Lesson 1.1: Connectivity of Science, benefits from this 'necessity' gadget which can be determined and measured.

" He
Technology, without knowing neither understanding opined that everything could be
and Society (STS) how the required operating system (OS) explained. Do you agree with his statement?
or bandwidth was put together. Maybe it's the reason that man
don't just stop and wonder at nature but instead
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able tries to understand it.
to: Science is from the Latin word Scientia,
1. Define science, technology, and society; meaning, to know. It is a systematic
2. Establish the connectivity of science, body of knowledge based on facts and
technology, and society, and evidence. The explanation or prediction
3. Cite specific examples wherein a technology in unveiling nature can be tested.
became outdated as Knowledge - a statement about what is
when replaced by a state of the art technology. accepted as sufficiently "real" that
allows one to take action upon and thereby live
Science is the systematic body of knowledge. life. But what is real? Have you
Technology is the practical application of heard of a dragon? Is it real? In ancient times,
knowledge to facilitate the accomplishment of Greece, China, and Egypt had all
things and make life easier. their versions of dragons. However, the
Society is a group of people living together Chinese dragon represents something
following certain norms to be in desirable, while that of Egyptians is something
order Lesson 1.2: Science and Knowledge evil. If you look at the map, these
are accessible places/civilization thus, can
Science generates knowledge, like an At the end of the lesson, the learner will share stories. Indeed, animals or
explanation of how things work. be able to: people move around, but not in ancient times
These can be expressed in words that 1. Recognize scientific knowledge; when these places were deemed
everyone can deal with, or numbers in 2. Analyze a scenario when belief remote from each other. So how can science
formula or mathematical equations that need a knowledge is masked as scientific explain this?
certain degree of training for knowledge, and
one to comprehend. Remember, mathematics 3. Critique the steps to establish Types of knowledge
is the language of science. scientific knowledge.
This pool of knowledge is often combined to 1. Belief Knowledge- knowledge about the
see a tangible product for According to a French chemist, Pierre world is inherent and unique in
use to accomplish tasks, to make life easier. Eugene Marcelin Berthelot (1827- each human being attained by individual
For instance, many algorithms or 1907), "All chemical phenomena revelation
equations are used to have a functional cell depended on the action of physical 2. Research Knowledge - a gathering of
phone. A layman operates and forces knowledge is universal, not just
individual revelation, and is based on a protocol phenomena unveil before your eyes? Is the virus , thus policies on wearing of proper
to allow one to select it amazing or threatening? Man mask, observance of
between alternative observations. continuously seeks to understand these quarantine protocol are implemented among
events because it can either the strategies to combat
Requirements of research knowledge destroy or build up something, including the viral infection.
human life. Take for example • Derive knowledge and facts – this time, can
1. All observations must be repeatable by one lightning. It can kill but on the otherhand, you elaborate on this goal?
or more observers. it is a way to convert gaseous
e.g., if dragons are real, then there must be a nitrogen to a form usable by plants. Do Fact - is a statement based on research
specimen that can be seen, you know there are those that knowledge
again and again find lightning a view to behold? • in light of the current evidence, this is
However, if one says God created the world, • Identify relationships and accepted to be true
can God create another characteristics – this brings you back • so there was a time that spontaneous
world to prove such? This is one of the areas why generation/abiogenesis
that science and religion you study a tardigrade, to explore was accepted
do not totally agree with each other. something beneficial for man. How • fact is changed, when better pieces of
2. All hypotheses are falsifiable - According to about the reason why a corona virus is evidence and explanations are
the Philosopher, Karl investigated to its totality? presented
Popper, that temporary explanation Because the characteristics that make it • spontaneous generation was discarded when
(hypothesis) can be tested by fatal to man have to be an experiment
acceptable logic, empirical and statistical, to understood so that control measures can proved this to be erroneous.
accept or reject the be adopted or better yet • the cell theory, that only life begets life, is the
hypothesis. However, he also specified that a eliminate these pathogens. accepted fact to
contradiction need not • Predict summaries and conclusions date.
