KVS ZIET BHUBANESWAR

CBTI XII PHY CH_9_RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Q. NO QUESTION
MCQ s 1 MARK EACH
1. 1. Which of the following is not due to the total internal reflection?
(i) sparkling of diamond
(ii) formation of mirage
(iii) shining of empty test tube in water
(iv) difference between real depth and apparent depth
2. 2. A glass lens is immersed in water. What will be the effect on the power of the lens?
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) constant (d) not depends
3. 3. Absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 6/4 and 4/3. The ratio of velocity of light
of glass and water will be
(i) 4:3 (ii) 8:7 (iii) 8:9 (iv) 3:4
4. 4. Bending of Light around corners of obstacles is known by
(a)Polarization (b)Diffraction
(c)Interference (d)Dispersion

5. 5. Constructive interference results in high amplitude and destructive interference results in

low amplitude of waves. (T/F)
6. 6. Why does the bluish colour of the sky predominate?
7. 7. Does the frequency of sound depend on the medium? justify with example
8. 1. An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two halves as shown in figure.

Find the focal length of each part?

(a) -30cm (b)-20c m
(c) 30cm (d) -15cm

An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two halves as shown in figure. Find the
focal length of each part?

9. 9.The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water while its mass density is lower
shows a layer of turpentine floating over water in a container. For which one of the four rays
incident on turpentine in the path shown is correct?
 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

10. Assertion: Diffraction takes place for all types of waves transverse or longitudinal.
Reason: Diffraction effect is perceivable only if wavelength of wave is comparable to
dimensions of diffracting device.
11. The focal length of a mirror is infinity. Identify the mirror.
a. concave
b. convex
c. plane
d. all of these
12. Define the refractive index of a medium.

13. When light undergoes from air to water, what happens to its frequency?
14. In which direction relative to the normal, does a ray of light bend, when it enters obliquely a
medium in which its speed is increased.
15. The apparent depth of an object at the bottom of a tank filled with a liquid of refractive index
1.3 is 7.7cm. What is the actual depth of the liquid in the tank?
a. 10.01 cm
b. 9 cm
c. 5.92 cm
d. 7.7 cm
16. Name the physical principle on which the working of optical fibre is based.
17. What type of lens is an air bubble inside water?
18. How does the power of a convex lens vary, if the incident red light is replaced by violet light?
19. The diameter of the telescope is doubled, the magnifying power becomes
a. twice
b. halved
c. remains constant
d. zero
20. To a fish under water, viewing obliquely a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake, the man
looks
a. taller than what he actually is
b. shorter than what he actually is
c. the same height as he actually is
d. depends on the obliquity
21. An object is gradually moving away from the focal point of a concave mirror along the axis of the
mirror. The graphical representation of the magnitude of linear magnification (m) verses distance of
the object from the mirror is correctly given by
22. Which of the following is used in optical fibres?
(a ) Total internal Reflection (b) Scattering (c) Diffraction (d) Refraction
23. A convex lens of focal length 20cm produces image of the same magnification 2 when object placed
at two distances x1 and x2 (x1>x2) from the lens. The ratio of x1 and x2 is
3:1 (b) 2:1 (c)4:3 (d) 5:3
24. The graph between the angle of deviation (δ) and angle of prism (i) represented by

25. Two lenses of power -15D and +5D are placed in contact with each other. The focal length of the
combination is
(a ) +10cm (b) -20cm (c )-10cm (d) +20cm.
26. An equiconvex lens is cut into two halves along (i) XOX’ and (ii) YOY’ as shown in figure. Let f, f’ ,
f” be the focal length of complete lens, of each half in case (i) and of each half in case (ii)
respectively. Choose the correct statement from the following.

F’=2f and f”=f (b) f’=f and f”=f (c) f’=2f and f”=2f (d) f’=f and f”=2f.
27. A thin prism of angle A = 6° produces a deviation d = 3°. The refractive index of the material of
prism is
1 (b) 2 (c) 1.5 (d) 3
28. The final image in an astronomical telescope with respect to an object is
(a) virtual and erect (b) real and erect
(c) real and inverted (d) virtual and inverted
29. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.0
cm. What is the separation between the objective and the eyepiece?
(a) 0.75 m (b) 1.38 m (c) 1.0 m (d) 1.5 m
30. Two statements are given-one labeled Assertion (A) and the other labeled Reason (R).Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.(a) Both A and R
are true and R is the correct explanation of A(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A(c) A is true but R is false(d) A is false and R is also false
Assertion (A) : Microscope magnifies the image.
Reason (R) : Angular magnification for image is more than object in microscope.
31. A ray of light when incident upon the mirror suffers a minimum deviation of 39°.If the shaded half
portion of the prism is removed, then the same ray will
 1.suffer a deviation of 19.5°
2.suffer a deviation of 39°
3.not suffer any deviation
4.will be totally internal reflected
32. The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a Plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the refractive index
of the material of the lens be 1.5, it will
a) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies
b) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side
c) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side
d) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies
33. A biconvex lens of glass having a refractive index of 1.47 is immersed in a liquid. It becomes
invisible and behaves like a plane glass plate. The refractive index of the liquid is
1)1.47
2)1.62
3)1.33
4)1.5
34. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light?
a) It gets reduced
b) It increases
c)Remains the same
d)None of the above

