Meteorology

SET – 1
1. Describe the short notes on:
a. Wind drift current; b. Upwelling current; c. Gradient current

2. What is the formation process of advection fog? How can you predict advection fog
onboard? In which areas advection fog formed? Why prediction of fog is required?

3. Write short notes on:

a. Synoptic chart; b. Predominant current; c. Land breeze; d. Occlusion

4. What is the ice accretion at sea? Describe the factors which govern the ice accretion
and action to be taken to minimize the accretion.

5. Describe ships routing. Factors to be considered before making ship routing. What are
the advantage of shore base routing?

6. What use you can make of the information given by the current rose, the predominant
current and the vector mean current as aid to passage planning?

7. What are the actions need to be taken to avoid TRS? List the requirements in relation
to MSA for approaching TRS.

8. Write short notes on:

a. Geostrophic wind; b. Gradient wind; c. Pressure tendency; d. Cyclostrophic current

9. Describe with sketch the current circulation in Bay of Bengal during monsoon.

10. Elaborate on the aims, objects, functions and activities of the International Ice Patrol.
What are the probable indications of the proximity of an ice-berg at sea?

SET – 2
1. In ship’s routing, what are the factors to consider to plan an ocean passage?

2. With the aid of a sketch, give a brief description of North Atlantic currents.

3. State the signs which may indicate the proximity of ice on clear days and nights and
their detection range on both cases.

4. Describe the formation process of sea ice and state the areas that might be affected by
sea ice.
5. State the signs that indicate the approach of a TRS.

6. What are the ideal condition for the formation of a TRS? Why does a TRS dissipate while
travelling over the land?

7. Draw the structure of an idealized warm front and mention the associated weather
with a warm front.

8. What is the formation process of advection fog? Where will you experience this type of
fog?

9. Explain the weather observed in the North East Brazilian area as affected by monsoon.

10. What type of weather information you may receive via Fax, e-mail and internet?

SET – 3
1. State the relationship between sea waves and swell waves. Explain the decay of swell
waves as they travel from the area of origin.

2. Describe optimum (least time) routing. Describe the methods of constructing a least
time track.

3. Discuss the factors affecting wave height and direction. Describe the methods
employed in forecasting wave heights.

4. Discuss the causes for the generation or formation of ocean currents.

5. State the correct avoidance procedure when in the vicinity of a TRS. Describe the
message required to be sent in accordance with the requirement of SOLAS when a wind
of or above storm force 10 in encountered which has not previously been reported.

6. Define a col. Draw a synoptic pattern of a col showing isobars and wind circulation and
explain the weather associated with a col.

7. Draw cross section through cold occlusions showing temperature distribution and cloud
and precipitation areas. Describe the weather experienced during the passage of cold
occlusion.

8. Discuss the methods of avoiding or reducing ice accretion. Explain the reports to be
made under International Conventions when ice is encountered. List the information to
be given in radio messages reporting dangerous ice.

9. Explain the cause and weather associated with the July monsoon of the West coast of
Africa.
10. Discriminate between the source region characteristics of Polar Maritime and
Continental Air.

SET – 4
1. What are the function of wind speed, wind fetch and duration on growth and
significance of waves?

2. State formation process of drift and gradient current. Classify the types of current as
warm and cold basis with region.

3. Describe various types of ocean current as per formation process.

4. Briefly describe the formation, movement and decay of North Atlantic icebergs.

5. In northern and southern hemisphere how will you avoid a TRS?

6. What are the actions to take to reduce the devastation by a TRS when your vessel is in
congested water and at open sea?

7. Define frontal depression, frontogenesis and frontolysis.

8. What is frontal and non-frontal trough? What is the weather associated with both types
of troughs?

9. Briefly describe SW monsoon of Bay of Bengal and South China Sea.

10. List various local names and source regions of tropical revolving storms.

SET – 5
1. Define monsoon region. State the areas which experience a true monsoon region.

