudinal Force

The force to resist Treqd must be supplied by the reinforcement on the flexural tension
side of the member. In this case, the available reinforcement consists of the straight
strands. The available force that can be provided by these strands at the critical
section for shear must be determined considering the lack of full development due to
the proximity to the end of the girder.

43
The location at which T must be provided is where the failure crack is assumed for
this analysis, which radiates from the inside face of the support and crosses the
centroid of the straight strands. The angle θ determined during shear design at this
location is used here. The inside face of the support is 12 IN from the end of the
girder.

~ + d cot8

Figure 10.1: Assumed failure crack and location where

crack crosses straight strands.

The total effective prestress force for the straight strands is

Pes = Aps fpe = 9.982 IN2 (172.0 KSI) = 1716.9 KIPS.
The distance from the bottom of the girder to the centroid of these strands is
d g = c.g. straight strands = 4.09 IN.

Measured from the end of the girder, the crack crosses the centroid of the straight
strands at
x = b + dg cot θ = 12 IN + 4.09 IN (cot 21.22°) = 22.53 IN.
This location is within the transfer length, t , so the available stress is less than the
effective prestress force for the straight strands. The available prestress force, Tavail,
at x is therefore computed assuming a linear variation in stress from the end of the
girder to the transfer length. The transfer length, t , is 60 db or 36 IN. (LRFD 5.11.4.1.)
Tavail = Pes (x I t ) = 1716.9 KIPS (22.53 IN / 36 IN) = 1,074.1 KIPS.
Since Tavail = 1074.1 KIP > Treqd = 736.5 KIPS, the straight strands are adequate to
resist the required longitudinal force at this location, and no additional reinforcement
is required.
If the strands had not been adequate to resist the force, additional mild reinforcement
would have been added to provide the remainder of the required force.
It is good practice to bend at least 8 strands from the bottom layer of the strands.

44
11. Interface Shear Reinforcement
The girder will be designed for interface shear at the initial critical section for shear.
The width of the shear interface is equal to the width of the top flange of the girder,
which is 48.20 IN. Therefore, bv = 48.20 IN.
Assume that the top surface of the girder is intentionally roughened to an amplitude
of 0.25 IN and cleaned prior to placement of the deck concrete. The requirement for
intentional roughening of the top of the girder should be indicated on the plans.
Compute the factored horizontal shear, Vh:
Vh = Vu / de (LRFD C5.8.4.1-1)
The definition for de given for this equation is the same as dv.
Therefore use dv as computed above.
Vh = Vu / dv = 490.5 / 62.42 = 7.858 KIPS/IN.
Since Vh ≤ ϕ Vn and ϕ = 0.9,
Vn reqd = Vh / ϕ = 7.858 / 0.9 = 9.702 KIPS/IN.
Check limits on Vn:
Vn ≤ 0.2 fc′ Acv or 0.8 Acv : 0.8 Acv is controlling the design
Acv = area of concrete engaged in shear transfer

= bv = (48.2 IN) (1.0 IN) = 48.2 IN2

Use = 1.0 IN to compute Vh on a per inch basis.
Vn reqd = 7.858 KIPS/IN ≤ 0.2 fc′ Acv = (0.8) (48.2) = 38.56 KIPS / IN. O.K.
Compute the nominal interface shear resistance, Vn:
[
Vn = c A cv + µ A vf f y + Pc ] (LRFD 5.8.4.1-1)
where
c = 0.100 KSI and µ = 1.000 for an intentionally roughened surface (LRFD 5.8.4.2)
Avf = area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane
Pc = permanent net compressive force normal to the shear plane
= 0
Solve for the required Avf:
Vn reqd − c A cv
A vf =
µfy

9.702 − (0.100)(48.2)
Avf = = 0.081 IN2/IN or 0.98 IN2/FT. CONTROLS
(1.00)(60 )
Minimum steel requirement:

45
 s
A vf ≥ 0.05 b v (LRFD 5.8.4.1-4)
fy

Avf = (0.05) (48.2 IN) (12 IN) / 60 KSI = 0.482 IN2 / FT

Use 2 # 5 @ 7 IN (Av provd = 1.06 IN2/FT Say OK – Note that this limit depends directly
on the width of the interface – more steel is required for a wider interface)

46
12. Design and detail the end zone reinforcement

12.1 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement

LRFD 5.10.10.1 requires that the factored bursting resistance of a pretensioned
anchorage zone be at least 4.0% of the total prestressing force. This resistance is
provided by vertical reinforcement close to the ends of pretensioned girders.
The factored bursting resistance is given by
Pr = fs As , (LRFD 5.10.10.1-1)
where
Pr = (0.04) Po = (0.04) [(0.75) (270 KSI) (17.794IN2)] = 144.13 KIP
Note: The total jacking force prior to any losses is used as the total prestressing
force Po in this calculation:
fs is the working stress in the reinforcement, not to exceed 20 KSI.

