 Open Access, April 2022 J.

Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 14(1): 95-108

p-ISSN : 2087-9423 https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalikt
e-ISSN : 2620-309X DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v14i1.37605

MONITORING OF MANGROVE ECOTOURISM AREA USING NDVI, NDWI, AND

CMRI IN DODOLA ISLAND, MOROTAI ISLAND REGENCY, INDONESIA

MONITORING KAWASAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE MENGGUNAKAN NDVI, NDWI,

DAN CMRI DI PULAU DODOLA, KABUPATEN PULAU MOROTAI, INDONESIA

Yerik Afrianto Singgalen* & Danny Manongga

Magister of Information System, Faculty of Information Technology, Satya Wacana Christian
University of Indonesia, Salatiga, 50711, Indonesia
*E-mail: 972020006@student.uksw.edu

ABSTRACT
The development of tourism infrastructure causes land-use change or land conversion from green open
spaces into tourism economic areas. The utilization of mangrove areas as an ecotourism attraction
needs to be monitored regularly so that facilities and infrastructure development do not threaten the
sustainability of mangrove vegetation. This article aims to identify the distribution of mangroves using
the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI),
Combined Mangrove Recognize Index (CMRI) model in Morotai Island Regency, North Maluku
Province, Indonesia. The perspective of sustainable ecotourism is used to discuss the socio-cultural
context of the Morotai community, especially the people of Kolorai Island. This study adopted a
mixed-method. Data processing is divided into two stages: the first stage, mapping the distribution of
mangroves on Dodola Island using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite imagery from
2013-2021 based on NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI calculations; the second stage, triangulation. The
results of this study indicate that in 2017, there was a decrease in the value of NDVI and CMRI in
Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3 as a mangrove ecotourism area on Dodola Island. It indicates a threat to
the mangrove ecosystem if infrastructure development causes a decrease in the value of the vegetation
index significantly significant from year to year. Thus, it is necessary to control infrastructure
development programs by involving local communities in the maintenance of mangrove ecosystems.

Keywords: CMRI, ecotourism, mangrove, NDVI, NDWI

ABSTRAK
Pembangunan infrastruktur pariwisata menyebabkan alih fungsi lahan atau konversi lahan dari ruang
terbuka hijau menjadi kawasan ekonomi pariwisata. Pemanfaatan kawasan mangrove sebagai daya
tarik ekowisata perlu dimonitoring secara berkala agar pembangunan sarana dan prasarana tidak
mengancam keberlanjutan vegetasi mangrove. Artikel ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sebaran
mangrove menggunakan model normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference
water index (NDWI), combined mangrove recognize index (CMRI) di Kabupaten Pulau Morotai,
Provinsi Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Perspektif ekowisata berkelanjutan digunakan untuk
mendiskusikan konteks sosio-kultural masyarakat Morotai khususnya masyarakat Pulau Kolorai.
Penelitian ini mengadopsi metode campuran. Pengolahan data terbagi menjadi dua tahap yakni:
tahap pertama, pemetaan sebaran mangrove Pulau Dodola menggunakan citra satelit Landsat 8
Operational Land Imager (OLI) dari tahun 2013-2021 berdasarkan kalkulasi NDVI, NDWI, dan
CMRI; tahap kedua, trianggulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2017, terjadi
penurunan nilai NDVI dan CMRI di Zona 1, Zona, 2, dan Zona 3 sebagai kawasan ekowisata
mangrove Pulau Dodola.. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya ancaman ekosistem mangrove apabila
pembangunan infrastruktur menyebabkan penurunan nilai indeks vegetasi secara signifikan dari
tahun ke tahun. Dengan demikian, diperlukan program pengendalian terhadap program
pembangunan infrastruktur dengan melibatkan masyarakat lokal dalam pemeliharaan ekosistem
mangrove.

