BOARD LICENSURE

EXAMINATION FOR
CRIMINOLOGISTS
(BLEC)
MS JAMILLA L ASALAN, RCrim.

BS Criminology, cum laude, 2003

MS Criminal Justice (academic units
completed)
1st Place, Criminologist
Licensure Examination, 2004
Former Program Chair, Area
Chair, Full-time Faculty,
Research Officer and
Review Coordinator;
Author, criminology
textbooks and reviewers
SOCIOLOGY OF
CRIMES
CRIM1 - Introduction to
Criminology
CRIM2 - Theories of Crime
CRIM3 - Human Behavior and
Victimology
CRIM4 - Professional Conduct
and Ethical Standards
CRIM5 – Juvenile Delinquency
and Juvenile Justice
CRIM6 – Dispute Resolution
and Crisis Management
CRIM7 - Criminological
Research 1
CRIM8 – Criminological
Research 2
PRC TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
2021

1.Describe, explain and use

the theories in explaining
the etiology of crime,
criminal behavior, deviant
behavior and human behavior;
PRC TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
2021

2. Interpret and differentiate

the fundamental concepts of
law, crime, criminology,
criminal justice, deviance
and delinquency;
PRC TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
2021

3. Distinguish typologies of
crimes, criminals and
offenders;
4. Understand and design the
concepts of punishment,
sentencing and
rehabilitation, allied
disciplines or fields of
criminology; and
PRC TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
2021

5. Recognize and appraise the

Philippine criminology
profession and career paths
versus criminologists in
other countries.
PRC TOS 2021

Easy Questions =
Moderate Questions =
Difficult Questions =
----------
Total Number of
Questions
INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMINOLOGY

CRIM1
 PART 1
CRIMINOLOGY AS A
FIELD OF STUDY
DEFINITION OF
CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY
-derived from the Latin
word, crimen, which means
accusation, and logia,
which means to study
-derived from the original
term, criminologia, which
was coined by the Italian
law professor Raffaelle
Garofalo
CRIMINOLOGY – a body of
knowledge regarding
delinquency and crime as a
social phenomenon; it
includes within its scope,
the making of laws, the
breaking of laws and the
reactions toward the
breaking of laws
(Sutherland, 1939)
CRIMINOLOGY – as the
scientific study of causes
of crimes in relation to man
and society who set and
define rules and regulations
for himself and others to
govern (Tradio, 1999)
CRIMINOLOGY – a body of
knowledge regarding
crimes, criminals and the
efforts of society to
prevent and repress them
(Maglinao, 2006)
CRIMINOLOGY – refers to
the scientific study of
crimes, criminals and
victims; it also deals
with the prevention and
solution of crimes
(RA 11131)
 PRINCIPAL
DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1)Criminal etiology – causes
of crimes
2)Sociology of laws – nature
of criminal law and its
administration
3)Penology – treatment,
management and
administration of inmates
 NATURE AND
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CRIMINOLOGY
1)Applied science
2)Social science
3)Dynamic
4)Nationalistic
1)Criminology as an applied
science:
- the concepts and knowledge in
criminology are applied, or
used, such as in crime
prevention, formulation of
laws, investigation of crimes
and in other related activities
- they are also being used in
other fields, like sociology,
psychology and others
2) Criminology as a social
science:
- it studies crime as a
social phenomenon
- it studies crime as a
social problem and its impact
to society in general
3) Criminology as a dynamic
field of study:
- “dynamic” means continuously
changing or evolving
- new ideas continue to be
discovered and developed over
time
- new theories are formulated to
explain trends in criminality
4) Criminology as nationalistic:
- Criminology as a field of study
takes into consideration the
history, the culture, the social
norms and the law of the
territory
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
OF CRIMINOLOGY
1)Study of the Origin and
Development of Criminal Law

- one cannot study crimes

without having to study
criminal law because it is
criminal laws that define an
act as a crime
2) Study of the Causes of Crimes
and Development of Criminals