automatically nullify the entire hypothesis. – when scientists make • is based on research knowledge
Interpret the statement pronouncement about a particular • mini-hypothesis subject to testing by repeated
below using this requirement for research subject, this is usually based on observations
knowledge. good set of data. These are analyzed, • when perceptions of facts vary
'all swans are white, but there is a black swan' like what is the trend to predict • doesn't readily get accepted
3. involves natural phenomena - must involve future scenario. A good example of this • some facts become dominant, but others are
things that occur in nature application is the prediction of open for testing
the trajectories of typhoon that uses
monitoring data through time Hypothesis
The goal of science among the factors used in the projection. • tentative explanation by the pattern created by
Recently, real time data on two or more facts
• Understanding of phenomena – how do you COVID-19 infections are analyzed to • based on observation
feel when natural predict the rate of transmission of • has predictive value
• testable, open to being proven wrong 2. Empirical science Spotting pseudoscience
Note: No amount of data will prove a • deals with objects and observations • repeated reference to authority rather than
hypothesis to be an absolute truth!! NO truth; no right or wrong but there primary observation
They only fail to disprove it. are limitations including but not • In Anatomy, Galen, who is known for
limited to the availability of equipment to pioneering works in animal
Death of hypothesis aid the senses e.g. telescope dissection, used animals aside from humans.
• data are found to disprove it, especially for a detailed view of a distant object However, his work
empirical data was often cited and applied to human anatomy,
• its predictions constantly fail Lesson 1.3: Science vs. thus the
• it is supplanted by the new hypothesis that Pseudoscience perpetuation of error
better explains the data • unwillingness to admit ignorance or
• it used to be introduced that hypothesis, when At the end of this lesson, the learner will exceptions
not subjected to be able to: • pride can prevent some to accept lapses
contradictions though time, becomes a theory. 1. Point out the good characteristics of especially that good
Then this theory is science; scientific works are often peer-reviewed before
elevated into law. However, some opined that a 2. Judge a good science from publication
hypothesis is only a pseudoscience, and • unwillingness to try to disprove own
limited and temporary explanation of a 3. Explain the paradigm shift. hypothesis or to seek contradictory
phenomenon. While a scientific examples
theory is an in-depth explanation. But theories What is good science? • tenacity is a common characteristic of
can also change when 1. eliminates as many variables while scientists. They will
new information is validated. A scientific law, on entertaining as many alternate forward and defend their hypothesis forgetting
the other hand, is a interpretations of the observations as that a no
statement that is not supposed to go wrong. possible. significant result is still a result e.g. when a
When that law is proven e.g., experiments will manipulate particular substance
to be wrong, then the science supported by it variables being investigated and keep that is assumed to be poisonous is not
becomes also wrong. minimal all other confounding effects poisonous at all thus, it
Do you remember the different models is safe to take such
Approaches to research knowledge used to represent the atomic • consistent presentation of hypothesis in a
structure? What were these changes in simplistic manner (disregard
1. Formal science every newer version that is to confounding effects)
• logic and mathematics - the language of introduced? • In formulating a hypothesis, all possible
science have the same Hallmark of good science: DOUBT factors should be
meaning anywhere else in the world • When things appear to be uncertain, considered. If you just stick to what you think is
• universal one seeks for answers, that is a the most
• e.g. numbers are the same anywhere else good start for the scientific method to be plausible factor, then you are already biased
put in use! from the beginning.
• failure to add new arguments and data with so it will follow that birth control is not generally followed to acquire new knowledge.
time also learned This is the same process applied
• As the saying goes, the only constant in this 3. technology -access to state of the art to correcting and integrating previous
world is, change. technology is an advantage to knowledge.