35. If a glass prism is dipped in water, what happens to its dispersive power?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c)Does not change
d)No effect
36. The refractive Index of a glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass
a)2× 108 m/s
b) 3× 108 m/s
c) 1.5×1 08 m/s
d) 2.2×108 m/s
37. Two similar thin equiconvex lenses of focal length of each are kept coaxially in contact with each
other such that the focal length of the combination is F1. When the space between the two lenses is
filled with glycerin (which has the same refractive index (μ=1.5) as that of lens, the equivalent focal
length is F2. The ratio F1: F2 will be

a) 2:1
b) 3:4
c) 1:2
d)2:3

38. Assertion: A convex lens maybe diverging

Reason: The nature of lens depends upon refractive index of the lens and surrounding medium.
 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation for A.
c)A is true but R is false.
d)A is false and R is false

39. Assertion: If a convex lens is kept in water, its convergence power decreases.
Reason: The refractive Index of convex lens relative to water is less than that relative to air.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation for A.
c)A is true but R is false.
d)A is False but R is true.
40. Assertion: Propagation of light through an optical fiber is due to total internal reflection taking place
at the core-clade interface.
Reason: Refractive index of the material of the core of the optical fiber is greater than that of
cladding.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
b) Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.
c)A is true but R is false.
d)A is False but R is true.
41. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and 25 cm are placed in contact. The effective power of the
combination is:
(A) 45 D
(B) 9 D
(C) 19 D
(D) 6 D

42. The air bubble inside water shine due to

(A) Reflection
(B) Refraction
(C) Total internal reflection
(D) None of these

43. A glass lens is immersed in water. What will be the effect on the power of lens?
(A) increase
(B) decrease
(C) constant
(D) not depends

44. A real, inverted and equal in size image is formed by (A) a concave mirror
(B) a convex mirror
(C) a plane mirror
(D) none of these
45. When light is refracted into a medium,
(A) its wavelength and frequency both increase
(B) its wavelength increases but frequency remains unchanged
(C) its wavelength decreases but frequency remains unchanged
(D) its wavelength and frequency both decrease
46. The refractive indices (R.I.) of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. The
R.I. of glass with respect. to water is:
(A) 8/9
(B) 9/8
(C) 7/6
(D) 2

47. A convergent lens will become less convergent in

(A) Oil
(B) water
(C) both of (i) and (ii)
(D) none of these

48. When a beam of light is incident on a plane mirror, it is found that a real image is formed.
Theincident beam must be
(A) Converging
(B) Diverging
(C) Parallel
(D) Formation of real image by a plane mirror is impossible

49. A person 1.6 m tall is standing at the centre between two walls three metre high. What is
theminimum size of a plane mirror fixed on the wall in front of him, if he is to see the full height of
the wall behind him?
(A) 0.8 m
(B) 1 m
(C) 1.5 m
(D) 2.3 m

50. A man stands in front of a mirror of special shape. He finds that his image has a very small head, a
fat body, and legs of normal size. What can we say about the shapes of the three parts of the mirror?
(A) Convex, Concave, Plane
(B) The plane, Concave, Convex
(C) Concave, Convex, Plane
(D) Convex, Plane, Concave
51. Figure shows 2 rays A and B being reflected by a mirror and going as A’ and B’, the mirror is
(a) Plane (b) convex (c) concave (d) may be any spherical mirror

A A’

B B’