- studies the etiology, or

causes, of crimes, the multiple
factors that increase or
decrease the possibility of the
commission of crimes and how
these factors affect individuals
that cause them to commit crimes
3)Study of the other sciences
that examine criminal behavior
using scientific methods:
a. criminal demography
- study of the relationship
between criminality and
population
b. criminal epidiomology
- study of the relationship
between the environment and
criminality
c. criminal ecology
- study of criminality in
relation to the spatial
distribution in a community

d. criminal physical anthropology

- study of criminality in
relation to the physical
constitution of man
e. criminal psychology
- study of human behavior in
relation to criminality

f. criminal psychiatry
- study of the human mind in
relation to criminality
g. victimology
- the study of the role of the
victim in the commission of a
crime
DEVELOPMENT OF
CRIMINOLOGY
-began in Italy in 1700s

-the early theories were

formulated by Italian
scholars, thus, these theories
are collectively called the
Italian School of Criminology
 RA 11131
THE CRIMINOLOGY
PROFESSION ACT
OF 2018
- approved on November 8,
2018
- became effective on
aaaa
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
- refers to a natural
person who holds a valid
certificate of registration
and an updated
professional identification
card as a criminologist
issued by the PRC
PROFESSION
- refers to the art and
science in the practice of
criminology discipline
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
In line with the practice
of profession or occupation:
1. As a LAW ENFORCEMENT
ADMINISTRATOR, ADVISER,
CONSULTANT, OFFICER,
INVESTIGATOR, AGENT OR
EMPLOYEE in any private or
government agencies
performing law enforcement
and quasi-police functions;
 PNP 11. BSP
2. NBI 12. banks
3. PDEA 13. Philippine
4. BFP Postal Corp
5. BJMP 14. Sea and Air
6. Provincial Marshalls
Jails 15. VIP Security
7. BUCOR 16. Airport and
8. PPA Seaport Police
9. BIR 17. NICA
10. BoC 18. Intelligence
Service of
the
AFP and other
government
offices
 PNP 11. BSP
2. NBI 12. banks
3. PDEA 13. Philippine
4. BFP Postal Corp
5. BJMP 14. Sea and Air
6. Provincial Marshalls
Jails 15. VIP Security
7. BUCOR 16. Airport and
8. PPA Seaport Police
9. BIR 17. NICA
10. BoC 18. Intelligence
Service of the AFP and other
government offices
2. Teaching Profession
- PROFESSOR, INSTRUCTOR or
TEACHER teaching professional
subjects in criminology;

3. TECHNICIAN, EXAMINER or
CRIMINALIST in forensic
sciences and other fields of
scientific crime detection
and investigation;
4) As CORRECTIONAL
ADMINISTRATOR, EXECUTIVE
SUPERVISOR or OFFICER in any
rehabilitation, correctional
and penal institution or
facility, and in any
community-based corrections
and rehabilitation agencies
and programs;
5) As COUNSELOR, CONSULTANT ,
ADVISER OR RESEARCHER in any
government or private agency on
any aspect of criminological
research or project involving
the causes of crime, juvenile
delinquency, treatment of
offenders, police operations,
law enforcement administration,
scientific criminal
investigation or public safety
and national security
administration;
6) As PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR,
ADMINISTRATOR, CONSULTANT or
AGENT or DETECTIVE in any
private security and
investigation agency.
ACCREDITED PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATION
(APO)
- refers to the accredited
professional organization of
criminologists as the one
and only recognized and
accredited integrated
national organization of
criminologists
ACCREDITED PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATION
(APO)

- the Professional
Criminologists Association
of the Philippines (PCAP) is
the APO of criminologists
RATING IN THE LICENSURE
EXAMINATION

PASSING WEIGHTED AVERAGE

= 75%

- NO GRADE LESS THAN 60% IN

ANY SUBJECT
- IN CASE THE WEIGHTED
AVERAGE IS 75% OR ABOVE BUT
THERE IS A GRADE BELOW 60%
IN ANY OF THE SUBJECTS, THE
EXAMINEE MUST RETAKE THE
SAID SUBJECT
- THE EXAMINEE IS ONLY
ALLOWED TO RETAKE THE
SUBJECT ONCE
THE EXAMINEE MUST OBTAIN
A GRADE OF 80% OR HIGHER FOR
THE SAID SUBJECT
- EXAMINEE MUST RETAKE THE
FAILED SUBJECT WITHIN TWO
YEARS FROM DATE OF
EXAMINATION, OTHERWISE, HE
WOULD BE MARKED AS FAILED
- IF THE EXAMINEE FAILS TO
OBTAIN A GRADE OF 80%, HE
WOULD BE MARKED AS FAILED
- EXAMINEE WHO WOULD FAIL
IN THREE OR MORE SUBJECTS
WOULD BE MARKED FAILED