Scientists have to be updated on recent events perform the task efficiently, thus provide 1. Observation - use of senses and equipment
that may have an opportunity to engage in to enhance the ability e.g.
an impact on how things were perceived or another productive learning experience use of a microscope to see details of things
explained to be. 4. has paradigms – open to a 2. Ask questions or identify the problem -
2. paradigm shift why does this thing behave like
studies the material universe • an interpretation of the physical world this? What causes it to behave like this?
3. dynamic to which scientists subscribe 3. Form a hypothesis - formulate temporary
• changes over time changes as anomalies arise and gets explanation based on
• as research knowledge is based on facts and replaced as knowledge develops observations and background data e.g., the
evidence, when e.g., for a long time, the Philippine plant will not wilt if it has
new facts are discovered, then the former facts education system implemented the 4- enough water
are discarded. year high school. However, in your case, 4. Conduct an experiment - observe two
State of the art technology, like a high definition another two years of senior high plants, one is with enough water
camera, can school is added to the curriculum based supply while the other is not, does wilting
reveal structures and behavior of an organism on studies that this is the occur? Which one wilted?
not seen using a standard duration before achieving a 5. Accept hypothesis or reject the
camera in your cell phone high school diploma hypothesis
Presupposes that: 6. Make a conclusion
• There is an order in nature, and therefore the Lesson 1.4: The Scientific Method 7.Publish - writing the result of your experiment
material universe is for others to know,
knowable At the end of this lesson, the learner will validate and even perform what you did
• The human mind is capable of knowing this be able to:
order 1. Follow the steps in scientific method; Types of reasoning
• Knowable within the limits of: 2. Differentiate the type of reasoning
1. human mind - there is an established level involved in scientific investigations, Deductive reasoning - attempts to explain
of capacity of humans in and things, formulation of hypothesis
a certain age bracket. Have you been told 3. Characterize a scientist and theory
either to be too immature or
mature at your age? Do you know of someone What means does science use now? Inductive reasoning - attempts to test the
clinically diagnosed with validity of the hypothesis or theory
mental retardation? Scientific Method - a set of techniques Which steps of the scientific methods are
2. culture - in some culture, it is taboo to for investigating phenomena that is deductive? Inductive? Which one
discuss sex education openly, should be practiced in science?
 absent, giving the result of yellowish reinventing the wheel so that the effort and
Is the scientific method cut out? color? What caused it to do that? resources can be focused
Although science follows a basic method of: 4. Modeling what-if experiment – e.g., on something that is still unknown
• thinking certain plants will be exposed to the • Benefit from serendipity - the accidental
• observing sun, while others are put in the shade. discovery of penicillin is an
• experimenting You can then understand what excellent example of a medical breakthrough
to do when yellow or green leaves are from the accidental
But there is no strict recipe! needed discovery of the antibiotic property of a fungus
It can involve: 5. Problem-solving what-if experiment that has contaminated
• serendipity - have you heard how the – e.g., do anything as long as you and otherwise pure culture. However, some
antibiotic from penicillin was produce yellow leaves! I don't care how posit, that if not of the
discovered by Fleming and the circumstances you do it, JUST FIX IT! scientific training of Fleming, the contaminated
that led to the discovery petri dish could have
of DNA double helix by Watson, Crick, Wilkins, How to spot a scientist just been thrown out
and Franklin? These • Compete for grant money - research needs
revolutionary discoveries were offshoots of just • Curious how nature works - observant logistics, financial support.
something related to on phenomena or overall Anyone who would avail should submit a
the major task surrounding, may it be to enjoy, explain proposal justifying the need,
• imagination - when one observes a problem, or how it can benefit humanity efficiency of its use, the benefits derived and
then it will also follow to • Stay current with the latest news in even justify the
imagine if not plan how to solve this their field - does a lot of reading or qualifications of the proponent to be worthy of
• dream and luck - there are those who believe knowing the latest updates and the research money
that they were in the right information on relevant issues and the • Police themselves - scientists are often aware
place at the right time leading to some novel possible solutions. How is this done? Is of who else
discoveries, while others this the same as gossip? Why? (collaborators or competitors) are working on
insist it is hard work that led them to success. • Benefit from advances in other fields - the same specialization.