52. A thin lens is made with a material having refractive index (µ=1.5). Both the sides are convex ,It is
dipped in water it will behave like
(a) Convergent lens (b) Divergent lens
(c) Rectangular slab (d) Prism
53. A convex mirror have focal length ‘f’ produces an image n times the size of the object. If the image is
real then the distance of object from mirror is
(a) (n-1)f (b)(n+1)f (c) (n+1/n)f (d) (n-1/n)f
54. The refractive index of the material of a prism is √2 and its refracting angle is 30°,one of the
refracting surface of the prism is made a mirror. A beam of monochromatic light entering the prism
from the other face retraces its path after reflection from mirror surface. The angle of incidence on
prism is
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
 55. For a chromatic combination of lenses if we use two lenses of focal length f° and f0, dispersive power
to w and w’ respectively then
(a) w=w0 ,w’= 2w0 f’= 2f
(b) w=w0 ,w’= 2w0 f’= -2f
(c) w=w0 ,w’= 2w0 f’= f/2
(d) w=w0 ,w’= 2w0 f’= -f/2

56. A fish is little away below the surface of a table if the critical angle is 49°,the fish could see some
things above the water surface within an angle of Ꝋ°,where

(a) Ꝋ= 49°
(b) Ꝋ= 98°
(c) Ꝋ= 90°
(d) Ꝋ= 24.5°

57. A V-shaped wire is placed before a concave mirror having radius of curvature 20cm as shown in fig
,the total length of the image

(a) 30cm (b) 40cm (c) 10cm (d) 20cm

58. ASSERTION - A diamond of refractive index √6 is immersed in a liquid of refractive index of √3, If
light travels from diamond to liquid. Total internal reflection takes place when angle of incidence is
30°
REASON - µ=1/sinC, where µ is the refractive index of diamond with respect to liquid.
59. ASSERTION – If a plane glass slab is placed on the letters of different colors,all the letters appear to
be raised to the same height.
REASON - Different colors have different wavelength
60. ASSERTION – Although the surface of goggles lens curved it does not have any power
REASON - In case of goggles both the curved surface have equal radius of curvature
VSA 2 MARKS EACH
1. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 15 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the
location of the image and the magnification. Describe what happens as the needle is moved
farther from the mirror.
2. Use the mirror equation to deduce that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror
produces a real image beyond 2f.
3. State the reason why two independent sources of light cannot be considered as coherent
sources.
4. An empty test tube dipped into water in a beaker appears silvery, when viewed from a suitable
direction. Why?
5. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 300?
6. A ray of light incident on the face of an equilateral prism shows minimum deviation of 30 0.
Calculate the speed of light through the prism.
7. What is the position and nature of the image formed by the combination of lens as shown in figure?

8. Which two of the following lenses L1, L2,and L3 will you select as objective and eyepiece for
constructing best possible (i) telescope(ii) microscope? Give reason to support your answer.
Lens Power (P) Aperture (A)
L1 6D 1 cm
L2 3D 8 cm
L3 10 D 1 cm
9. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two thin convex lenses in
contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this combination.
10. An optical instrument uses eye-lens of power 20 D and objective lens of power 50 D and has a tube
length of 15 cm. Name the optical instrument and calculate its magnifying power if it forms the final
image at infinity.
11. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15°,
25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be minimum?
12. An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 21 cm. Describe the
image produced by the lens. What happens if the object is moved further away from the lens?
13. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason.
14. Write the essential conditions for total internal reflections to occur.
15. Draw a schematic diagram of a single optical fibre structure. On what principle does such a device
work? Explain the mechanism of propagation of light signal through an optical fibre.

16. (i) Define refractive index of a medium

(ii) In the given ray diagram , calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive index

17. You are given following three lenses , which two lenses will you use as an objective to construct an
astronomical telescope and why?
LENSES POWER (P) Aperture
L1 3D 8cm
L2 6D 1cm
L3 10D 1cm
18. Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered with an opaque material.
What effect will this have on the thickness of the object
A convex lens of focal length 20cm is placed co axially in contact with a concave lens of focal length
25cm. Determine the power of combination , will the system be converging or diverging in nature.
SA 3 MARKS EACH
1. 6. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece
and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give a reason.

2. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by an astronomical telescope in normal
adjustment. Show that the angular magnifying power in this case is f 0/fe.
3. A compound microscope consists of an objective of focal length 3.0cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 7.25cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should an
object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least distance of distinct vision
(25 cm), and (b) at infinity? What is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case?
4. Which two of the following lenses L1, L2, L3 will you select as objective and eyepiece for
constructing the best possible microscope? Give reasons to support your answer.
Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A)
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm

L3 10 D 1 cm
5. An optical instrument uses a lens of power 100 D for objective lens and 50 D for its eyepiece.
When the tube length is kept at 25 cm, the final image is formed at infinity.
(a) Identify the optical instrument.
(b) Calculate the magnification produced by the instrument
6. Draw a graph showing the variation of linear magnification with image distance for a thin
convex lens. How can this graph be used for finding the focal length of the lens?
7. Three rays of light red (R), green (G) and blue (B) fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles
right angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39,1.44 and 1.47
respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get only refracted from AC.
Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of necessary calculations.
 8. (a) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0
cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when(i) the telescope is
in normal adjustment,(ii) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.(b) Also find
the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece in normal adjustment.
9. With the help of ray diagram derive the expression of lens makers formula for a biconvex lens.
10. A ray of monochromatic light passes through an equilateral glass prism in a way that angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is3/4 times the angle of prism.
Determine angle of deviation and refractive index of the glass prism.
11. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal length of the
lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.
12. Drive the expression for the angle of deviation for a ray of light passing through an equilateral prism
of refracting angle A?
13. (i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of materials of a prism in
minimum deviation condition
14. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the near point position. Write the
expression
15. ASSERTION REASONS TYPE
Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason. While
answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect. (i).Assertion: The focal length of the convex mirror will increase, if the mirror is placed
in water.
Reason: The focal length of a convex mirror of radius R is equal to , f = R/2.
(ii).Assertion: The focal length of the convex lens will increase, if the lens is placed in water.
Reason: The focal length of a convex lens depends upon the refractive index of medium in which
lens is held.
(iii).Assertion: The focal length of an equiconvex lens of radius of curvature R made of material of
refractive index μ = 1.5, is R.
Reason: The focal length of the lens will be R/2.
16. An equiconvex lens of refractive index ‘µ1’ , focal length ‘f’ and radius of curvature ‘R’ is immersed
in a liquid of refractive index ‘µ2’
(i) µ2 > µ1 (ii) ) µ2 < µ1
Draw the ray diagram in the two cases when a beam of light coming parallel to principal axis is
incident on the lens. Also find the focal length of the lens in terms of the original focal length of the
refractive index of the glass of the lens and that of the medium.
17. A convex lens of focal length 20cm is placed co axially in contact with a concave lens of focal length
25cm. Determine the power of combination , will the system be converging or diverging in nature
18. A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror . Show with the help of a suitable
diagram the formation of its image . Explain why magnification is not uniform.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
1. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Sparking Brilliance of Diamond: The total internal reflection of the light is used in polishing
diamonds to create a sparking brilliance. By polishing the diamond with specific cuts, it is adjusted
the most of the light rays approaching the surface are incident with an angle of incidence more than
critical angle. Hence, they suffer multiple reflections and ultimately come out of diamond from the
top. This gives the diamond sparking brilliance.

(I ) Light cannot easily escape a diamond without

multiple internal reflections. This is because:
 (A) its critical angle with reference to air is too large.
(B) its critical angle with reference to air is too small.
(C) the diamond is transparent.
(D) rays always enter at angle greater than critical angle.

(II) . The critical angle for a diamond is 24.4°. Then its

refractive index is:
(A) 2.42 (B) 0.413 (C) 1 (D) 1.413

(III)The basic reason for the extraordinary sparkle of suitably cut diamond is that:
(A) it has low refractive index.
(B) it has high transparency.
(C) it has high refractive index.
(D) it is very hard.

(IV) A diamond is immersed in a liquid with a refractive index greater than water. Then the critical
angle for total internal reflection will:
(A) depend on the nature of the liquid.
(B) decrease.
(C) remains the same.
(D) increase.
2. A compound microscope is an optical instrument used for observing highly magnified images of tiny
objects. Magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended
at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both the final
image and the object are situated at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. It can be given
that :
m = me × mo ,
where me is magnification produced by eye lens and mo is magnification produced by objective lens.
Consider a compound microscope that consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm.

(I) The object distance for eye-piece, so that final image is formed at the least distance of distinct
vision, will be
(a) 3.45 cm (b) –5 cm (c) –1.29 cm (d) 2.59 cm.

(II) How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the condition described
in above question?
(a) 4.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm(c) 1.5 cm (d) 3.0 cm

(III) The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound microscope is

(a) real, inverted and magnified (b) real, erect, and magnified
(b) virtual, erect and magnified (d) virtual, inverted and magnified.

(IV) The magnifying power of a compound microscope increases when

(a) the focal length of objective lens is increased and that of eye lens is decreased.
(b) the focal length of eye lens is increased and that of objective lens is decreased.
(c) focal lengths of both objective and eye-piece are increased.
(d) focal lengths of both objective and eye-piece are decreased.

3. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?