- THOSE WHO FAILED FIVE (5)

TIMES MUST TAKE A REFRESHER
COURSE BEFORE HE WOULD BE
ALLOWED TO TAKE THE BOARD
EXAMINATION AGAIN
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED
CRIMINOLOGISTS
EXEMPTIONS FROM TAKING ENTRANCE
OR QUALIFYING GOVERNMENT OR
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS for
the following positions:

dactylographer, ballistician,
questioned document examiner,
forensic photographer,
polygraph examiner,
probation officer, parole
officer, special investigator,
special agent; investigative
agent, intelligence agent, law
enforcement evaluation officer,
NAPOLCOM inspector, traffic
operation officer, associate
graft investigation officer,
special police officer,
safekeeping officer, sheriff,
security officer,
criminal investigator,
warden, reformation officer,
fire fighter, fire marshall,
jail officer up to the rank
of Jail Superintendent,
police officer up to the
rank of Police
Superintendent, and other
law enforcement agencies and
agencies under the criminal
justice system
2. PREFERENCE OF APPOINTMENT
IN GOVERNMENT CRIMINAL
JUSTICE AND OTHER GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONS

3. LATERAL ENTRY TO PNP,

BFP, BJMP AND ITS EQUIVALENT
TO PDEA, NBI AND OTHER LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
 PART 2
CRIMES, CRIMINALS
AND VICTIMS
CRIMES
CRIMES
– an act committed or
omitted in violation
of a public law; it
can either be an act
of commission or
omission
CRIME OF COMMISSION – when
the act performed is in
violation of a law
forbidding it

CRIME OF OMISSION – when the

person failed to perform an
act that is commanded by law
TRIANGLE OF CRIME

DESIRE

CRIME

CAPABILITY OPPORTUNITY
CLASSIFICATION
OF CRIMES
 TWO GENERAL
CLASSIFICATIONS
 LEGAL
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIMES
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1)ACCORDING TO LAW VIOLATED:
FELONY – violation of the
Revised Penal Code

OFFENSE – violation of special

penal laws

INFRACTION – violation of city

or municipal ordinance
2) ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF
COMMITTING THE CRIME:
DOLO – committed by means
of deceit

CULPA – committed by means

of fault
3) ACCORDING TO THE STAGE IN THE
COMMISSION:
CONSUMMATED

- When all the elements

necessary for its
execution and
accomplishment are present
FRUSTRATED
- When the offender has
performed all the acts of
execution which will produce
the felony as a consequence
but which nevertheless do not
produce it by reason of
causes independent of the will
of the perpetrator
ATTEMPTED
- when the offender commences
the commission of a crime
directly by overt acts and
does not perform all the acts
of execution which should
produce the felony by
reason of some cause or
accident other than his own
spontaneous desistance
4) ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE
ACT:
CRIMES MALA IN SE
- acts that are inherently
evil or wrong

CRIMES MALA PROHIBITA

- acts that are wrong only
because there are laws
prohibiting and punishing them
5)ACCORDING TO GRAVITY:
GRAVE FELONIES – punishable by
capital punishment or afflictive
penalties

LESS GRAVE FELONIES – punishable

by correctional penalties

LIGHT FELONIES – punishable by

arresto menor or a fine
exceeding P200.00
 CRIMINOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIMES
1)ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF THE
CRIME:
DESTRUCTIVE CRIMES
- if the crime resulted in
destruction, damage or death

ACQUISITIVE CRIMES
- if the offender acquired or
gained some material benefits
2) ACCORDING TO THE TIME OR
PERIOD OF THE COMMISSION OF THE
CRIME:
SEASONAL CRIMES
- happen only during a
particular period or time of
the year

SITUATIONAL CRIMES
- happen when the situation is
conducive to the commission
of the crime
3) ACCORDING TO THE LENGTH OF
TIME OF THE COMMISSION OF THE
CRIME:
INSTANT CRIMES
- crimes that are committed
over a short time