Kata kunci: CMRI, ekowisata, mangrove, NDVI, NDWI

Department of Marine Science and Technology FPIK-IPB, ISOI, and HAPPI 95

 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

I. INTRODUCTION development in coastal areas, watersheds,

and archipelagic areas. Djamaluddin et al.
Mangroves are ecosystems that can (2019) stated that the condition of mangroves
protect the sustainability of small islands, needs to be analyzed periodically from time
coastal areas, and watersheds threatened with to time. Regular monitoring is required to
erosion or abrasion due to waves of sea and identify changes caused by climate change,
river water. The mangrove ecosystem is one natural disasters, infrastructure development,
of the coastal ecosystems with a high level of and land conversion for local communities'
productivity (Aswin et al., 2021). The economic benefit. Furthermore, Nurdiansah
mangrove existence can enrich the coastal & Dharmawan (2021) argue that mangroves'
area and maintain the balance of the functionality is highly dependent on the size,
ecosystem (Mas’ud et al., 2020). Each area community structure, and quality of the
has different mangrove characteristics and ecosystem. However, mangrove ecosystems
marine biota and other ecosystems in the play an essential role in the existence and
mangrove area. Rumalean & Purwanti (2019) provision of community ecosystem services
stated that the structure and composition of on small islands. Therefore, the value of the
mangroves in each area are different. Several vegetation index of the mangrove area needs
mangroves have the lowest distribution, such to be monitored regularly so as not to
as Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Nypa fruticans, experience damage and disrupt the
and Terminalia catappa. ecosystem.
Previous research used remote Mangroves in Indonesia can be
sensing techniques to analyze the distribution developed as a tourism destination that
of mangrove forests. Wijaya & Huda (2018) brings economic and social benefits to the
analyzed the dominant mangrove species in surrounding community. From a socio-
each mangrove zone using a principal cultural perspective, the existence of
component approach to identify the mangroves in Indonesia has a spiritual
correlation between the distribution of meaning related to customs. Singgalen et al.
mangrove species and the parameters of (2019) reported that the existence of
salinity and immersion height. In addition, mangroves is considered a guardian of the
Singgalen et al. (2021) use remote sensing, natural balance, which supports people's
namely the NDVI model, to monitor livelihoods in coastal areas, especially
mangroves in each archipelagic zone, then fishermen and subsistence farmers. The local
recommend priority programs to develop community's belief in the critical role of
mangrove areas with the lowest NDVI value. mangroves gave rise to myths and taboos for
Saputra et al. (2021) conducted an object- rural communities so as not to damage
based study of changes in mangrove land mangrove forests, let alone cutting down
cover using satellite imagery, namely the mangrove trees as fuel (firewood) instead of
Classification Based on Object (OBIA) kerosene. Otherwise, Singgalen (2020) stated
approach and the Support Vector Machine that mangrove areas managed in a
(SVM) algorithm. It shows that the analysis participatory manner can be developed as an
of the distribution of mangroves to identify important economic area for preserving
the dominant mangrove species and changes mangroves and endemic fauna that are
in land cover can use a remote sensing attractive to tourists with special interests. It
approach. shows that mangrove-based ecotourism
Studies on mangroves in Indonesia development can be an alternative to
still need to be improved in response to economic, social, and environmental
environmental degradation due to disaster, sustainability.
climate change, or infrastructure

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 Singgalen & Manongga (2022)

This study aims to analyze the In addition, the Normalized Difference Water
condition of mangroves on Dodola Island as Index (NDWI) is generally used to analyze
part of the icon of one of the priority water bodies. The NDWI can be used in
destinations in Indonesia, namely the conjunction with NDVI to assess the context
Morotai Island Regency. Morotai Island has of areas of change on the surface. NDWI can
the characteristics of various tourist also be used to analyze the distribution of
attractions, namely the historical tourist mangrove forests. However, NDWI and
attraction of the 2nd world war, the natural NDVI need to be calculated as CMRI
tourist attraction, and the beach and marine techniques to get optimum results (Gupta et
tourism attraction. The main focus of this al., 2018) which uses Combined Mangrove
research location is the mangrove ecotourism Recognition Index (CMRI) data to identify
area on Dodola Island, which is divided into and analyze mangrove conditions. CMRI is
Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. This research the result of subtracting NDVI with NDWI.
method adopts remote sensing techniques, In addition, NDWI and NDVI values can be
namely Normalize Difference Vegetation used to evaluate the damage to mangroves in
Index (NDVI), Normalize Difference Water coastal areas and island areas (Winarso &
Index, and Combined Mangrove Recognition Purwanto, 2017). Meanwhile, the spatial data
Index (CMRI). Based on the NDVI, NDWI, used is Landsat 8 OLI with UTM 84 WGS
and CMRI values, a comparison of the 52N.
mangrove conditions on Dodola Island can
be analyzed from 2013 and 2021 and II. RESEARCH METHODS
discussed with a participatory approach that
supports the sustainability of Dodola Island 2.1. Time and Study Site
mangrove ecotourism. This research was conducted from
The distribution of mangroves in December 2020 to August 2021 in Dodola
coastal areas and islands can be identified Island, Morotai Island Regency, North
and classified using the Normalized Maluku Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). The
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) model. considerations for choosing the area of this

