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General Biology 2 Wk6a

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20 views45 pages

General Biology 2 Wk6a

Uploaded by

James Paul Velasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIODIVERSITY

AND
CLADISTICS
Learning Competency
● Describe species diversity and
cladistics, including the types of
evidence and procedures that
can be used to establish
evolutionary relationships
(STEM_BIO11/12IIIhj-16).
Specific Objectives
1. Determine and explain the
Biodiversity Index of species found in
simulated Philippines Mangrove
Forest and;
2. Identify the most closely related
organism based on physical
similarities and niche or food source.
What is
BIODIVERSITY?
• “Biological Diversity” - generally defined
to describe the variety of life on Earth
at all its aspects and form, from genetic
relation in phylogeny to biomes.
• It encompasses the evolutionary,
ecological, and cultural processes that
let life proliferate and sustain it.
How do we
measure
biodiversity?
SPECIES
DIVERSITY!
• Species diversity- is basically the
number and relative richness of species
found in a given particular location.
• Worldwide, about 1.2 million different
species have been identified.
• However, many environments and
groups of organisms are not well
studied and estimates of species
numbers range from 3 to 100 million.
Distribution of Known Species per Biome* in the World and
in the Philippines with Species Count
• Biome* - an area classified according to the species that
live in that location.
• Species Richness: Number of different species present in
an ecosystem.
• Species Evenness: Relative abundance of individuals of
each of those species.
• Both Species Richness and Species Evenness constitute
Species Diversity
What affects
Biodiversity?
I. Natural/Biological
Factors
II.Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
I. Natural/Biological Factors
1. Geographic
• Species diversity or biodiversity is affected by
the unit of area a group of species or biomes
species resides.
• When species resides in a location that is near
the equator the temperature increase making it
for the species be harder to survive without the
proper adaptation to that said location.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
1. Geographic
• For example, Camel will thrive in the desert
because its adaptation to high temperature
due to its metabolic process of conserving
water.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
2. Adaptation or Evolution
• Species or organism tends to adapt traits or
lose them to favor their location to further
their goal to survive.
• As the species specify its location, the
natural process of adaptation occurs.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
2. Adaptation or Evolution
• Example: Darwin’s Finches in the Galapagos
Islands
I. Natural/Biological Factors
3. Relative Niche or Competition
• Species needs energy to survive but species has
a role or part to play in a certain ecosystem.
• A Niche is comprise of living features such as
animal, plants and fungi, and abiotic factors.
• Species occupy niches to benefit themselves
and control the ecosystem for the balance or
homeostasis of the ecosystem.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
4. Immigration
• As species traverse the ever expansive planet
earth.
• The habitat zone or biomes is ever changing via
season, global temperature change and tectonic
movement.
• Because of these points, species travel
throughout the earth diversifying the biosphere.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
5. Extinction, predation, pathogen and
diseases
• As species find a niche, any factor can make
that species endangered or extinct.
• The slightest decrease in temperature make the
environment of the change causing a cascading
effect to the organism in that particular
environment it is niched in.
I. Natural/Biological Factors
5. Extinction, predation, pathogen and
diseases
• This leads to extinction or starvation, dwindling
the number of the species making it host to
pathogens and diseases because of low
population, the species cannot maintain its
number eventually leads to erasure of the
species in the biodiversity of our biosphere.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
1. Habitat Destruction
• Habitats or Biomes are cleared or damage to
the point that it affects the species diversity
of said biome or habitat.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
1. Habitat Destruction

Deforestation Dynamite Fishing Pollution


II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
2. Invasive Species
• Species of any kind of living organism that is not
native to an ecosystem and causes harm.
• They can harm the environment, the economy, or
even human health. Species that grow and
reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with
potential to cause harm, are given the label
“invasive.”
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
2. Invasive Species
• Example of this is the Cane Toad (Rhinella marina)
considered as the worst invasive species in the
world. They are found in puddles or fish ponds
which devastates fisheries.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
3. Over Poaching
• A mass depopulation of endemic species
because of over poaching or too much
hunting resulting to ecosystem imbalance.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
3. Over Poaching
• Example of this is the poaching of the
Philippine National Bird
(Pithecophaga jefferyi) which feathers,
meat and talons are highly coveted
because the feathers are versatile,
the talons as ornaments and the
meat is delicacy and medicine.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
4. Over Domestication
• The over domestication of animals has made
diversity low, because favorability to one
species has many effects in the ecosystem.
II. Artificial, Man-made or
Anthropogenic Activities
4. Over Domestication
• Example of this is the production of pig farms making
farmers to make large swine pens or clearing lands
for the domesticated animals affecting changes in the
natural habitat of some organism resulting low
species diversity.
BIODIVERSITY
AND
CLADISTICS
Specific Objectives
1.Determine and explain the
Biodiversity Index of species
found in simulated Philippines
Mangrove Forest.
THE BIODIVERSITY
INDEX
• Diversity index is a quantitative
measure that reflects how many
different types (such as species)
there are in a dataset (a
community).
• These indices are statistical
representations of biodiversity
in different aspects (richness,
evenness, and dominance).
Simplified Formula:
Number of species
in the area
Biodiversity =
Index Total number of
individuals in the
area
Example:
Callao and Tatil (2017) investigated and
calculated the biodiversity in 6m x 6m
quadrant at the shore in Socorro, Surigao
Del Norte. They have found variety of species
and counted the number of individuals per
species.
Example:
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS TYPE OF SPECIES INDIVIDUALS PER
SPECIES
A. Mollusks (Mollusca) Bivalves 60
Sea Cucumber 10
B. Echinoderms (Echinodermata) Red Thorny Sea Star 21
Sea Urchin 32
C. Crustaceans (Crustacea) Sand Crabs 15
Pivot Crabs 22
TOTAL 6 160
Example:
Number of species
in the area
Biodiversity Index =
Total number of individuals in
the area
6
=
160
Biodiversity Index = 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓
Example:
Conclusion:
This investigation concluded that
the biodiversity index of a small
piece of beach/coast has a low
biodiversity index resulting a low
species diversity.
Example:

Diagram 1. Cladistics representation of the example


in Biodiversity Index
QUESTIONS?
ACTIVITY
So Long!

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