combines the different fields of There are strict protocols to be followed. Like a
Categories of scientific investigation expertise to arrive at a possible solution dead COVID patient
to a problem. Can you mention different cannot be automatically dissected for further
1. Observational investigation - observed specializations of the medical staff that studies but rather follow
what is present in the attend to a strict policies in the use of human cadaver. e.g.,
environment; e.g., flowers of different colors positive COVID- 19 patient? permit to use in medical
2. Controlled what-if experiment – e.g., will • Integrate work done by others to see and research purpose
the leaves differ in color if the bigger picture - knowledge or • Maybe suppressed by wealthy corporations -
exposed in the sun or put in the shade? findings of others are being referred and big corporations or
3. Explanation-seeking experiment – e.g., acknowledged, rather than entities can prevent further development of
what pigments are present or products, especially if this
will compete with available products in the what was earlier mandated that healthy Suddendorf, 'it is our imaginations… and having
market. Like if you find out persons need not wear a facial friends with imaginations',
that salty water with its minerals can also be mask while it is the ability for speech and writing; the
converted to fuel, do you • More informed decisions – e.g., use of fire, tools, engagement
think the big oil companies will be supportive? understanding how the virus is in agriculture; large-scale cooperation', as
• Can be brutally competitive - proponents must transmitted and how to slow down if not stated by Bertrand Russell, that
have 'award-winning' totally eradicate it led to the distinguished as from the 'other animals'.
proposal to get the grant, beating deadline, legislation of the specific distance to be However, Jane Goodall, an English
promising deliverables observed in social distancing primatologist, changed the view of the world
• Very much like any other person - any and the description of the proper that only humans use tools. She
scientist is just but a mere materials and alternative Personal told the world of her observation of a
human being Protective Equipment (PPE) including chimpanzee that used a stick to poke and
the facial mask fished for termites from its mound.
Lesson 1.5: Value of Science Chimpanzees were also reported to use
leaves likened to a sponge soaked in water for
At the end of this lesson, the learner will be drinking.
able to Module 2: History of Science
1. Establish the value of science, and We look back at the history of science to
2. Reflect on the reliance on scientific Lesson 2.1: Man as Biological Entity realize and appreciate that it is all
knowledge on life decisions. and Member of along about
a Society • curiosity
Recently, when changes are introduced, it's not • survival
uncommon to hear 'is it At the end of the lesson, the learner will • and more
scientific? Is it science-based? The following be able to:
are just a few of the reasons why 1. Identify the characteristics of the Lesson 2.2: Pre-classical and Classical
science is of high value. human being compared to other Science
animals, and
• Predictive power - the mathematical modeling 2. Establish the need for a human being At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able
of the distance reached to be gregarious, to be part of to:
by the droplets in coughing and sneezing led to society. 1. Trace the historical antecedents in which
the policies of social social considerations
distancing and the measurement of the size of What separates us from 'animals'? changed the course of science and technology
SARS Cov 2 virus on the in early civilizations;
type of effective material for facial mask Biologically, we are animals, Homo 2. Identify the earlier scientists who contributed
• Honesty and courage - researchers were sapiens. However, as members of to the pool of knowledge
brave enough to contradict society, we look upon ourselves to be at that is still applicable today, and
a 'higher' level. According to Thomas
3. Review how scientific knowledge is refuted moon oriented, especially about the critiques the ideas or concepts put forward at
and eventually rejected. eclipse. What stories have you heard that time. This is like the practice
how of peer review at present times, of which
Development of Science in Africa ancient civilization explained what an scientific findings are subjected to
Like the Philippines, African countries were also eclipse is? Is it comparable to what you experts' opinions prior to release for public
colonized by Europeans, and know it to be? Medicine & surgery, information dissemination.
just like us Filipinos, were known to have our although they were already empirical Aristotelian cosmology includes the concepts of
own culture before the colonizers astrology was also mixed into it. heavens with uniform circular
introduced western concepts. Greeks motion, perfect and incorruptible, sublunar
Egyptians Mixed metaphysical and physical events.
