School Center Maarif Schools of Sarajevo

( Škole “Maarif” Sarajevo)

Artificial intelligence (AI) and programming

Student: Lamija Hodžić Professor: Selma Handanović

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.

How does AI work?

As the hype around AI has accelerated, vendors have been scrambling to promote how their
products and services use it. Often, what they refer to as AI is simply a component of the
technology, such as machine learning. AI requires a foundation of specialized hardware and
software for writing and training machine learning algorithms. No single programming
language is synonymous with AI, but Python, R, Java, C++ and Julia have features popular
with AI developers.
In general, AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing
the data for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about
future states.
New, rapidly improving generative AI techniques can create realistic text, images, music and
other media.

Importance of Artificial intelligence

AI is important for its potential to change how we live, work and play. It has been effectively
used in business to automate tasks done by humans, including customer service work, lead
generation, fraud detection and quality control. In a number of areas, AI can perform tasks
much better than humans.
Particularly when it comes to repetitive, detail-oriented tasks, such as analyzing large
numbers of legal documents to ensure relevant fields are filled in properly, AI tools often
complete jobs quickly and with relatively few errors. Because of the massive data sets it
can process, AI can also give enterprises insights into their operations they might not have
been aware of. The rapidly expanding population of generative AI tools will be important in
fields ranging from education and marketing to product design.
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence

Advantages of AI:

 Good at detail-oriented jobs. AI has proven to be just as good, if not better than
doctors at diagnosing certain cancers, including breast cancer and melanoma

 Reduced time for data-heavy tasks. AI is widely used in data-heavy industries,

including banking and securities, pharma and insurance, to reduce the time it takes
to analyze big data sets. Financial services, for example, routinely use AI to
process loan applications and detect fraud.

 Saves labor and increases productivity. An example here is the use

of warehouse automation, which grew during the pandemic and is expected to
increase with the integration of AI and machine learning.

 Delivers consistent results. The best AI translation tools deliver high levels of
consistency, offering even small businesses the ability to reach customers in their
native language.

 Can improve customer satisfaction through personalization. AI can

personalize content, messaging, ads, recommendations and websites to individual
customers.

 AI-powered virtual agents are always available. AI programs do not need to

sleep or take breaks, providing 24/7 service.
Disadvantages of AI:

 Expensive.

 Requires deep technical expertise.

 Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools.

 Reflects the biases of its training data, at scale.

 Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.

 Eliminates human jobs, increasing unemployment rates.

Strong AI vs. weak AI

AI can be categorized as weak or strong.

 Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is designed and trained to complete a
specific task. Industrial robots and virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri,
use weak AI.

 Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), describes

programming that can replicate the cognitive abilities of the human brain. When
presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system can use fuzzy logic to apply
knowledge from one domain to another and find a solution autonomously. In
theory, a strong AI program should be able to pass both a Turing test and the
Chinese Room argument.
What are the 4 types of artificial intelligence?

Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and
engineering at Michigan State University, explained that AI can be categorized into four
types, beginning with the task-specific intelligent systems in wide use today and progressing
to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. The categories are as follows.

 Type 1: Reactive machines. These AI systems have no memory and are task-
specific. An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry
Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on a chessboard and make
predictions, but because it has no memory, it cannot use past experiences to
inform future ones.

 Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems have memory, so they can use past
experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision-making functions
in self-driving cars are designed this way.

 Type 3: Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When applied to

AI, it means the system would have the social intelligence to understand
emotions. This type of AI will be able to infer human intentions and predict
behavior, a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral members of human
teams.

 Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, which

gives them consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand their own
current state. This type of AI does not yet exist.
What are examples of AI technology and how is it used today?

AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are seven examples.

Automation. When paired with AI technologies, automation tools can expand the volume
and types of tasks performed. An example is robotic process automation (RPA), a type of
software that automates repetitive, rules-based data processing tasks traditionally done by
humans. When combined with machine learning and emerging AI tools, RPA can automate
bigger portions of enterprise jobs, enabling RPA's tactical bots to pass along intelligence
from AI and respond to process changes.

Machine learning. This is the science of getting a computer to act without programming.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very simple terms, can be thought of as
the automation of predictive analytics. There are three types of machine learning algorithms:

 Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and
used to label new data sets.

 Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to
similarities or differences.

 Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action
or several actions, the AI system is given feedback.

Machine vision. This technology gives a machine the ability to see. Machine vision captures
and analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion and digital
signal processing. It is often compared to human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by
biology and can be programmed to see through walls, for example. It is used in a range of
applications from signature identification to medical image analysis. Computer vision, which
is focused on machine-based image processing, is often conflated with machine vision.
Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language by a
computer program. One of the older and best-known examples of NLP is spam detection,
which looks at the subject line and text of an email and decides if it's junk. Current
approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text translation,
sentiment analysis and speech recognition.

Robotics. This field of engineering focuses on the design and manufacturing of robots.
Robots are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform
consistently. For example, robots are used in car production assembly lines or by NASA to
move large objects in space. Researchers also use machine learning to build robots that can
interact in social settings.

Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a combination of computer vision, image

recognition, and deep learning to build automated skills to pilot a vehicle while staying in a
given lane and avoiding unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.

Text, image and audio generation. Generative AI techniques, which create various types of
media from text prompts, are being applied extensively across businesses to create a
seemingly limitless range of content types from photorealistic art to email responses and
screenplays.
Applications of AI

AI in healthcare .One of the best-known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. It

understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines
patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with
a confidence scoring schema. Other AI applications include using online virtual health
assistants and chatbots to help patients and healthcare customers find medical information,
schedule appointments, understand the billing process and complete other administrative
processes. An array of AI technologies is also being used to predict, fight and
understand pandemics such as COVID-19.

AI in business. The rapid advancement of generative AI technology such as ChatGPT is

expected to have far-reaching consequences: eliminating jobs, revolutionizing product design
and disrupting business models.

AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time for other tasks. It can
assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can
provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track. The technology could also
change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some teachers.
AI can help educators craft course work and other teaching materials and engage students in
new ways. The advent of these tools also forces educators to rethink student homework and
testing and revise policies on plagiarism.

AI in software coding and IT processes. New generative AI tools can be used to produce
application code based on natural language prompts, but it is early days for these tools and
unlikely they will replace software engineers soon. AI is also being used to automate many IT
processes, including data entry, fraud detection, customer service, and predictive maintenance
and security.
Artificial intelligence programming involves using one or more programming
languages, AI frameworks, and code editors to develop AI applications that perform
tasks (e.g., predicting, segmenting customers, generating content, and identifying risks)
with little or no human intervention.

AI coders design and develop machine learning algorithms. These algorithms are then
trained on large datasets, allowing them to analyze patterns, learn, solve problems, and
even make some decisions.

AI programming is a broad term and involves the following components: