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TranKhangThanh 2152973

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9 views3 pages

TranKhangThanh 2152973

Uploaded by

khangthanh1911
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Catalytic Cracking

a. Feed:

The primary feed for catalytic cracking is heavier petroleum fractions such as vacuum gas oil
(VGO) and atmospheric residue, which are not suitable for direct use in gasoline or diesel.

b. Output:

The main outputs are lighter hydrocarbons, including gasoline, diesel, and olefins like
propylene and butylenes. Additionally, catalytic cracking produces by-products such as light
gases (e.g., ethylene, methane) and coke.
c. Chemistry:

Catalytic cracking involves breaking down large, complex hydrocarbon molecules into
smaller, more valuable ones using a catalyst, usually a zeolite. The process occurs at high
temperatures (around 480-550°C) in the presence of the catalyst, which promotes the
breaking of carbon-carbon bonds. The reactions include:

• Cracking: Large alkanes are broken down into smaller alkanes, alkenes, and
aromatics.

• Hydrogen transfer: Hydrogen atoms are transferred from one molecule to


another, which helps in stabilizing the cracked molecules.

d. Role in the Refinery:

Catalytic cracking is crucial for converting heavy oils into lighter, more valuable products
like gasoline and diesel, which are in high demand. It significantly increases the yield of
high-octane gasoline and olefins, which are key feedstocks for petrochemical production.

2. Isomerization
a. Feed:

The feedstock typically consists of light paraffins, such as normal butane or normal pentane,
and sometimes light naphtha fractions containing straight-chain hydrocarbons.

b. Output:

The output is branched-chain isomers of the original paraffins, such as isobutane or


isopentane, which have higher octane numbers than their straight-chain counterparts.

c. Chemistry:

Isomerization is a chemical process that rearranges the molecular structure of hydrocarbons


to form isomers. In the presence of a catalyst (usually platinum or other noble metals) and at
moderate temperatures (around 100-200°C), straight-chain hydrocarbons are converted into
branched-chain hydrocarbons. The process does not change the carbon number but improves
the octane rating.

d. Role in the Refinery:

Isomerization is essential for enhancing the octane rating of gasoline by converting low-
octane straight-chain hydrocarbons into high-octane branched-chain hydrocarbons. This helps
meet fuel specifications and improves the overall quality of gasoline.

3. Catalytic Reforming

a. Feed:
The feedstock is typically heavy naphtha, which consists of C6-C12 hydrocarbons, including
paraffins, naphthenes, and some aromatics.

b. Output:

The primary output is high-octane reformate, a key component of gasoline. Catalytic


reforming also produces hydrogen as a by-product, which is used in other refinery processes.

c. Chemistry:

Catalytic reforming involves several reactions, including:

• Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics (e.g., cyclohexane to benzene).

• Isomerization of paraffins to improve their octane rating.

• Cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more valuable molecules.

• Dehydrocyclization of paraffins to aromatics (e.g., heptane to toluene).

These reactions occur in the presence of a platinum-based catalyst at high temperatures (500-
525°C) and moderate pressures.

d. Role in the Refinery:

Catalytic reforming is vital for producing high-octane gasoline components and providing
hydrogen, which is crucial for hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The reformate
produced is also a source of aromatics for petrochemical industries.

4. Alkylation

a. Feed:

The feedstock consists of light olefins (such as propylene and butylene) and isobutane.

b. Output:

The primary output is alkylate, a high-octane blending component for gasoline. Alkylation
produces a high-quality, low-sulfur, and low-aromatic gasoline component.

c. Chemistry:
Alkylation is a process that combines light olefins with isobutane to form larger, branched-
chain alkanes, such as isooctane. This reaction occurs in the presence of a strong acid
catalyst, typically sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid, at low temperatures. The process
increases the molecular weight and octane rating of the hydrocarbons.

d. Role in the Refinery:

Alkylation plays a crucial role in producing high-octane gasoline components, which are
essential for meeting modern fuel standards, particularly for premium gasoline. It also helps
in utilizing low-value olefins produced in other refinery processes.
5. Hydrotreating

a. Feed:

The feedstock varies depending on the specific hydrotreating unit and can include naphtha,
kerosene, diesel, and heavy gas oils.

b. Output:

The output is a cleaner, desulfurized hydrocarbon stream. Hydrotreating produces products


like low-sulfur gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and base oils for lubricants.

c. Chemistry:

Hydrotreating involves the catalytic reaction of hydrocarbons with hydrogen to remove


impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals. The process occurs in the presence of a
catalyst (typically cobalt-molybdenum or nickel-molybdenum) under high pressure (100-200
atm) and temperature (300-450°C). The key reactions include:

• Hydrodesulfurization (HDS): Removing sulfur by converting it into hydrogen


sulfide.

• Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN): Removing nitrogen by converting it into


ammonia.

• Hydrodearomatization (HDA): Saturating aromatics to reduce their content.


d. Role in the Refinery:

Hydrotreating is essential for producing low-sulfur fuels that meet environmental regulations.
It improves the quality of refinery products by removing impurities, which is particularly
important for downstream processes and in meeting fuel specifications like ultra-low-sulfur
diesel (ULSD).

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