Their excellent prowess in Geometry was speculation to explain phenomena was Ptolemy (90-168 AD) was a Greek-Roman
needed to optimize the production in practiced. Astronomy developed astronomer who applied math to
the farmlands along the Nile river. What other conceptual models. Underlying models of the solar system. His combined
structure, in fact one of the seven assumptions knowledge in mathematics,
wonders in the world, is proof of this include but not limited to that geocentric geography and even astrology led to the
specialization? However, at that time, they and geostatic, cosmos is finite. They creation of better models of the solar
were noted to be poor in arithmetic and math, have that concept of perfect circular system, however, a geocentric model of the
and cannot do fractional motion. Famous personages include: Universe.
computing. They are also known for Alchemy, Plato with coherent metaphysics and It is considered that science stagnated during
the forerunner of chemistry. It is looked for forms. the Middle ages
chemistry that you know, but still mixed with Aristotle (384-322 BCE) who accepted 1. Fall of Western civilization. Remember, that
some magic. Astronomy at this reality as it appeared but also accepted Greek and Roman
time was considered primitive, but they have the idea of change. civilizations gave the world both philosophical
excellent calendars, that o and scientific roots.
established 365 days/year and 24 hrs/day. This great Greek Philosopher 2. Scientific inquiries based on often incomplete
They tried to reconcile solar and emphasized natural philosophy based on sources. In the 6th
lunar cycles. Medicine & surgery were already observation and systematic logic - century, de-urbanization was promoted.
empirical, meaning based on inductive reasoning. It was in his time 3. Monastic/cathedral schools’ production of
observation, rather than just pure philosophical that written products centered
thoughts. the introduction of scientific method on the Bible. Latin, considered the language of
happened. It was also at this time that science, was used to
Babylonians (Iraq) the translate the works of Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy,
They were considered to be excellent at math notion that disproved earth was flat Archimedes, and Galen,
using the sexagesimal (base 60) emanated. He was among the tutors of except Plato. Can you recall the contributions of
system, used algebra but were found to be poor Alexander the Great. Founded the Galen and Ptolemy?
in geometry. Astronomy was Lyceum, the school of philosophy that Their impacts on critical thinking?
4. Black death (1348) ended a massive experiment' and proposed that in the Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - French
scientific change. One-third of the center of it all rests the sun, heliocentric mathematician and a philosopher. He
population in Europe died, where innovation model, albeit the moon still orbits around was accorded the title Father of modern
was happening. Can you the earth. The new discovery, the very western philosophy. Much philosophy
relate this to the current pandemic? This concept of the solar system, held to be is based on his writings. He abandoned
tremendously affected the factual (except about the orbit of the scholastic Aristotelianism and focused
transfer of competency across generations. moon)! He deserves the Nobel Prize! on the first modern version of mind-body
This overthrew the hierarchy of the dualism. Also, he promoted science
Remember how and why the Philippines was ancient and medieval Cosmos. On the grounded in observation and experiment. He is
colonized by Europeans? Do you contrary, this was regarded by the famous for the creation of
recall the 'noble' purpose of the European Catholic church, which was very Cartesian maps using coordinates. Have you
colonizers? influential at that time, as a heretic. tried using this in locating
Columbus also sailed with the promise to bring Francis Bacon (1521-1626) developed something? Or you are now reliant on the GPS
back spices & gold. What made the scientific method using the function of your cell phone? He is
his itinerary worthy of being financed was the induction of data from experiments to credited with the universe-mechanistic view of
promise to shorten the duration discover laws of science not by using nature. Don't forget, he also
of the travel. However, as you know now, he is logic-based deductive arguments coined the term molecule.
