O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – P.

Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Class 9 th
Chapter 5

These notes belong to ………………………………….

O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Different Types of Periodic Tables

Pictorial

Spiral
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

1. Group I (Alkali Metals) :

• General properties showing Periodicity
• General Properties showing Gradation
• Example of increasing reactivity of Group I elements
• Reaction of sodium with cold water – observations
• Reaction of H2 with water
• Sodium exposed to air

2. Group VII (Halogens) :

• General properties and reactivity
• Displacement Reactions of Halogens
• Ionic Equation for the Displacement Reactions of Halogens
• Reaction between sodium and chlorine
• General pattern of reaction between any Group I and Group VII elements
• Reaction of H2 with reactive halogens

3. Group VIII (Noble Gases) :

• Lack of reactivity (Revision)
• Uses of Noble Gases

4. Transition Elements :
• General Properties
• Exceptional properties of Zn

5. Stock System to show Variable Valencies :

• Need for stock system
• The elements on which stock system is applied
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O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Topic 5
Periodic Table

Details of the topics `

• List of Groups and Blocks

In this chapter, we will briefly study
(a) Group I or alkali metals
(b) Group VII or halogens
(c) Group VIII (Noble gases)
(d) Transition elements

2 . Group I (Alkali Metals) `

(1) General Properties showing similarity (called periodicity)

( They are non typical metals )

►►► (i) They are reactive metals

►►► (ii) They are soft metals e.g. sodium can be cut with a knife

►►► (iii) They have low densities e.g. sodium floats over water while
reacting with it

►►► (iv) They have low melting points e.g. sodium melts at 98oC
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

(2) General Properties showing step-wise change (called Gradation)

( All increase except melting point which decrease )
In going from top to bottom in this group, elements show :
►►► (i) Increasing reactivity

►►► (ii) Increasing softness

►►► (iii) Increasing density

►►► (iv) Increasing melting points

(3) Example of increasing reactivity of Group I elements :

(Reaction with water)

(a) 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯→ 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) (Moderate reaction)

►►► (b) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯→ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (vigorous reaction)

►►► (c) (highly vigorous reaction – explosive)

►►► ((( )))

A silvery white ball dissolves while darting about on the surface of water with a fizzing sound.
((( bubbles of gas may also be mentioned )))

(5) Reaction of H2 with water :

►►► no reaction ….

(6) Sodium exposed to air :

Sodium is such a reactive metal that when exposed to air, it forms a dull layer of sodium oxide
(Na2O) over it. That is why it is stored under the surface of an unreactive oil.
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

3 . Group VII or Halogens `

‘Halo’ means salt , ‘gen’ means generator or producer… so

halogen means salt producer. This is contributed to the fact
that halogens were found to produce salts on reaction with
metals.

(1) General Properties and Reactivity :

(1) They are reactive non-metals

(2) The colours and states of halogens are as follows (on the next page)

Halogen Colour State

Fluorine Yellow Gas

Chlorine Yellowish Green Gas

Bromine Red Brown Liquid (volatile)

Iodine Dark violet or black Solid (sublimable)

( volatile liquids are those which can evaporate easily e.g.

petrol is more volatile than water )

(3) Reactivity of halogens goes on decreasing from top to bottom

(4) An important point about iodine :
Iodine is a black or dark violet crystalline solid but when dissolved in water, it forms a
brown solution

Iodine actually forms a certain brown coloured compound

called Complex Compound on dissolving in water
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

(2) Displacement Reactions of Halogens :

A Very Important Tip

Reactive elements are reactive in the elemental form and
stable in the combined form and vice versa
e.g. reactivity of group VII elements go on decreasing from top
to bottom, so the reactivity of ions of Groups VII goes on
increasing from top to bottom

(1) F2 + 2KCl ⎯→ 2KF + Cl2

The above reaction is a valid displacement reaction.
The more reactive halogen i.e Fluorine displaces the less reactive
halogen i.e. Chlorine from its compound
( As a general rule reactive substances react to form stable substances )

(2) I2 + 2KBr ⎯→ 2KI + Br2

The above reaction cannot occur.
The less reactive halogen i.e Iodine cannot displace
the more reactive halogen i.e. Bromine from its compound

Q. Predict whether the following reactions will occur or not

(i) Br2 + 2KF ⎯→ 2KBr + F2
(ii) Br2 + 2KI ⎯→ 2KBr + I2
A. ►►►
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

(3) Ionic Equation :

( It is an equation formed by cancelling out similar ions in the dissociated form (aqueous form) on both
the sides of the equation. Such ions are called spectator ions. )

Examples (Ionic equations for the displacement reactions of halogens) :

(1) Make the ionic equation for the following reaction :

Br2(l) + 2KI(aq) ⎯→ 2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)

Br2(l) + 2KI(aq) ⎯→ 2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)

Br2(l) + 2I–(aq) ⎯→ 2Br–(aq) + I2(aq)

(2) Make the ionic equation for the following reaction :

Cl2(l) + 2KBr(aq) ⎯→ 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

►►►

(4) Reaction between sodium and chlorine :

(a) Feasibility of the reaction :

The reaction is very violent which means it is highly favoured as a reactive metal
is reacting with a reactive non – metal.

(b) Equation :

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ⎯→ 2NaCl (s)

(c) Observations :
A silvery white solid (sodium) reacts violently with yellowish green gas
(chlorine) to form white fumes (of NaCl) and white solid residue or ash (NaCl in
the solid form)

(5) Reaction between any Group I and Group VII elements :

The reaction will be very violent as one is a reactive metal and the other is a reactive non –
metal.
(6) Reaction of H2 with reactive halogens :
Hydrogen also reacts very violently with Group VII elements (like group I elements).
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

4 . Noble Gases or Group VIII `

((( NOT NOBEL GASES )))

(1) Lack of Reactivity (Revision) :
They are very less reactive elements because they have complete valence shells.

(2) Uses of noble gases :

►►► (a) Helium is used in ……………………………………………………..

►►► (b) Neon is used in ……………………………………………………..

►►► (c) Argon is used in ……………………………………………………..

5 . Transition Elements `

( They are typical metals )

(1) General Properties :

►►► (1) They form coloured compounds

►►► (2) They show variable oxidation states (or variable valencies)

►►► (3) They have high melting points

►►► (4) They have high densities

►►► (5) These elements and their compounds are mostly useful catalysts in industries.

Examples of transition elements and their compounds as catalysts :

(1) Iron, Fe is used as a catalyst in Haber Process for the manufacture of ammonia
(2) Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5 is used as a catalyst in the Contact Process for the manufacture
of sulfuric acid.
(3) Nickel, Ni, is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes.
O Level Class 9th Chapter 5 – Periodic Table (k) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

(2) Exceptional Properties of Zinc :

Although zinc is placed in transition elements its major properties do not resemble with those
of transition elements e.g.

(1) It does not form coloured compounds

(2) It shows only one oxidation state in its compound i.e. 2+ (Zn2+)

6 . Stock System to show Variable Valencies `

(1) Need for Stock System :

There are certain elements that show variable oxidation states. So, to specify the oxidation
state of such an element in any of its compounds, this system is applied in the name of the
compound. This system states that for substances which show variable oxidation states, some
number in Roman is written in brackets immediately after the name of the element. The number
in Roman always represents positive oxidation state.

(2) The elements on which Stock System is applied :

This system is applied to
(1) Transition elements
(2) A few metals other than transition elements e.g. Sn, Pb
(3) A few non – metals such as C, S, N

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