The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm respectively.
Find the position of the object relative to the objective to obtain an angular magnification of 30 in
normal adjustment.
4. Mirage in Deserts:

To a distant observer light appears to be coming from somewhere below the ground. The observer
naturally assumes that light is being reflected from the ground, say, by a pool of water near the tall
object.
Such inverted images of distant tall objects cause an optical illusion to the observer. This
phenomenon is called Mirage. It is most common in deserts.
1)Which of the following phenomenon is involved in the formation of mirage in deserts?
2)Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
3) Dispersion and Refraction
4) Reflection and Total Internal Reflection
4) Diffraction and Total Internal Reflection
2)A diver at a depth 12m inside water (µw /µa = 4/3) sees the sky in a cone of semi vertical angle
a) sin-1 4/3
b) tan1 4/3

c) sin-1 3/4

d)90°

3) In an optical fiber, if n1and n2 are the refractive indices of the core and cladding, then which
among the following would be a correct equation?
a) n1<n2
b) n1>n2
c) n1=n2
d) n1<<n2
4) A diamond is immersed in such a liquid which has its refractive index with respect to air as greater
than the refractive index of water with respect to air. Then the critical angle of diamond-liquid
interface as compared to critical angle of diamond- water interface will
a) depends on nature of the liquid
b) remains same
c)decreases
d)increases

5. CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

Refraction through a prism:
A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two planes face inclined to each other at a
suitable angle. A ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a prism and hence deviates
through a certain angle from its original path. The angle of deviation of a prism is ɗ = (µ-1) A ,
through which a ray deviates on passing through a thin prism of small refracting angle A . If µ is the
refractive index of the material of the prism then the prism formula is µ = sin(A+ɗm/2) / sin(A/2).
(i) For which colour, angle of deviation is minimum? (A) Red (B) Yellow (C) Violet (D) Blue.
(ii) When white light moves through vacuum
(A) All colours have same speed (B) Different colours have different speed (C) Violet has more
speed then red (D) Red has more speed then violet.
(iii)The deviation through a prism is maximum when angle of incidence is
(A) 450 (B) 700 (C)900 (D)600
 (iv) What is the deviation produced by a prism of angle 60? (µ=1.6)
(A) 3.6 (B) 4.9 (C) 7.9 (D) 1.5
6. CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS
Compound microscope
It is an optical instrument used for observing highly magnified images of tiny objects. Magnifying
power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final
image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both the final image and the objects are
situated at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. It can be given that: m=me x m0, where
me is the magnification produced by the eye lens and m0 is the magnification produced by the
objective lens. Consider a compound microscope that consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0
cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm.
(i) The object distance for eye-piece, so that final image is formed at the least distance of distinct
vision, will be
(A) 3.45 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 1.29 cm (D) 2.59 cm
(ii) How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the condition described?
in part (i)?
(A) 4.5 cm (B) 2.5 cm (C) 1.5 cm (D) 3.0 cm
(iii) What is the magnifying power of the microscope in case of least distinct vision?
(A) 40 (B) 30 (C) 20 (D) 50
(iv) The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound microscope is
(A) real, inverted and magnified
(B) real, erect and magnified
(C) virtual, erect and magnified
(D) virtual, inverted and magnified
7. CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS
Power of a lens
Power (P) of a lens is given as the reciprocal of focal length (P=1/f), where ‘f’ should be in meter and
P is in Dioptre. For convex lens, power is positive and concave lens, power is negative. When two or
more lenses are kept in contact then power of the combined lens is given as P= P1 + P2 +P3 …….
(i) A convex lens is cut in to two equal parts, perpendicular to its axial line. The power of each part
(A) becomes zero (B) remain the same
(C) decreases (D) increases
(ii)The two lenses of power +1.5D and +1.0D are placed in contact then the effective power of the
combination will be
(A) 2.5D (B) 1.5 D (C) 0.5D (D) 3.25D
(iii) If the power of the combination of two lenses is 2.5D. The power of one lens is -1.5D.What is
the focal length of the other lens?
(A)10cm (B) 20cm (C)25cm (D) 5cm
(iv)Two thin lens of focal length +10cm & -5cm are kept in contact, the power of the combination is
(A) -10D (B) -20D (C) 10D (D) 15D
(v) Define power of a lens
8. A light ray falling at an angle of 45° with the surface of a clean slab of ice of the thickness 1m is
refracted into it at an angle of 30°. Calculate the time taken by the light rays to cross the slab.[ speed
of light in the vacuum = 3x108m/s]
9. Case study:- As we know that when light travels from one medium to another, it changes direction of
path due to the change in optical density of the medium. When the light ray travels from optically
dense medium to the optically rarer medium then some of the light get reflected back in the same
medium and remaining light get refracted in the second medium and such a phenomenon is called
total internal reflection. We know that when a ray of light travels from denses to rarer it get bended
away from the normal. If we increase angle of incidence slowly than angle of refraction also get
increased and at one stage angle of refraction is 90°, and further if we increase the angle of incidence
then there will be no refraction of light and the ray will totally internally get reflected such a
phenomenon is called total internal reflection. MIRAGE is the best real life example of TIR.
 Brilliance of a diamond also due to TIR. Optical fiber are used for long distance transmission of
audio and video signal also, They are mainly constructed on the basis of TIR.

