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One Way ANOVA 20162

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Audrey Carig
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18 views46 pages

One Way ANOVA 20162

Uploaded by

Audrey Carig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared by:

Mr. James Philip Ray V. Pinggolio, LPT, RGC


De La Salle University-Dasmarinas
• The analysis of variance is a test of
difference between two or more means.
• In an experiment involving only two
conditions of the independent variable, you
may use either a t-test or the ANOVA
• The test statistic for ANOVA is an F-ratio,
which is a ratio of two sample variances.
• Analysis of variance is abbreviated as ANOVA
• An independent variable is called a factor
• Each condition of the independent variable
is also called a level or a treatment, and
differences produced by the independent
variable are a treatment effect
• The symbol for the number of levels in a
factor is k
• A one-way ANOVA is performed when only
one independent variable is tested in the
experiment.
• When a factor is studied using independent
samples in all conditions, it is called a
between-subjects factor

• A between-subjects factor involves using the


formulas for a between-subjects ANOVA
• When a factor is studied using related
(dependent) samples in all levels, it is
called a within-subjects factor

• This involves a set of formulas called a


within-subjects ANOVA
• Whenthere are more than two means in an
experiment, using multiple t-tests result in an
experiment-wise error rate much larger than
the one we have selected

• Using
the ANOVA allows us to compare the
means from all levels of the factor and keep
the experiment-wise error rate equal to a
1. The experiment has only one independent
variable and all conditions contain
independent samples
2. The dependent variable measures normally
distributed interval or ratio scores
3. The variances of all populations
represented are homogeneous
1. State the null and research hypothesis
2. Set the level of risk or significance
3. Select appropriate test statistic
4. Compute the test statistic value (Fobt)
5. Determine the Fcrit
6. Compare Fobt to Fcrit
7. Interpret the data
8. Perform Post Hoc Comparisons
• An experiment was performed to determine
how well people perform a task depending
on how difficult they believe the task will be
(perceived difficulty – IV).
• There are 3 levels (conditions) having 5
participants each.
• They were provided with the same 10 math
problems (stimulus)
• We will tell participants in Condition 1 that
the problems are easy, in Condition 2 that the
problems are of medium difficulty and
Condition 3 difficult. (we have 3 levels)

• Our dependent variable is the number that


the participants then correctly solve the
math problems within an allotted time.
1. State the null and research hypothesis
H 0 : 1 =  2 =  =  k
H a : not all  s are equal
Note: ANOVA always use two-tailed test.
2. Set the level of risk or significance
This depends upon the discretion of the
researcher, but the default significance level is
0.05
3. Select appropriate test statistic.
Since there is only one IV with three conditions,
we will be using one-way or simple ANOVA
4. Compute the test statistic value

Sum of Mean
Source df F
Squares Squares
Between SSbn dfbn MSbn Fobt
Within SSwn dfwn MSwn
Total SStot dftot
 (X tot ) 2 
SS tot = X 2
tot −  
 N 
 (sum of scores in the column ) 2   (X tot ) 2 
SS bn =    −  
 n of scores in the column   N 
SSwn = SStot - SSbn
1. The degrees of freedom between groups
equals k – 1

2. The degrees of freedom within groups


equals N – k

3. The degrees of freedom total equals N - 1


SS bn
MS bn =
df bn

SS wn
MS wn =
df wn
MS bn
Fobt =
MS wn
5. Determine the Fcrit
The F-distribution is the sampling distribution
showing the various values of F that occur when H0
is true and all conditions represent one population

The critical value of F (Fcrit) depends on:


• The degrees of freedom (both the dfbn = k - 1
and the dfwn = N - k)
• The a selected
• The F-test is always a two-tailed test
5. Determine the Fcrit
At 0.05 level of significance, the dfbn = 2 and the
dfwn = 12, the Fcrit is 3.89

6. Compare Fobt to Fcrit


Since the Fobt of 4.52 is beyond the Fcrit of 3.89,
we reject the null hypothesis, therefore the result is
significant.
7. Perform Post Hoc Comparisons
• When Fobt is significant, it indicates that
somewhere among the means at least two of
them differ significantly
• It does not indicate which specific means
differ significantly
• When the F-test is significant, we perform
post hoc comparisons
7. Perform Post Hoc Comparisons
• Post hoc comparisons are like t-tests
• We compare all possible pairs of means from
a factor, one pair at a time, to determine
which means differ significantly
• We perform post hoc comparisons using
Tukey’s HSD or Fisher’s Protected t-Test
• When the ns in the levels of the factor are not
equal, use Fisher’s protected t-test

X1 − X 2
tobt =
1 1
MS wn  + 
 n1 n2 
• When the ns in all levels of the factor are equal,
use the Tukey HSD multiple comparisons test

 MS wn 
HSD = (qk ) 

 n 
where qk is found using the appropriate table
• Confidence Interval

 MS wn   MS wn 
  (−tcrit ) + X      (+tcrit ) + X
 n   n 
   

• Eta squared (effect size for ANOVA)

SS bn
 =
2

SS tot
• Using the following data set, conduct a one-
way ANOVA. Use a = 0.05

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3


14 14 10 13 11 15
13 10 12 11 14 13
14 15 11 10 14 15
 (X tot ) 2  2292
SS tot = X tot
2
−   = 2969 − = 55.611
 N  18
 (sum of scores in the column ) 2   (X tot ) 2 
SS bn =    −  
 n of scores in the column   N 
802 67 2 822 2292
= + + − = 22.111
6 6 6 18

SS wn = SS tot − SSbn = 55.611− 22.111 = 33.50


•dfbn = k - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2

•dfwn = N - k = 18 - 3 = 15

•dftot = N - 1 = 18 - 1 = 17
SSbn 22.111
MS bn = = = 11.055
df bn 2

SS wn 33.50
MS wn = = = 2.233
df wn 15

MS bn 11.055
Fobt = = = 4.951
MS wn 2.233
• Fcrit for 2 and 15 degrees of freedom
and a = 0.05 is 3.68

• Since Fobt = 4.951, the ANOVA is


significant

• A post hoc test must now be performed


• The mean of sample 3 is significantly different
from the mean of sample 2
 MS wn   2.233 
HSD = (qk )  = 3.675
 
 = 2.242

 n   6 
X 1 − X 2 = 13.333 − 11.167 = 2.166
X 3 − X 2 = 13.667 − 11.167 = 2.500
X 3 − X 1 = 13.667 − 13.333 = 0.334
☺

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