EPISOIDAL CRIMES
- crimes that are committed
through a series of acts
through a period of time
4) ACCORDING TO PLACE OR
LOCATION:
STATIC CRIMES
- crimes committed only in
one place

CONTINUING CRIMES
- crimes that take place in
more than one place, or even
in several places
5) ACCORDING TO THE USE OF
MENTAL FACULTIES:
RATIONAL CRIMES
- crimes committed by an
offender who is capable of
knowing what he is doing and
understanding the consequences
of his actions
IRRATIONAL CRIMES
- crimes committed by an
offender who is suffering from
mental insanity or other forms
of mental disorder
6) ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF
OFFENDER:
WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES
- crimes committed by
professionals who take
advantage of their knowledge
or skill

BLUE-COLLAR CRIMES
- crimes committed by ordinary
criminals as a source of
livelihood
 CRIME
STATISTICS
CRIME STATISTICS
- a mathematical measure of
the level or amount of crime
prevalent in a given area at
a given time
CRIME STATISTICS
- refers to figures compiled
by the police and similar law
enforcement agencies to
depict the picture of a crime
based on crime volume, index
crimes, non-index crimes and
crime rate
INDEX CRIMES
- crimes which are serious
in nature and which occur
with sufficient frequency and
regularity such that they
serve as an index to the
crime situation
INDEX CRIMES
- there are seven (7) focus
crimes classified under the
category index crimes, and
these are murder, homicide,
physical injury, robbery,
theft, carnapping and rape
INDEX CRIMES
- also includes special
complex crimes and other
violations of special laws
with the same nature as
special complex crimes
NON-INDEX CRIMES
- violations of special laws
and of the RPC other than
those classified as index
crimes
NON-INDEX CRIMES
- frustrated and attempted
stages of index crimes are
classified under non-index
crimes
NON-INDEX CRIMES
- crimes that are not
classified as index crimes

- all other crimes not

enumerated as index crimes
PEACE AND ORDER INDICATOR
(PO1)
-includes crimes that reflect
the true crime picture and
peace and order situation of
a community

-comprises the totality of

index and non-index crimes

PUBLIC SAFETY INDICATOR (PSI)
- the classification of
crimes that include
culpable felonies and quasi-
offenses (imprudence and
negligence) that reflect
the public safety situation
of a community
PUBLIC SAFETY INDICATOR (PSI)
- comprises the totality of
vehicular incidents and other
quasi-offenses punishable
under the RPC
CRIME VOLUME
- the number of crimes
reported as to its
classification, whether index
or non-index, within a given
period
CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY
(CCE)
- the efficiency of the
police expressed in percentage
as to the number of crimes
cleared by the police out of
the total number of crimes that
are recorded into the police
blotter for a given period of
time
CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY (CCE)
- a crime shall be considered
CLEARED when at least one of the
offenders has been identified,
there is sufficient evidence to
charge him and he has been
charged before the prosecutor’s
office or any other court of
appropriate jurisdiction
CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY

CRIMES CLEARED
POCCE = _______________ X 100%
TOTAL POI

POCCE stands for Public Order

Crime Clearance Efficiency
PO1 stands for Public Order
Indicator
CRIME RATE
- the number of crime
incidents in a given period of
time for every 100,000
inhabitants of an area

TOTAL POI
POCR = _______________ X 100,000
POPULATION/100,000
CRIME RATE
- the number of crime
incidents in a given period of
time for every 100,000
inhabitants of an area

TOTAL PSI
PSCR = _______________ X 100,000
POPULATION/100,000
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY
- the efficiency of the police
expressed in percentage in the
number of cases solved by the
police out of the total number
of crimes that are recorded into
the police blotter for a given
period of time
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

A crime shall be
considered solved when the
following elements concur:
1. the offender has been
identified
2. there is sufficient
evidence to charge him
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

3. the offender has actually

been taken into custody

4. the offender has been charged

before the prosecutor’s office
or court of appropriate
jurisdiction
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

5. when some elements beyond

the police control prevent
the arrest of the offender,
such as when the victim
refuses to prosecute, or the
offender dies or absconds or
escapes
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