Questions
(i) For critical angle the value of corresponding angle of refraction is
(a) 180° (b) Less than 90° (c) Greater than 90° (d) 90°
(ii) As the refractive index increases the corresponding value of critical angle
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remain same
(d) independent of refractive index of the material
(iii) What is meant by optically denses and optically rarer medium.
(iv) How total internal of light would be possible in case if optical fiber.
10.
11.
12.
LA ( 5MARKS)
1 Sparking brilliance of diamond
The total internal reflection of light is used in polishing diamonds to create a sparking
brilliance. By polishing the diamond with specific cuts, it is adjusted so that most of the light
rays approaching the surface are incident with an angle of incidence more than critical angle.
Hence, they suffer multiple reflections and ultimately come out of diamond from the top. This
gives the diamond a sparkling brilliance.
(i) Light cannot easily escape a diamond without multiple internal reflections. This is
because:
(a) Its critical angle with reference to air is too large
(b) Its critical angle with reference to air is too small
(c) The diamond is transparent
(d) Rays always enter at angle greater than critical angle
(ii) The critical angle for diamond is 24.40. Its refractive index is
(a) 2.42
(b) 0.413
(c) 1
(d) 1.413
(iii) The basic reason for the extraordinary sparkle of suitably cut diamond is that
(a) It has low refractive index
(b) It has high transparency
(c) It has high refractive index
(d) It is very hard
(iv) A diamond is immersed in a liquid with a refractive index greater than water. Then the
critical angle for total internal reflection will
(a) Will depend on the nature of the liquid
(b) decrease
(c)remains the same
(d) increase
(v) The following diagram shows the same diamond cut in two different shapes. The
brilliance of diamond in the second diamond will be:
(a) less than the first
(b)greater than the first
 (c) same as first
(d) will depend on the intensity of light

2 (a)What is compound microscope? With the help of ray diagram derive the expression of
magnification of final image formed at least distinct vision.
(b)An angular magnification of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 5cm. how will you set up the compound microscope (for the final image
formed at least distance of distinct vision.)?
3 Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two radius of curvature R for
refraction at a convex spherical surface. Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principal
axis in rarer medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the denser medium of
refractive index n2.
Hence, derive lens maker’s formula.
(ii) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of refractive index 1.5
and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what
position is the image formed?
ANSWERS FOR MCQs

1. d
2. b
3. c
4. b
5. TRUE
6. Blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves.
7. no
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. c. plane mirror
𝑐
12. 𝜇=
𝑣
13. frequency does not change
14. The ray of light bends away from the normal

15. a. 10.01 cm
16. total internal reflection
17. concave lens
18. power of the convex lens increases, because P 𝛼 (𝜇 − 1) and 𝜇v > 𝜇r
19. c. remains constant
20. a. taller than what he actually is
21. (b)
22. (a)
23. (a)
24. ( c)
25. ( c)
26. (d)
27. ( c)
28. (d) : The final image in an astronomical telescope with respect an object is virtual and inverted.
29. (d) 1.5 m
30. (a) : Microscope is an optical instrument which forms a magnified image of a small nearby object and
thus, increases the visual angle subtended by the image at the eye so that the object is seen to be
bigger and distinct. Therefore, angular magnification for image is more than object.
31. The correct option is a
Suffer a deviation of 19.5°