famous for having discovered (remember Aristotle?) Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - in his time,
America the 'New World', although he claimed Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was Italian also experienced pandemic, the
and believed to have discovered of many scientific contributions. Have bubonic plague. Despite the solitude, he was
'India' (West Indies). The silver lining, this you seen a clock using a pendulum? Do very productive since he worked
expanded Spain & Portugal's you know why when someone aims a on one dreaded subject, calculus. Theories of
colonies. They then controlled the largest areas gun, it is not straight to the target? The Light, Motion, Gravity, Dynamics
& resources, including a wealth Math of motion: pendulums falling are all listed in his name. However, Alchemy
of precious metals, plants & animals for bodies projectiles, can explain that. He and Theology are also on the list.
consumption or commercialization. gave Astronomy the telescope that was Furthermore, he is also responsible for studying
However, this also contributed to slavery in instrumental in seeing sunspots, phases the terrestrial and celestial
Europe. Unlike the Philippines who of Venus, lunar craters, Moon of
accepted the 'cross' of the colonizers, the 'New Jupiter, Milky Way is made of stars. He mechanics using Euclidian theorems
World' called into question long supported Heliocentrism. In 1632, (remember your Geometry?). Each
held beliefs. It did not fit existing Biblical during the Dialogo in Italian for the discovery adds to the next. In February 1676,
descriptions. public, he compared the Ptolemic this famous statement was
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), was a system traced back to Newton to a letter to Robert
German mathematician who could unfavorably to Copernicus. A Hooke (do you recall who Hooke
read Greek and used Ptolemy's data to plot the courageous thing to do at that time, and is?). "If I have seen further than others, it is by
orbits. He followed the 'Thought be standing upon the shoulder of
subjected to the dreaded inquisition.
giants…"Accordingly, this was to emphasize God's playful nature, replicas of living are complimentary copies of each other.
the need to learn, enhance, and things. It is also corroborated with the Review or do readings on DNA as
progress in scientific endeavors. geologic history by Lyell, the species materials for genes. When you can accept a
Another concept that underwent the change by Lamark, and extinction by DNA test to prove paternity, it is
rigorous tests of scientific scrutiny is the Cuvier. then that you understand the impact of this
theory of evolution. Sigmund Freud - is known for discovery.
Psychoanalysis, an observational Edwin Hubble - One of the most influential
method to astronomers since the times of
gather scientific data about human Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, posits the
behavior. However, on his time, his expanding Universe. Using the Hubble
unorthodox method was not yet telescope in 1925, he discovered other galaxies
understood by the field of medicine. His that profoundly changed the
works way we look at the Universe, the Milky Way is
on sexuality and the evil side of man not the only galaxy in existence.
were not acceptable. An example is his Can you name the other galaxies? In 1929 he
Charles Darwin - changed the concept of the stand that life was built round tension demonstrated that the Universe is
world's creation & its evolution and pleasure. All the tension was due to expanding – one of the most cosmological
while on a voyage aboard HMS Beagle. He the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and discoveries ever made. According
took the courage to challenge that all pleasure came from its to Hubble's law, galaxies move away from the
religious belief & unscientific ideas, or the discharge. However, Freud's use of the Milky Way at speed directly
scientific ideas in his time. In 1844 term sexual referred to all pleasurable proportionate to their distance from it.
he wrote but did not publish his revolutionary actions and thoughts, not just the erotic Stephen Hawking - a theoretical physicist
findings as stated in the 'Theory aspect. At present, psychoanalysis is affected by amyotrophic lateral
of the Origin of Species'. With the a recognized scientific approach and sclerosis (ALS). Remember the ice bucket
encouragement of his friends, in 1858, the even honored in legal proceedings, challenge? The felt numbness is
simultaneous publications by Wallace and although critics remain. similar to what an ALS patient feels. Despite his
Darwin's natural selection were condition, Hawking
realized. A year later, Wallace published his James Watson, Francis Crick, discovered/described Black holes and Big bang
book on natural selection, which he Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin - theory. He proved 'singularity'
called Darwinism. Which characteristics of a discovered that led to the creation of the Universe. His
scientist do you recall that can the double helix structure of DNA (1953) opinion on artificial intelligence (AI)
describe Darwin and Wallace? Did Darwin considered as the basis for modern as a threat to humanity is a well-referred work.