Figure 1. Research Location in Dodola Island.

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 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

research are as follows: Morotai Island the vegetation index caused by the
Regency was selected to be one of the development of tourism infrastructure on
priority National Tourism Destinations Dodola Island and the various consequences
(DPN); Dodola Island in Morotai Island that threaten the sustainability of ecotourism
Regency has become a tourism icon in North on Dodola Island Morotai Island Regency,
Maluku Province; Dodola Island has a North Maluku Province, Indonesia.
mangrove ecosystem developed using an
ecotourism approach; The development of 2.2. Material and Data: NDVI, NDWI,
mangrove ecotourism on Dodola Island CMRI
needs to be balanced with scientific studies The transverse Mercator (UTM) on
on changes in the mangrove vegetation index Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI)
based on a specific period. satellite imagery data is set based on the
Figure 1 is a research location map on 1984 world geodetic system (WGS) datum.
Dodola Island, Morotai Island Regency, Furthermore, The results of the NDVI,
North Maluku Province, Indonesia. NDWI, and CMRI are limited to mangrove
Meanwhile, the travel time from Daruba port areas, which are divided into three zones,
to Dodola Island is ± 20-30 minutes. In namely zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3.
addition, Dodola Island can be accessed Meanwhile, Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery
directly from North Halmahera Regency is processed using CMRI to analyze changes
using a speedboat with a travel time of ± 45- in the condition of mangrove forests on
55 minutes. Dodola Island consists of two Dodola Island in each area from 2013-2021.
islands known as Big Dodola Island and The process of calculating Landsat 8 OLI
Small Dodola Island. Both are connected raster data for NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI can
when the tide is low and will separate when be seen in Figure 2 below.
the tide is high. On Dodola Island,
accommodation is available for tourists as a Landsat 8 OLI
place to stay with a capacity of four to six
people and a rental price of IDR 500.000 – Pre-Processing and
IDR 1.000.000/night. In addition, the Dodola Processing Raster Data
Island tourist destination manager also
provides various facilities for snorkeling, - Set Layer CRS
diving, and cycling activities in the mangrove - Atmospheric Correction
area of Dodola Island. - Raster Calculate NDVI,
In the mangrove area of Dodola NDWI, CMRI
- Extraction : Clip Raster
Island, infrastructure in the form of a 500-
by Mask Layer
meter wooden bridge has been built as access - Re-Classify (3 classes)
for tourists who walk or cycle around the
mangrove area on Dodola Island.
Validation
Accommodation in the form of cottages on
Dodola Island is equipped with two rooms
and one bathroom so that tourists who come Interpretation (Report)
with a capacity of four to six people can use
one house. It shows that the local Figure 2. Data Processing Using NDVI,
government has paid attention to the intensity NDWI, CMRI in QGIS 3.20.
of tourist visits by building various
supporting infrastructures according to travel Figure 2 is a data processing stage
needs. Nevertheless, it is necessary to divided into two steps, namely pre-
conduct a comprehensive study of changes in processing and data processing. Pre-

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 Singgalen & Manongga (2022)

processing data in this QGIS 3.20 application ecotourism and sustainable development.
uses the Semi-Automatic Classification Indonesia has its characteristics of
plugin to correct the atmosphere on Landsat ecotourism development by considering
bands 4, 5, and 6 by applying DOS 1 cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity.
atmospheric correction. Furthermore, raster Oka & Larantika (2021) offers the concept of
data calculations are carried out in the data community-based ecotourism, which is
processing stage based on each approach, as relevant to the Indonesian context, as shown
shown in Table 1 below. in Figure 3.