The minimum deviation suffered by a prism is,

δ=(μ−1)A

δ∝A

⇒ δ2/δ1=A2/A1
𝐴
𝛿2 2 1
= =
⇒ 𝛿1 𝐴 2

𝛿
𝛿2 = 1
2

39
⇒ δ2= 2 =19.5∘

32. The correct option is d

The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the refractive index
of the material of the lens is 1.5, it will act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the
object lies. So, lens will always act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which objects lie.
33. The correct option is c. Equal to that of glass
The given biconvex lens acts as a plane glass sheet, then the focal length of the combination of lens
and liquid becomes infinite.
⇒f=∞
Applying lens maker's formula,
1/f=(μ2/μ1−1)(1/R1−1/R2)
or, 1f=(μg/μl−1)(1/R1−1/R2)
For a biconvex lens, R1=+R, R2=−R

or, 1/f=((μg−μl)/μl)(2/R)
⇒1/∞=(μg−μl)/μl.2/R
or, 2(μg−μl)/μl.R=0
∴μg=μl
 ⇒μl=1.47

34. The correct option is a

As the wavelength of red light is more as compared to violet, red has smaller refractive index than
violet. So, angle of minimum deviation gets reduced.
35. The correct option is b
(b) Decreases
Explanation: If a glass prism is dipped in water, its dispersive power decreases
36. The correct option is a
2.0 x 108 m s-1

37. The correct option is c

1: 2
38. The Correct option is a
The nature of a lens depends upon the refractive index of the lens and that of the surrounding
medium.
39. The correct option is a
The focal length of a lens in a medium of refractive index µm is given by

From these two expressions it is clear that fm > fa, that is the focal length of the convex lens in water
increases thereby reducing its convergent power.
40. The Correct option is A
Propagation of light through an optical fiber is due to total internal reflection taking place at the core-
clade interface. Reason: Refractive index of the material of the core of the optical fiber is greater than
that of cladding.
41. B
42. C
43. B
44. A
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. B
50. A
51. A
52. A
53. C
54. C
 55. B
56. B
57. C
58. D
59. D
60. A
ANSWERS FOR VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1 Height of the needle, h1=4.5cm.
Object distance, u=−12cm.
The focal length of the convex mirror, f=15cm.
Image distance, v. The value of v can be obtained using the mirror formula.
1/v+1/u=1/f
1/v+−121=151
1/v=121+151
1/v=609
∴v≈6.7cm
Hence, the image of the needle is 6.7 cm away from the mirror. Also, it is on the other side of
the mirror.
The image size is given by the magnification formula.
m=hh′=−uv
h′=126.7×4.5
⇒h′=+2.5cm
So, m=4.52.5
m=0.56
The height of the image is 2.5cm. The positive sign indicates that the image is erect, virtual,
and diminished. If the needle is moved farther from the mirror, the size of the image will
reduce gradually.

2 For a concave mirror, the focal length (f) is negative.

When the object is placed on the left side of the mirror, the object distance (u) is negative
For image distance v we can write
1/v+1/u=1/f
1/v=1/f−1/u ...(1)
The object lies between f and 2f.
2f<u<f
1/2f>1/u>1/f
−1/2f<−1/u<−1/f//
1/f−1/2f < 1/f−1/u .......(2)
from eq. 1
1/2f<1/v < 0 ; v is negative
2f >v
−v>−2f
Therefore, the image lies beyond 2f.

Two independent
3 sources of light cannot be coherent because they cannot emit wave continuously. The
two independent sources of light will not have same phase or constant phase difference between them.
4 light rays passing from water (denser medium) to air inside the tube (rarer medium), the angle
of incidence is greater than the critical angle, such light rays will suffer total internal reflection.
5 𝑐 1
ic = 300, 𝜇 = = ; v = 1.5 x 108 ms-1
𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑐

6 In the position of minimum deviation

𝐴
r = = 300
2
𝐴+ 𝛿𝑚 60 + 30
I= = = 450
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 45
𝜇= = = √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 30
7 70cm from point B at right, real image.
8 An astronomical telescope should have an objective of larger aperture and longer focal length while
an eyepiece of small aperture and small focal length. Therefore, we will use L2 as an objective and
L3 as an eyepiece. For constructing microscope, L3 should be used as objective and L1 as eyepiece
because both the lenses of microscope should have short focal lengths and the focal length of
objective should be smaller than the eyepiece.
9 Correct diagram and correct derivation.
10 The optical instrument is the Compound Microscope.
Given, Pe = 16D, L= 16.25 cm, Po= 50D
1
We know f=𝑝
100 100
Fe= 16 cm, f0= 50 = 2cm
Hence D =25 cm
The magnifying power of a compound microscope is
1 𝐷 16.25 25
M= × = × = 30.45
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒 2.0 6.67

11

Hence, velocity of light is minimum in medium A

12 Size of the object, h1 = 3 cm
Object distance, u = −14 cm
Focal length of the concave lens, f = −21 cm
Image distance = v
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Hence, the image is formed on the other side of the lens, 8.4 cm away from it. The negative sign
shows that the image is erect and virtual.
The magnification of the image is given as:
 Hence, the height of the image is 1.8 cm.
If the object is moved further away from the lens, then the virtual image will move toward the focus
of the lens, but not beyond it. The size of the image will decrease with the increase in the object
distance.