conduct experiments to prove his biotechnology. Watson & Crick won the
theory? He did not!. But pieces of evidence 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and
prior to Darwin's theory were in the Medicine. What makes it revolutionary is
form of fossils. These fossils were even called the realization that these two helices
'figured stones' as evidence of
 other work of arts. They had produced India
rubber even before Goodyear (famous Iron, steel, and other mineral were available in
brand for tires) got its patent. They are developed metallurgical works
among the first to have hieroglyphics before the colonization. However, this was
and developed the concept of zero. highly regulated by the British
Inca civilization - starting in this time, colonizers, for what reasons? Even to this time,
roads were paved with stone, they are famous for medicine
earthquake including alternative medicine. In Astronomy,
resilient stone building, and irrigation they adhered that the earth is
systems were used. The calendar had spherical. They are good in Mathematics and
Lesson 2.3: Cradles of Early Science 12 mathematical analysis, and
months. The first suspension bridge was known for accurate measurements. They
At the end of this lesson, the learner will be noted. Any suspension bridge looks introduced the decimal digit and the
able to: dangerous, but what is the advantage of Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
1. Retrieve contributions from early civilizations, such? Quipu, a system of knotted ropes Middle East (the golden age of Islam) - this
and to keep records that only experts can civilization valued the observance
2. Point out the advantages to society brought interpret, equate to secret codes or of the scientific method. Among the personages
about by the S&T of early signals in modern times. Textiles were worthy of being mentioned is
Civilizations regarded for artistic achievements. Ibn al-Haytham, Father of optics for work on the
intromission of light in contrast
Mesoamerica- refers to the entire area of Aztec civilization- so as early as this to the earlier belief of extromission. The other
Central America from Southern civilization, mandatory education was most commonly used number
Mexico to up to the border of South America, already implemented. Most will be system, the Arabic numeral system, is reflective
look it up in the map/atlas. Prior thankful to this civilization for introducing of its origin. Decimal point
to European colonization, it has a rich culture. chocolates! Theobroma, commonly notation is also rooted in this civilization. Abu
Maya civilization – lasted for 2,000 years. At known as cacao, was used as currency Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi,
that time, this civilization was and is considered the father of Arab chemistry and
known to be good in astronomy, even using even as a tribute to gods. Antispasmodic one of the founders of modern
their temple for astronomical medication and Chinampa, pharmacy. Conduct of clinical trials in medicine
observation, considered to be advanced in their rectangular agricultural areas was already practiced at this
time. Have you heard of the surrounded by canals, were already time. The contagious nature of infectious
Maya Calendar? e.g., the pyramid of the used. This diseases was recognized to address
Chichen Itza in Mexico is at the location could be equivalent to modern irrigation such medical concerns better. Does this sound
of the sun during the spring & fall equinoxes. or drip irrigation. They developed their familiar to you in this CoVid 19
They had the technology to grow own Aztec calendar and take note, this pandemic? However, just like other colonized
crops & to build elaborate cities with hydraulics time, they were using the canoe. societies, decline followed after
systems; looms for weaving Development of Science in Asia
conquest by the Mongols, whereby libraries, science was basically primitive or the focused on agriculture research, especially
observatories, and other learning first wave of technology. At that time, indigo, cotton, cinnamon, & silk. By
institutions were destroyed. Filipinos were knowable of the curative 1789, Asian shipping allowed increasing
values of plants, including medicine exports of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar,
extraction from herbs. They had an and manufacturing goods.