2. What is air mass? Distinguish between stable and unstable air masses.

3. List the information available from the synoptic and prognostic charts.

4. State the signs which may indicate the proximity of ice on clear days and nights.

5. State the factors which may give rise to ice accretion on ship and the method of avoiding
or reducing ice accretion.
6. Describe the weather changes experienced during the passage of a secondary
depression.

7. Describe the formation of warm and cold anticyclones.

8. State the factors which affect the future movement of a TRS. State the signs which give
warning of the approach for the TRS.

9. What use you can make of the information given by the current rose, the predominant
current and the vector mean current as aid to passage planning?

10. Define significant wave height. List the factors affecting wave height and direction.

SET – 6
1. When passing north of Cape Hatters on the US east coast during the winter visibility
may be severely reduced due the sea having the appearance of smoking. Explain the
reasons for this phenomenon.

2. Explain with the aid of a sketch the causes of the strong northerly winds which blow
over to Gulf of Mexico and west crabbier areas. At what time of the Year are these winds
prevails?

3. State the probable warning signs of an approaching TRS. What action should be taken
when such signs are observed?

4. A drift bottle thrown about 100 miles east of Hong Kong was picked up of Philippines
Island. Describe the probable route followed by it, naming the currents concerned.

5. Elaborate on the aims, objects, functions and activities of the International Ice Patrol.
What are the probable indications of the proximity of an ice-berg at sea?

6. What is an air mass? What factors influence its properties and how? Explain what is
meant by Stable, Unstable, Neutral and Conditionally stable equilibrium of air.

7. Describe briefly the principle of weather routing across the North Atlantic and North
Pacific, stating till' advantages and the equipment and information required.

8. Describe the following ice terms

a. Hummock; b. Floe; c. Ice-blink; d. Ice-field; e. Calving

9. Sketch and describe the currents in the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.

10. Distinguish between analysis and prognosis. Write short notes on and give the uses of
a. Surface weather charts; b. Wave charts; c. Ice charts.
SET – 7
1. With the aid of diagram, describe the characteristics and location of ITCZ, Trade winds
and sub-tropical oceanic high.

2. With the aid of diagram, describe the evasive action to be taken in southern hemisphere
and northern hemisphere when TRS in the vicinity.

3. List the various methods for obtaining meteorological information at sea mentioning
information available in each method.

4. Describe the following ice terms

a. Field Ice; b. Pan-cake Ice; c. Slush; d. Hummock

5. With the aid of diagram, briefly describe the Frontogenesis process of a frontal
depression

6. Define frontal and non-frontal trough of low pressure. Describe the weather associated
with passage of a trough of low pressure.

7. Briefly describe the signs of an approaching TRS.

8. Describe the formation of cold and warm ocean current with their locality.

9. With the aid of diagram, briefly describe the interpretation and use of the following
charts: a. Vector mean chart; b. Predominant current chart; c. Current rose chart;
d. Monthly routine chart

10. Explain the importance of wind force, duration of wind and fetch in wave formation
growth.

SET – 8
1. Explain how current may be caused by the effect of evaporation and wind flows when
pass the coast line.

2. Give short definition on the following TRS terms

a. Vertex; b. Eye-wall; c. Outer storm area
Describe briefly the possible ways a TRS loses it energy

3. In equatorial regions, why fog is often experienced in river estuaries? Write the most
probable time of the day to occur.
4. Describe the condition that may cause ice accretion at sea. State the icing rate and
action to be taken for reducing ice accretion.

5. Write short notes on the following terms:

a. Seismic wave; b. Ridge of high; c. Family of depression

6. Describe the four methods for the formation of clouds.

7. Describe optimum (least time) routing. Describe the methods of constructing a least
time track.

8. Write short notes on:

a. Geostrophic wind; b. Gradient wind; c. Pressure tendency

9. Explain the causes of surface current circulation in the Bay of Bengal.

10. Elaborate on the aims, objects, functions and activities of the International Ice Patrol.
What are the probable indications of the proximity of an ice-berg at sea?