6. the arrest of one

offender can solve several
crimes or several offenders
may be arrested in the
process of solving one crime
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

CRIMES SOLVED
POCSE = _______________ X 100,000
TOTAL PO1

CRIMES SOLVED
PSCSE = _______________ X 100,000
TOTAL PS1
CRIME VOLUME
- the number of crimes reported as
to its classification, whether
index or non-index , within a
given period

CRIME RATE X TOTAL POPULATION

CRIME VOLUME = ____________________________
100,000
CRIME INFORMATION, REPORTING
and ANALYSIS SYSTEM or CIRAS

- used to be called
e-Blotter
CRIME INFORMATION, REPORTING
and ANALYSIS SYSTEM or CIRAS
- the system that sets a
standard procedure by which
all crime incidents
reported to the police
stations are electronically
stored in a database
CRIME INFORMATION, REPORTING
and ANALYSIS SYSTEM or CIRAS

- serves as the repository

of all crime information
emanating from the complaints
received by the police
station and those written in
police blotter
POLICE BLOTTER
- the official logbook,
covered blue with hardbound
cover, that contains the daily
of all crime incident reports,
official summary of arrests
and other significant
events/activities reported in
the police station
 CRIME
TYPOLOGIES
CRIMINALS
CRIMINAL
- a person who violated the
law; a person who committed a
crime
CRIMINOLOGICAL DEFINITION
- a person is a criminal the
moment he committed a crime
or violated the law

LEGAL DEFINITION
- a person is a criminal if
he was found guilty of
committing a crime by the
court
CLASSIFICATION
OF CRIMINALS
1)ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY:
ACUTE CRIMINAL
- an offender who committed the
crime as a result of reacting
to a situation, such as during
a moment of anger of burst of
feeling
CHRONIC CRIMINAL
- an offender who committed the
crime with intention
2) ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF
OFFENDER:
ORDINARY CRIMINAL
- one who commits crimes which
do not require specialized
or technical skills

ORGANIZED CRIMINAL
- one who belongs to a group of
criminals who possess some
form of organization or
network which enable them to
commit crimes
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
- one who is highly-skilled
and methodical in his
operation and uses suck
skills in the commission of
crimes and receives payment
in exchange for the
commission of an offense
3) ACCORDING TO CRIMINAL
ACTIVITIES:
ACCIDENTAL CRIMINAL
- one who got involved in a
criminal act because of some
circumstances beyond his
control

SITUATIONAL CRIMINAL
- one who got involved in a
criminal act because the
situation presented himself
HABITUAL CRIMINAL
- one who repeatedly commits
criminal acts

PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
- one who earns his living
through criminal activities
VICTIMS
- the person against whom a
crime was committed
- the person harmed because
of the commission of an
offense
- the person complaining
against another person
because of a commission of
a crime
VICTIMOLOGY
- the study of
victimization, including the
relationship between victims
and offenders, the
interactions between victims
and the criminal justice
system and the connections
between victims and other
societal groups and
institutions
- tries to answer the following
questions:

1.What are the reasons why a

person becomes a victim?

2. Why are certain people

victimized more than the
rest?
- tries to answer the following
questions:

3. what makes a person a target

of offenders?

4. How does a person contribute

to becoming a victim?
- age, gender, marital
status, educational
background, level of
education, income,
occupation, lifestyle or
habits, ecology and victim-
offender relationships are
some of the factors that
affect victimization risks
 PART 3
INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMINAL LAW
(SOCIOLOGY OF LAWS)
CRIMINAL LAW
– that branch of public
law which defines
crimes, treats of their
nature and provides for
their punishment
SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW
1)THE REVISED PENAL CODE
2)SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
PASSED BY CONGRESS
3)PRESIDENTIAL DECREES
ISSUED BY THE FORMER
PRESIDENT MARCOS DURING
MARTIAL LAW
ACT NO 3815, REVISED PENAL
CODE
- became effective on
1 January 1932
- composed of two (2)
books: Book 1 and Book
2
BOOK 1 has two parts:
Articles 1-20 = Basic Principles
Affecting Criminal Liability