Tabel 1. Method and formula of NDVI, Government Community University

NDWI CMRI.

Method Formula Tourism Policy & Capacity Building &

Infrastructure Support Transfer Knowledge
NDVI (NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED)
NDWI (NIR-SWIR)/(NIR+SWIR)
CMRI NDVI-NDWI Figure 3. Ecotourism Model (Oka &
Source : Gupta et al. (2018) Larantika, 2021).
This study uses the NDVI, NDWI and Figure 3 is an ecotourism model that
CMRI to identify the mangrove vegetation emphasizes local community participation in
index (Bhavsar et al., 2017). Thus, the program implementation. In addition, the role
distribution and standard criteria for of government and universities as
mangrove damage can be seen as stated in stakeholders that support the success of the
the Decree of the Minister of Environment ecotourism program. The government can
Number 201 of 2004 in Table 2. formulate policies, build supporting
Table 2 is the criteria for damage to infrastructure. Meanwhile, the University
mangrove forests as stipulated by the Decree assists the community by sharing knowledge
of the State Minister of the Environment to increase human resource capacity in the
Number 201 of 2004. After analyzing and tourism sector. Mafruhah et al. (2019) argue
interpreting changes in the NDVI, NDWI, that ecotourism can also support sustainable
and CMRI from 2013-2021, the situation of development that encourages people to
mangroves in Dodola Island will be discus continue to hone knowledge about resources,
with ecotourism and sustainable development carrying capacity, and strategies to optimize
perspective. resources to have a selling value in the
tourism industry. On the other hand,
2.3. Data Analysis: Ecotourism and Valentina & Qulubi (2020) stated that
Sustainable Development mangrove areas developed using a
Perspective community-based ecotourism approach can
In the data analysis stage, NDVI, provide economic, social, and environmental
NDWI, and CMRI will discuss the idea of

Tabel 2. Mangrove damage standard criteria.

Criteria C D NDVI
Health Dense ≥ 75% > 1500 0,43 ≤ NDVI ≤ 1,00
Moderate ≥ 50 - <75 ≥ 1000 - < 1500 0,33 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0,42
Unhealthy Sparse < 50 < 1000 -1,0 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0,32
Notes: C= Cover (%), D=Density (Tree/ha), NDVI=Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Source:
(Decree of the State Minister of the Environment Number 201 of 2004).

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 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

benefits. Considering the relevance of the saplings, and seedlings, as shown in Table 3.
concept of mangrove ecotourism and Table 3 shows the number of trees,
sustainable development, the output of this saplings, and seedlings from mangroves on
study will discuss the results of the CMRI, Dodola Island. Idrus & Kusman (2021)
NDVI, NDWI data calculations as a showed that there were 140 Bruguiera
description of the condition of mangroves on gymnorrhiza, 177 Ceriops decandra, 1
Dodola Island with the concept of sustainable Lumnitzera racemosa, 12 Phempis acidula, 1
mangrove ecotourism that previous Rhizophora apiculata, 84 Rhizophora
researchers have constructed. mucronata, and 39 Sonneratia alba
mangrove trees. On the other hand, the
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mangrove species Ceriops decandra,
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba,
3.1. Mangrove Distribution Analysis Phempis acidula were found in Zone 1, Zone
Using NDVI, NDWI, CMRI 2, and Zone 3. In addition, species of
The mangrove ecosystem on Morotai Rhizophora apiculata and Lumnitzera
Island has an essential role in supporting the racemosa were only found in Zone 1 and
sustainability of people's livelihoods. Zone 2. Meanwhile, the mangrove species
Community settlements on Morotai Island Rhizophora mucronata was located in Zone
are more dominant in coastal areas and 3. Thus, Mangroves in each zone need to be
archipelagic areas, so that fishing activities as rehabilitated to maintain their existence.
subsistence fishers are a form of strategy to The condition of mangroves on
meet the needs of clothing, shelter, and food. Dodola Island in 2021 based on the results of
In the socio-cultural context of the people of the NDVI analysis shows that the mangrove
Morotai Island, the existence of the area of Dodola Island has (Zone 1, Zone 2,
mangrove area has a relationship with the and Zone 3) has a maximum value of 0.40
cultural dimension. Local community beliefs and a minimum value of 0,02. Partially, Zone
about mangroves as protectors of coastal 1 has a maximum value of 0,39 and a
areas and islands affect behavior in using minimum value of 0,09. Zone 2 has a
mangrove resources carefully (Singgalen et maximum value of 0,40 and a minimum
al., 2019). value of 0,02. Meanwhile, Zone 3 has a
In Dodola Island, the distribution of maximum value of 0,38 and a minimum
mangroves has a different structure and value of 0,12. It shows that the mangrove
composition. Idrus & Kusman (2021) area of Dodola Island is in the moderate
reported that the types of mangroves on category as according to the mangrove
Dodola Island could be classified based on damage criteria from Decree of the Minister
type, location, number of trees, number of of Environment Number 201 of 2004.