SET – 9
1. A drift bottle thrown about 100 miles east of Hong Kong was picked up of Philippines
Island. Describe the probable route followed by it, naming the currents concerned.

2. Elaborate on the aims, objects, functions and activities of the International Ice Patrol.
What are the probable indications of the proximity of an ice-berg at sea?

3. What is air mass? Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral air masses.

4. Describe the following ice terms

a. Ice-blink; b. Floe; c. Hummock; d. Calving

5. Why the mountain region on the lee side is drier and warmer than the windward side?

6. State the probable warning signs of an approaching TRS. What action should be taken
when such signs are observed?

7. What is thunderstorm? State the weather associated with thunderstorm.

8. What is an air mass? What factors influence its properties and how? Explain what is
meant by Stable, Unstable, Neutral and Conditionally stable equilibrium of air.

9. Distinguish between analysis and prognosis. Write short notes on and give the uses of
a. Surface weather charts; b. Wave charts; c. Ice charts.

10. What is dew point? Why its knowledge is required for hold ventilation?
SET – 10
1. What is the diurnal range of atmospheric temperature? Compare between the diurnal
range of atmospheric temperature over land and over sea.

2. What is adiabatic change of temperature or atmospheric temperature? Describe DALR

and SALR.

3. What is the formation process of advection fog? How can you predict advection fog
onboard? In which areas advection fog formed? Why prediction of fog is required?

4. Describe the four methods for the formation of clouds.

5. Describe with the sketch the track of TRS. Describe the message required to be sent in
accordance with the requirement of SOLAS when a wind of or above storm force 10 in
encountered which has not previously been reported.

6. Sketch and describe the currents in the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.

7. Draw the structure of an idealized warm front and mention the associated weather
with a warm front.

8. State the use of routine chart and wind rose. Discuss the factors affecting wave height
and direction.

9. Describe the following terms:

a. Col; b. Predominant current; c. Ice chart; d. Frontogenesis

SET – 11
1. What is the formation process of advection fog? How can you predict advection fog
onboard? In which areas advection fog formed? Why prediction of fog is required?

2. Explain how current may be caused by the effect of evaporation and wind flows when
pass the coast line.

3. Describe with the sketch the track of TRS. Describe the message required to be sent in
accordance with the requirement of SOLAS when a wind of or above storm force 10 in
encountered which has not previously been reported.

4. Write short notes on:

a. Synoptic chart; b. Predominant current; c. Land breeze; d. Occlusion
5. What use you can make of the information given by the current rose, the predominant
current and the vector mean current as aid to passage planning?

6. What is ocean current? Describe causes of ocean current. Give an example of each types
of ocean current. State the effect of current on climate.

7. Write short notes on:

a. Katabatic wind; b. Anabatic wind

8. What is the ice accretion at sea? Describe the factors which govern the ice accretion
and action to be taken to minimize the accretion.

9. Describe ships routing. Factors to be considered before making ship routing. What are
the advantage of shore base routing?

SET – 12
1. Explain Cumulonimbus (Cb) cloud with sketch.

2. Describe Indian Ocean Current system.

3. What is the ice accretion at sea? Describe the factors which govern the ice accretion
and action to be taken to minimize the accretion.

4. State master’s obligations when encountering dangerous ice.

5. Describe avoiding action of TRS when your vessel is at dangerous semi-circle in southern
hemisphere.

6. Define significant wave height. List the factors affecting wave height and direction.

7. List the various methods for obtaining meteorological information at sea mentioning
information available in each method.

8. Describe the factors to be considered when planning a passage at higher latitude?

9. Draw cross section through cold occlusions showing temperature distribution and cloud
and precipitation areas. Describe the weather experienced during the passage of cold
occlusion.

10. Describe the formation of sea smoke. Where will you find this fog?