Articles 21-113 = Penalties

BOOK 2 contains the felonies

defined under different titles
with the corresponding penalties
Articles 114-365
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CRIMINAL LAW
1) GENERALITY
2) TERRITORIALITY
3) PROSPECTIVITY
GENERALITY
- the provisions of
criminal law are equally
applicable to all persons
within the Philippine
territory, regardless of sex,
religion, political beliefs,
economic status and other
personal circumstances
EXCEPTIONS:

heads of state or
country

foreign diplomats and

ambassadors
TERRITORIALITY
- criminal law is
enforceable only within the
Philippine territorial
jurisdiction, including:
a. Philippine archipelago
b. Atmosphere water
c. Maritime zone – the
twelve (12)-mile limit
beyond our shores
EXCEPTIONS:
1)should commit an offense
while on Philippine ship or
airship;
2)should forge or
counterfeit any coin or
currency note of the
Philippines;
3) while being a public
officer or employee, should
commit an offense in the
exercise of their
functions; and
4) should commit any of the
crimes against national
security and law of
nations.
3) PROSPECTIVITY
- No person may be
punished for his act when
at the time he committed
the act, it is still not
yet punishable by law
EXCEPTION:

- penal laws may be given

retroactive effect when
they are favorable to the
accused
FELONIES
FELONY (DELITO)
- an act or omission
punishable by the Revised
Penal Code which is
committed by means of dolo
or culpa

DOLO = DECEIT
CULPA = FAULT
INTENTIONAL FELONIES
– committed by means of
DOLO or deceit; committed
with deliberate intent or
malice
ELEMENTS OF INTENTIONAL
FELONIES:
1)FREEDOM OR VOLUNTARINESS
2)INTELLIGENCE
3)INTENT
FREEDOM OR VOLUNTARINESS
- when the person performs an
act willingly or on his own
accord without irresistible
force or uncontrollable fear

INTELLIGENCE
- when the person has the
ability to distinguish between
what is right and wrong
INTENT
- when the person knowingly
and purposely committed
the crime to obtain the
desired result
CULPABLE FELONIES – committed
by means of CULPA or fault;
acts that were done without
malice
ELEMENTS OF CULPABLE
FELONIES:
1)IMPRUDENCE
2)NEGLIGENCE
3)LACK OF FORESIGHT
4)LACK OF SKILL
IMPRUDENCE
- deficiency in action, or
failure to take the necessary
precaution to prevent the
danger due to carelessness

NEGLIGENCE
- deficiency in perception, or
failure to see the danger
LACK OF FORESIGHT
- when the crime resulted due
to the person’s inability to
predict the obvious possible
outcome of his actions

LACK OF SKILL
- when the crime resulted
because the person does not
have the necessary skill to
perform the action safely
 CIRCUMSTANCES
AFFECTING CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
1)JUSTIFYING
2)EXEMPTING
3)MITIGATING
4)AGGRAVATING
5)ALTERNATIVE (EITHER
MITIGATING OR
AGGRAVATING)
JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
- are those where the act of a
person is said to be in
accordance with law, so that
such person is deemed not have
transgressed the law and is
free from criminal liability
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
- are those grounds for
exemption from punishment
because there is lacking in
the agent of the crime any of
the conditions which make the
act voluntary of negligent
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES
- are those which if present
in the commission of the
crime do not entirely free
the actor from criminal
liability but serve only to
reduce the penalty
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
- are those which if attendant
in the commission of the
crime serve to increase the
penalty
 CRIME
TYPOLOGIES
TYPOLOGY
- a means of classifying
into categories defined by
some common denominator

- a manner of classifying
according to general types
1)VIOLENT CRIMES
2)ECONOMIC CRIMES
- ORGANIZED CRIME
- CYBERCRIME
3)PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES
VIOLENT CRIME

- is the use of force

exercised without
excuse or justifiable
cause to achieve a goal
at the expense of a
victim
VIOLENCE
- the use of physical
force, threat or
intimidation by one person
against another
- can be the primary motive
of the offender or the means
to achieve the primary
motive of the offender
EXAMPLES:

1)MURDER
2)RAPE
3)PHYSICAL INJURIES
4)ARSON
5)TERRORISM
ECONOMIC CRIME
- any act characterized
by fraud, concealment or
a violation of trust and
are not dependent upon
the application or threat
of physical force or
violence
- a crime committed to
gain profit within an
otherwise legal business