Tabel 3. Types of mangroves in Dodola Island.

Species Number of Tree Number of Sapling and Seedling

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 140 477
Ceriops decandra 177 755
Lumnitzera recemosa 1 0
Phempis acidula 12 9
Rhizophora apiculata 1 2
Rhizophora mucronata 84 167
Sonneratia alba 39 17
Total 454 1427
Source: Idrus & Kusman (2021).

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 Singgalen & Manongga (2022)

Specifically, Zone 3 is the location Island in each Zone, it is necessary to analyze

for the growth of mangrove species Ceriops the results of raster data calculations based
decandra, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, on the NDVI technique from 2013 to 2021,
Sonneratia alba, Phempis acidula, and as shown in Figure 4.
Rhizophora mucronata. Based on the Figure 4 is the result of processing 8
comparison of the maximum NDVI values in OLI satellite image data using the NDVI
2021, Zone 3 has the lowest value. It technique in the mangrove area of Dodola
indicates the need to control mangrove Island from 2013-2021. Based on the
vegetation in Zone 3 to ensure that the comparison of the vegetation index value in
mangroves are healthy. Meanwhile, the types each zone, the NDVI value can be interpreted
of mangroves that need to be prioritized are that the decline in the vegetation index
those with the least number of trees, saplings, occurred in 2017. In the same year, the
and seedlings in Zone 3, namely Sonneratia tourism infrastructure development program
alba and Phempis acidula. in the form of an woodbridge in the
Previous research has shown that mangrove area began to be built. The average
fluctuations in the vegetation index value NDVI value of the mangrove area of Dodola
need to be identified by tracing the Island in 2017 was 0,34, which is decreased
vegetation index value based on the NDVI in 2017 to 0,14, then gradually recovered to
calculation of earlier years (Pamungkas et 0,32 in 2021. It indicates that mangrove
al., 2020). The causes of decline in forest damage occurred from moderate to a
vegetation index need to be identified and sparse category based on the Decree State
analyzed in-depth to map the issue Minister for the Environment No 201 of
contextually. Furthermore, to determine the 2004. Otherwise, it is necessary to compare
occurrence of a decrease or increase in the the results of NDVI calculations with NDWI
NDVI value of the mangrove area of Dodola and CMRI, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. NDVI of Mangrove Area in Dodola Island 2013-2014.

J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 14(1): 95-108 101

 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

Figure 5. NDWI of mangrove area in Dodola Island 2013-2014.

Figure 5 is the result of processing Index (NDWI) is generally used to analyze

data from Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery water bodies. The NDWI can be used in
using the NDWI technique in the mangrove conjunction with NDVI to assess the context
area of Dodola Island from 2013-2021. The of areas of change on the surface. NDWI can
Normalize Difference Water Index (NDWI) also be used to analyze the distribution of
has a value between -1 to 1. Generally, the mangrove forests. However, NDWI needs to
NDWI value of water bodies is more be combined with CMRI techniques, such as
significant than 0,5. At the same time, Gupta et al. (2018) which uses Combined
vegetation has a much smaller value, so that Mangrove Recognition Index (CMRI) data to
the difference between vegetation and water identify and analyze mangrove conditions.
bodies is easy to detect (Xu, 2006). In CMRI is the result of subtracting NDVI with
addition, the average NDWI value of the NDWI. In addition, To evaluate the damage
mangrove area of Dodola Island in 2016 was of mangroves, previous researchers used
0,59, which decreased in 2017 to 0,42 and NDWI and NDVI data (Winarso &
then increased by 0,61 in 2021. Fluctuations Purwanto, 2017). Thus NDWI and NDVI
in the value of NDWI show the location of need to be calculated through the CMRI
mangrove growth related to temperature, pH, model to interpret mangroves' conditions.
salinity, and substrate. Otherwise, the CMRI result can be seen in
The Normalized Difference Water Figure 6.