Solving for the required area of reinforcement, As:

P 144.13 KIP
As = r = 2
fs (20 KSI ) = 7.20IN
Therefore, at least 7.20 IN2 of vertical reinforcement must be placed within h/5 =
78.7 IN / 5 = 15.7 IN from the end of the member. Stirrups placed for vertical or
interface shear can also be used to satisfy this requirement since this reinforcement is
only required to resist forces at release.
Take # 7 stirrups @ 3 inch spacing
A sprovided = 6(2)0.6 = 7.20 IN 2
Note: The first spacing from the end of the girder to the first stirrup is 3 inches as
well.

12.2 Confinement Reinforcement

In accordance with LRFD 5.10.10.2, confinement reinforcement of not less than # 3
bars at a spacing of not more than 6.0 IN shall be placed within 1.5 d (say 1.5 h =
9.00 FT) from the end of the girder. These bars shall be shaped to enclose the
strands.

47
13 and 14. Mid-Span Camber at release and erection and live load deflection

Curvature Values at mid-span

fpi A ps × e initial
Due to Initial prestress = = 2.08E-05
E ciIinitial
− Mgdr
Due to member weight = = -1.18E-05
E ciIinitial
fps A ps × e final
Due to loss (from initial to erection) = = -1.97E-06
E ciIfinal
− Mdeck
Due to dead load on precast girder = = -1.00E-05
E cI final
− Mdl
Due to dead load on composite section = = -1.76E-06
E c Ifinal −composite
fps 2 A ps × e final −composite
Due to prestress loss (erection to final) = = -1.91E-07
E cIfinal −compositel
− M ll
Due to live load φ= = -6.08E-06
E c Ifinal − composite

48
Approximate Curvature Integration
Elastic Curvature It is valid for prestressing with straight, one-poind draped
Elastic Initial Erection
Midspan End and two-point draped strands
Initial prestress 2.08E-05 8.49E-06 13.79 13.79 23.85339714
L2 a2
Member weight -1.18E-05 0 -6.99 -6.99 -12.08981378 due to prestress = c +( e − c )
Loss (initial to erection) -1.97E-06 -7.81E-07 -1.30 ------ -1.967053642 Pe 8 6
Dead load on precast -1.00E-05 0 -5.95 ------ ------ Where =
Dead load on composite -1.76E-06 0 -1.04 ------ ------ EI
Loss (erection to final) -1.91E-07 -4.75E-07 -0.14 ------ ------ a = distance from end to drape point
Live load -6.08E-06 0 ------ ------ ------
5 ML2
Total 6.80 9.80 due to selfweight =
48 EI

Accurate Curvature Integration

Curvature
Elastic Initial Erection
End 0.1L 0.2L 0.3L 0.4L Midspan
Initial prestress 8.49E-06 1.29E-05 1.70E-05 1.96E-05 2.08E-05 2.08E-05 13.63 13.63 23.57
Member weight 0 -4.44E-06 -6.76E-06 -9.97E-06 -1.13E-05 -1.18E-05 -6.87 -6.87 -11.88
Loss (initial to erection) -7.81E-07 -1.20E-06 -1.65E-06 -1.88E-06 -1.99E-06 -1.97E-06 -1.30 ------ -1.97
Dead load on precast 0 -3.77E-06 -6.57E-06 -8.49E-06 -9.62E-06 -1.00E-05 -5.94 ------ ------
Dead load on composite 0 -6.57E-07 -1.15E-06 -1.49E-06 -1.69E-06 -1.76E-06 -1.04 ------ ------
Loss (erection to final) -4.75E-07 -4.62E-07 -4.02E-07 -2.93E-07 -2.17E-07 -1.91E-07 -0.20 ------ ------
Live load 0 -2.29E-06 -4.03E-06 -5.21E-06 -5.90E-06 -6.08E-06 -3.64 ------ ------
Total 6.76 9.72

The formula for deflection at midspan as a function of curvatures at (span/10) points, for simple spans and for interior spans.
It may be used for end spans without much loss of accuracy. Symmetrical moment diagram about midspan is assumed) .
1 7
= 0 . 01L2 ( 0 + 1 +2 2 +3 3 +4 4 + 5 )
6 3

The live load deflection is 3.64 IN. The detailed calculations are shown in the attached Excel spreadsheet.

49
Calculating deflection by the elastic weight or moment-area method,

Load M cl 1 ) M

Moment

Ql[I I l]l]J
Curvature

CJJTI I IJTD
! " !

.~~
Ql[lll]l]J
Figure 13.1: Deflection Calculation

The equation in the Excel spreadsheet was developed by calculating the deflection at the
mid-span section by taking the moment of the elastic loads at the mid-span. Assume that
the curvature is symmetrical. Refer to Figure 13.1.