alphabet, a system of writing, a method Spanish Colonial Support for Education &
Lesson 2.4: Roots of Early Philippine of Science
Scientific counting, weights, and measure. They • 1863- a royal decree to reform the educational
Development had no calendar, counted years by the system
moon, and from one harvest to another. • 1871- UST school of Medicine & Pharmacy
At the end of this lesson, the learner will be A Notable impact of this time was the • 62 degrees of Licenciado en Medicina in 15
able to: development of schools (Colegio de San years
1. Traceback the status of S&T prior to Ildefonso (Cebu), the first educational • Doctorate en Medicina in 15 years
colonizations, and institution in Asia by Europeans and • Leon Guerrero – Father of Philippine
2. Identify the avenues that facilitate the Colegio de San Ignacio in Manila); Pharmacy, Medicinal
achievement of the current hospitals and orphanages. Silver lining in Plants, was among the 1st six UST pharmacy
state of S&T in the Philippines. this time was the technological graduates
innovation and scientific research out of • No school of engineering
Approximately 50,000 YA – first inhabitants the need to provide necessities while • Four years of nautical school for pilots of
arrived by a land bridge in Palawan doing missionary work and financing the merchant marine
& Batangas. In the next 40,000 years, simple colleges, hospitals, and orphanages. • Manila observatory founded by Jesuits
tools & weapons of stone flakes However, the Manila Galleon trade • Collected & published available
eventually using sawing, drilling, and polishing caused neglect of agriculture & mining, typhoon/climate data
hard stones & metal smelting as • 1879- 1st public typhoon warning
were used. This changed when trading with well as the decline of native • April 1884 – observatory run by Jesuits have a
other civilizations like that of handicrafts/industries. Only shipbuilding network of
Chinese and European colonizers were was meteorological stations
practiced. entirely by Filipinos (so, even at that • 1901-the observatory was made a central
In 1521 when the Spanish arrived in the time, the Philippines is already known for observatory station of
Philippines, they found numerous, maritime manpower), excellent work the Philippine Weather Bureau by the American
scattered, thriving, relatively self-sufficient showed abstruse science & math Colonial
autonomous communities with capability. But during the 17th century, Authority
simple appropriate levels of technological when the Galleon trade was subjected American Administration
development, compared to Chinese to shipwrecks and piracy, the declining This time, the Philippines experienced rapid
& Japanese, but sufficient for their needs. It trade led to economic depression. In advances in S&T. The government
was reported that engagement in 1780, the Real Sociedad Economica de promoted extensive public education or
Los Amigos del Pais de Filipinas secularized public school education.
There were grants for scholarships for higher geocentric - earth as the center of the
education in science & Universe, defunct scientific knowledge
engineering. Furthermore, there were heretic - religious person, especially
organizations of science research Roman Catholic, who differs in opinion
agencies and establishments of science-based with religious dogma
services. The curriculum hieroglyphics - style of writing system
Introduced science subjects, industrial & mainly in pictorial characters
vocational. Special effort was made inquisition - a group of institutions
to attract Filipinos to pursue advanced studies within the judicial system of the Roman
leading to careers as engineers. Catholic Church whose aim was to
American Administration was credited for the combat heresy
• 1908 – establishment of the University of the intromission of light - emissions of light
Philippines from the object to the eyes
• 1909 – College of Agriculture in Laguna metaphysics - search for general and
• 1910 – Colleges of Liberal Arts, Engineering & eternal principles
Veterinary Medicine metapopulation - a regional group of
• 1911 – College of Law connected populations of a species like
o 1,400 students that increased to 2398 those in Tasmania are connected to the
students by 1915 people of mainland Australia
• 1915 – School of Pharmacy & Graduate pandemic - an outbreak of disease
School of Tropical Medicine & simultaneously affecting over a whole
Public Health country or the world, e.g., COVID-19
• 1916 – School of Forestry and Conservatory
Music
• 1918 – College of Education

All experiences of the Philippines in S&T is

indicative of its capability to
innovate,,,, not just copy!!

Glossary

astrology - the divination of the supposed to be

influences of the stars and
planets on human affairs e.g zodiac signs
empirical - based on observation rather than
just pure logic