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AIR POLLUTION Sp22 - 241025 - 093355

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views18 pages

AIR POLLUTION Sp22 - 241025 - 093355

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AquaNimous
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AIR POLLUTION

• Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of


substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human
health or produce other measured effects on living matter and
other materials.
Outdoor pollution primarily results from the combustion of fossil
fuels by industrial plants and vehicles. This releases carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons and other pollutants.
Indoor air pollution results from the burning of solid fuels such as
crop waste, dung, charcoal and coal for cooking and heating in
households. Burning these fuels produces particulate matter – a
major health risk, particularly for respiratory diseases
(a) Smoke comes out from various industries like,
power plants, chemical plants, other
manufacturing facilities, motor vehicles

(b) Gaseous pollutants from Oil refining industries ;

Types of (c) Dust generated and thrown to general


atmosphere by various industries such as cement
Pollutants plants, ore / stone crushing units, mining
industries due to rock drilling & movements of
mining machineries & blasting etc.;

(d) Biological products.


Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants
Primary air pollutants - Materials that when released pose health risks in their unmodified forms or
those emitted directly from identifiable sources.
-Carbon monoxide
-Sulfur dioxide
-Nitrogen oxides
-Hydrocarbons
-Particulate matter
Secondary air pollutants - Primary pollutants interact with one another, sunlight, or natural gases to
produce new, harmful compounds
Ozone
PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)
Photochemical smog
Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
AIR POLLUTANTS
• Sulphur dioxide produced through the burning of coal, causes acid rain and respiratory problems.
• Nitrogen oxides and volatile hydrocarbons from vehicle emissions, combine to form photochemical
smog which causes respiratory problems
• Carbon monoxide from vehicle emissions, restricts oxygen uptake, causes drowsiness, headaches,
death.
• Carbon dioxide produced during the burning of coal enhances global warming
• CFCs used in aerosols, refrigeration, air-conditioning and foam- blowing industries destroys the ozone
layer.
• Methane from feedlots and rubbish dumps enhances global warming.
• Ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and airborne particles, with radioactive pollutants
probably among the most destructive ones (specifically when produced by nuclear explosions).
Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]

Ammonia (NH3)

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Water vapor (H2O) Carbon monoxide (CO)


and
Sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) carbon dioxide (CO2)

Oxygen (O2)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Burning coal and oil

Oxygen (O2)
Primary and Secondary
pollutants

Sulfur (S) in Carbon (C) in


coal and oil coal and oil
Alternative Reactions
NO and NO2 can also react with the
hydrocarbons instead of ozone to form other
volatile compounds known as PAN
(peroxyacetyl nitrate). The accumulation of
Photochemical ozone and volatile organic compounds along
with the energy from the sun forms the
Smog brown, photochemical smog seen on hot,
sunny days.
Photochemical smog formation

Photochemical smog is a type


of smog produced when
ultraviolet light from the sun
reacts with nitrogen oxides in
the atmosphere. It is visible as
a brown haze, and is most
prominent during the morning
and afternoon, especially in
densely populated, warm cities
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that are found in many products we use to build and
maintain our homes. Once these chemicals are in our homes, they are released or “off-gas” into the indoor air we breathe.

Volatile organic compounds: Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to
VOCs are often divided into the enhanced global warming.
separate categories of methane (CH4)
and non-methane (NMVOCs). Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene
are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukaemia through prolonged
exposure.
Particulate matter:

• Particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of


solid or liquid suspended in a gas.
Sources of particulate matter can be manmade or natural.
• Some particulates occur naturally, originating from
volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living
vegetation, and sea spray.
• Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in
vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also
generate significant amounts of aerosols.
Air quality index (AQI)
• A number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or
how polluted it is forecast to become.
• Different countries have their own air quality indices, corresponding to different national air quality
standards. Some of these are the Air Quality Health Index (Canada), the Air Pollution Index (Malaysia), and
the Pollutant Standards Index (Singapore).

National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under ‘Swachh
Bharat’ in October, 2014 envisioned by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi..

AQI to act as ‘One Number- One Colour-One Description’ to judge the Air Quality for Common Man: Shri
Prakash Javadekar.
• What is the Air Quality Index (AQI) ?
• Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used to convey the quality of air by the government to
the general public. Air Quality deteriorates with increase in concentration of pollutants. The
Air Quality Index represents the severity of pollution to common people.
• Indian (CPCB) AQI:
• According to the Indian Government (CPCB), Indian AQI ranges from 0-500, from 0 being
good and 500 being severe.
• There are eight major pollutants to be taken for AQI calculation viz. Particulate Matter (PM
10 and PM 2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), ammonia (NH3) and lead (Pb).
• To calculate AQI, data for minimum three pollutants must be present out of which one
should be either PM 10 or PM 2.5. AQI ranging from 0-500 have different concentrations
for each pollutant and have health effects accordingly.
Ambient Air Quality Standards in India
Ambient air quality refers to the condition or quality of air surrounding us in the outdoors.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards are the standards for ambient air quality set by
the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) that is applicable nationwide. The CPCB has been
conferred this power by the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

Main functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) as follows:


• To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the
quality the air and the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
• To plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control
and abatement of air pollution.
• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Pollution Control Board.
• To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution.
• To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to air pollution; and
• To lay down and annul standards for the quality of air
Indoor Air Pollution in India
• Indoor air pollution is the degradation of indoor air quality by
harmful chemicals and other materials; it can be up to 10 times
worse than outdoor air pollution. This is because contained areas
enable potential pollutants to build up more than open spaces.
• Indoor air pollution from solid fuels accounted for 3.5 million
deaths and 4.5% global daily-adjusted life year (DALY) in 2010
Sources
• The principal sources of indoor air pollution are: Combustion, building
material, and bioaerosols. While radon, asbestos, pesticides, heavy metals,
volatile organic matter, and environmental tobacco smoke are considered
major indoor pollutants in developed countries, the combustion products of
biomass fuels contribute most to indoor air pollution in developing nations.
• In India, out of 0.2 billion people using fuel for cooking; 49% use firewood;
8.9% cow dung cake; 1.5% coal, lignite, or charcoal; 2.9% kerosene; 28.6%
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); 0.1% electricity; 0.4% biogas; and 0.5% any
other means.
Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Health

• The ill-effects of indoor air pollution result in about 2 million premature


deaths per year, wherein 44% are due to pneumonia, 54% from chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 2% from lung cancer.
• The most affected groups are women and younger children, as they spend
maximum time at home.
• The morbidities associated with indoor air pollution are respiratory
illnesses, viz., acute respiratory tract infection and COPD, poor perinatal
outcomes like low birth weight and still birth, cancer of nasopharynx, larynx,
lung, and leukemia.

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