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 Singgalen & Manongga (2022)

Figure 6. CMRI of mangrove area in Dodola Island 2013-2014.

Figure 6 is the result of the CMRI seriously by establishing a mangrove

calculation obtained from the sum of the rehabilitation program based on species and
NDVI and NDWI values. Based on the family. Although the condition of mangrove
results of the correlation test for the average vegetation is gradually improving from year
value of NDVI and NDWI using Pearson to year, infrastructure development plans for
Correlation, it can be seen that there is a economic and social interests will continue to
perfect correlation between the average value increase. It is precarious for the sustainability
of NDVI and the average value of NDWI in of the mangrove area of Dodola Island if
2013-2021, which is 0,908 with a policies and institutions do not accommodate
significance value of 0,001. Specifically, in it.
Zone 1, it is known that there is a perfect
correlation on the average value of NDVI 3.2. Mangrove-Based Ecotourism
and NDWI of 0,863 with a significance value Sustainability in Dodola Island
of 0,003. In addition, in Zone 2, there is a The existence of mangroves in a
perfect correlation between NDVI and tourism perspective is a natural resource with
NDWI of 0,932 with a significance value of educational and economic value. In fact, in
0,000. Also, in Zone 3, there is a strong the socio-cultural context, mangroves have
correlation between NDVI and NDWI of cultural values that are a source of livelihood
0,746 with a significance value of 0,021. In for coastal communities, watersheds, and
addition, the CMRI calculation results show islands. In the context of Dodola Island, the
that the mangrove area of Dodola Island in mangrove ecotourism approach is very
2016 was -0,25, which increased to -0,27 in strategic in maintaining the sustainability of
2017 and increased to -0,29 in 2021. the ecosystem. Rustdi et al. (2020) reported
Furthermore, the average CMRI value in that the mangroves distribution in each
each zone shows a significant difference. coastal area and islands have diverse families
The results of the calculation of the and types. This diversity leads to the
CMRI value ensure that the decline in the uniqueness of the ecosystem that has a
vegetation index in 2017 needs to be taken competitive value. It also encourages the

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 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

development of mangrove areas as tourist policy to anticipate environmental

destinations that have educational value degradation with fatal levels of damage. The
about the environment and fauna habitat in visualization of the NDVI calculation results
mangrove areas. in the mangrove area in 2016, 2017, and
The people of Kolorai Island, which is 2021 can be seen in Figure 7.
adjacent to Dodola Island, should be Figure 7 shows that the average value
encouraged as actors in developing Dodola of NDVI in the mangroves area in 2016 was
Island tourism, which plays an essential role 0,34 and decreased significantly to 0,14 in
in maintaining the sustainability of the 2016. In 2021, the average value of NDVI in
mangrove area. Through participatory the mangrove area of Dodola Island is 0,32.
mangrove development, the rehabilitation The decline in the mangrove vegetation
process of damaged mangroves can be index needs to be anticipated by all
planned systematically, applied in a stakeholders. The consequences of the
coordinated manner, and evaluated damage to the mangrove area on Dodola
periodically to anticipate environmental Island hamper tourism activities and have the
damage due to infrastructure development potential for erosion or abrasion, which
and tourism activities. slowly erodes the coastal area of Dodola.
Based on data on changes in the Wijaya & Huda (2018) reported that changes
vegetation index in 2016, 2017, and 2021, in the NDVI value of the mangrove
the mangrove rehabilitation program needs to vegetation index in ecotourism development
be accommodated institutionally and by areas need to be identified and explicitly

Figure 7. NDVI of mangrove area in Dodola Island 2016, 2017, and 2021.
Source : NDVI calculation result using QGIS 3.20