- includes tax evasion,

fraud and embezzlement in
otherwise legal
corporations
- also called
corporate crime and
white-collar crime
- performed by highly-
educated people in the
practice of their
profession
ORGANIZED CRIME
- any enterprise or group of
persons engaged in a
continuing illegal activity
which has as its primary
purpose the generation of
profits and continuance of
the enterprise regardless of
national borders
- any group having some
manner of formalized
structure and whose
primary objective is to
obtain money through
illegal activities
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ORGANIZED CRIME:

1)Performed by a network of
people in an organized
structure;
2)Monetary gain or profit is
the primary objective;
3) Monetary gain or profit is
achieved through illegal or
criminal activities; and

4) Uses violence, intimidation

and corruption in order to
achieve monetary gain or profit.
PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES
- refer to offenses which
have been called vice
offenses, consensual
offenses, victimless crimes
or even nuisance offenses
- these crimes range from
something as serious as the
use and sale of dangerous
drugs and prostitution to
something as minor as public
disturbance due to excessive
alcoholic consumption or
public drunkenness
COMPUTER OR CYBERCRIMES
- any crime accomplished
through special knowledge of
computer technology

- any crime where computer

is used as a tool or as a
target or incidental to the
commission of a crime
- includes hacking, identity
theft, fraud, cyber-sex or
cyber-prostitution, child
pornography and other crimes
which make use of computer
or the internet
 PART 4
PENOLOGY
PENOLOGY
-the principal division of
criminology concerned with
the study of the treatment,
management and
administration of inmates
PENOLOGY
- the term was derived from
the word penal, from the
Latin word poenalis,
which means punishment
PENOLOGY
- the study of the
reformation and
rehabilitation of criminals
and of the management of
prisons
PENOLOGY
- as the study of
punishment
PENOLOGY
- due to the changes in the
attitudes towards punishment
and perspectives regarding
the treatment of offenders,
the terms corrections and
correctional system are now
widely used
CORRECTIONS
- used to refer to the
processes, procedures and
agencies concerned with the
handling, treatment and
rehabilitation of convicted
offenders
PUNISHMENT
-the redress that the state
takes against an offending
member
PUNISHMENT
-the response of the state
or the government, or a
person who has authority to
impose such to an act that
has been previously defined
as prohibited or unlawful
committed by a person
PENALTY
-refers to punishment
imposed by a lawful
authority upon a person who
commits a deliberate or
negligent act
-can take the form of
imprisonment, payment of
fines and damages, among
others
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
- refers to the penalty of
imprisonment

CIVIL LIABILITY
- refers to the obligation
to pay damages and is paid
to the offended party
FINE
-a penalty which can be
imposed in conjunction with,
or in addition to, another
penalty
-it is paid to the state or
the government
DURATION OF PENALTIES

The duration of penalties

is provided by Article 25 of
the Revised Penal Code:

Capital Punishment
Death
DURATION OF PENALTIES

Afflictive Penalties

Reclusion Perpetua – 20 years and

1 day to 40 years
Reclusion Temporal – 12 years and
1 day to 20 years
Prision Mayor – 6 years and 1 day
to 12 years
DURATION OF PENALTIES

Correccional Penalties

Prision Correccional – 6 months

and 1 day to six years
Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1
day to 6 months
DURATION OF PENALTIES

Correccional Penalties

Destierro – 6 months and 1 day

to 6 years; shall not be
permitted to enter the place or
places designated in the
sentence, nor within the radius
therein specified, which shall
be not more than 250 kilometers
and not less than 25 kilometers
from the place designated
DURATION OF PENALTIES

Light Penalties

Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30

days
REHABILITATION
-means to restore or return
to constructive or healthy
activity
-to restore a convicted
offender to a constructive
place in society through
some combination of
treatment, education and
training
REINTEGRATION
-the process of making the
offender a productive member of
the community
-aims to use the time criminals
are under correctional
supervision to prepare them to
reenter the free community as
well equipped to do so as
possible
 PART 5
CRIMINAL
ETIOLOGY
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
-the principal division of
criminology concerned with
the study of the origins,
causes and factors of crimes
-the subject matter for the
course, THEORIES OF CRIME
CAUSATION (CRIM2)
THE END