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 Singgalen & Manongga (2022)

mapped the factors that cause the index value Wahyono & Rahmawati (2017) argue that
to decrease. It is required to determine the development of mangrove ecotourism
strategic steps to increase the value of the should consider the popularity of attractions
mangrove vegetation index as an ecotourism related to tourist demand. These are
attraction through a mangrove rehabilitation challenges for stakeholders to prepare
program using a participatory approach. Nisa supporting infrastructure; conduct
et al. (2019) stated that the strategy of educational training on ecotourism; assist
developing ecotourism in mangrove areas is local communities; increase business capital;
not only guided by natural beauty or scenery, optimize coordination functions; carry out
vegetation diversity, and biota diversity. promotions through various media; improve
Things that need to be considered are accessibility to ecotourism areas without
supporting facilities and adequate disturbing the sustainability of the
accessibility. In addition, mangrove-based ecosystem. Also, to increase the capacity of
ecotourism destination management must human resources to optimize mangrove
balance (environmental, economic, and ecotourism destinations, the role of
social) to be sustainable. universities is essential in training programs,
The regional government has not socialization, and local mentoring
structurally determined the management of communities (Dwidinita & Endrotomo, 2016;
mangrove ecotourism on Dodola Island Wati & Idajati, 2017). Thus, the government,
through the tourism office. Nevertheless, the community, and universities can work
participation of the community of tourism together to develop mangrove ecotourism.
observers in preserving the environment also
participates in maintaining sustainability on IV. CONCLUSION
Dodola Island. It shows public awareness
about the importance of environmental Based on the results of NDVI,
sustainability on Dodola Island as a NDWI, and CMRI from 2013-2021 on the
motivating factor for voluntary participation. condition of mangroves on Dodola Island, it
Suharti et al. (2016) stated that the flow of can be seen that there was a decline in the
institutional synergy needed to increase the value of the vegetation index in 2017, which
potential of ecotourism areas is divided into is coincided with the implementation of the
five parts of institutional development, infrastructure development program to
namely human development, business support tourism on Dodola Island. The
development, resource development, average NDVI value of the mangrove area of
environment, and infrastructure development, Dodola Island in 2017 was 0,34, which is
and disaster preparedness and climate change decreased in 2017 to 0,14, then gradually
development. These components need to be recovered to 0,32 in 2021. It indicates that
accommodated in formal institutions and mangrove forest damage occurred from
mobilized by local government policies, moderate to a sparse category based on the
namely the tourism office. Thus, community Decree State Minister for the Environment
participation in ecotourism development can No 201 of 2004. In addition, the average
increase capacity related to the broader NDWI value of the mangrove area of Dodola
function of ecotourism development. Island in 2016 was 0,59, which decreased in
The development of mangrove 2017 to 0,42 and then increased by 0,61 in
ecotourism on Dodola Island requires the 2021. Fluctuations in the value of NDWI
synergy of private, public, and community show the location of mangrove growth
interests. The challenge of synergistic related to temperature, pH, salinity, and
ecotourism development is the diverse substrate. In addition, the CMRI calculation
preferences of ecotourism development. results show that the mangrove area of

J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 14(1): 95-108 105

 Monitoring of Mangrove Ecotourism Area using NDVI, NDWI, and CMRI . . .

Dodola Island in 2016 was -0,25, which Djabar. 2019. Present condition of
increased to -0,27 in 2017 and increased to - mangrove environment and
0,29 in 2021. Furthermore, the average community structure in Tomini Gulf,
CMRI value in each zone shows a significant Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Ilmu dan
difference. It shows that the rehabilitation of Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 11(3):
mangroves in each location must consider the 601–614.
family and types of mangroves. In addition, https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v11i3.21
the mangrove-based ecotourism approach 986
through local participation is the right Dwidinita, D. & Endrotomo. 2016.
strategy to maintain environmental Mangrove ecotourism in Pucukan
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the provincial government form a legal https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373520.v
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program and formulate a mangrove Gupta, K., A. Mukhopadhyay, S. Giri, A.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OLI imagery. MethodsX, 5(2): 1129–
1139.
Thank you to the Atma Jaya Catholic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.09
University of Indonesia, and LLDIKTI .011
Region III. Also thank to Satya Wacana Idrus, S. & M.R. Kusman. 2021. Analysis of
Christian University and LLDIKTI Region environmental quality and suitability
VI for the support. of mangrove ecotourism on Dodola
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