13 Concave lens
14 (i) Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
(ii) Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle

15 Schematic diagram
A single optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. An optical fibre consists of a
core with higher refractive index and a cladding with a lower refractive index. When light enters the
fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes successive total internal reflections along the length of the fibre.
This is how a light signal travels through the optical fibre.

(i) The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum or air to
speed of the light in the given medium.
µ = C/V

(ii)
As shown, OA shows TIR at A and going along AB
∴ ∠OAN =c, the critical angle
µ = 1/sin c = OA/CA

√302+402 = 50/30 = 5/3 µ

30

As, µ = C/V
5/3 = 3x108
V

V = 9 x108 = 1.8x108m/s
5

In an astronomical telescope, the eyepiece has greater power while a smaller aperture and the
objective has lower power with a longer aperture. So we use
L3 as eyepiece and L1 as objective
If the lower half of the concave mirror is covered with an opaque material , the size of the image will
not vary but, since the reflecting surface has been reduced the intensity of the image will be less. i.e,
brightness of the image will decrease
ANSWERS FOR SA ( 3 MARKS)
1. Objective lens: Lens L1 & Eye piece: Lens L3
2. Answer is left to the learners
3. Magnification of a compound microscope is given by:
M=MoMe =LD/fofe
Substituting values,
L=7.5 cm

4. L3 as objective and L2 as eyepiece due to their smaller focal lengths

5. 1 1
(i) fe = = m = 1 cm
𝑃𝑒 100
1 1
fo = = m = 2 cm
𝑃𝑜 50
As both the objective and the eyepiece are convex lenses of short focal lengths, so the given
optical instrument is a compound microscope.
(ii) L = 25 cm, D = 25 cm, fe = 1 cm, fo = 2 cm
When the final image is formed at infinity, the magnification produced is
𝐿 𝐷 25 25
m = × = × = 312.5
𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 1 2
6. ℎ2 𝑣
m= =
ℎ1 𝑢

m
v

7. Critical angle for (i) Red light is sin c1= 1/1 39 = = 0. 7194 or c1 = 46°
(ii) Green light is sin c2 =1/1 44 = = 0. 6944 or c2 = 44°
(iii) Blue light is sin c3 = 1/1 4. 7= 0.6802 or c3 = 43°
As angle of incidence i = 45° of red light ray on face AC is less that its critical angle of 46°, so red
light ray will emerge out of face AC. A
8. (a) (i) Given f0 = 140 cm, fe = 5 cm, When final image is at infinity, magnifying power, m=fo/fe = –
28
Negative sign shows that the image is inverted.
(ii) When final image is at the least distance of distinct vision, magnifying power, m= –33.6
(b) Separation between objective and eye piece when final image is formed at infinity, L = f0 + fe or,
L = 140 cm + 5.0 cm o r, L = 145 cm
9. Correct diagram and correct
3
10. Given,< 𝐴 = 60°, < 𝑒 =< 𝑟, < 𝑒 =< 𝑟 = 4 × 60° = 45°
We know that δ + A = I + e
δ=I+e–A
∴ δ = 45° + 45° – 60° = 30°
angle of deviation = 30°
 Hence, Refractive index of prism =1.41
11. Given: R1 = 10 cm,
R2 = -15 cm,
f = 12 cm
Using lens maker’s formula, we have

Refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5

12.

In the above figure, ABC represents the principal section of a glass-prism having ∠A as its refracting
angle.
A ray KL is an incident on the face AB at the point F where N1LO is the normal and ∠i1 is the angle
of incidence. Since the refraction takes place from air to glass, therefore, the refracted ray LM bends
toward the normal such that ∠r1 is the angle of refraction. If µ be the refractive index of glass with
respect to air, then
By Snell's law,
sin 𝑖
𝜇=
sin 𝑟
∠QPN gives the angle of deviation ‘δ
Thus, δ=i1–r2+i2−r2….... (1)
δ=i1+i2–(r1+r2)
 Again, in quadrilateral ALOM,
∠ALO + ∠AMO = 2 right angles [Since, ∠ALO = ∠AMO = 90º]
So, ∠LAM +∠LOM = 2 right angles [Since, Sum of four angles of a quadrilateral = 4 right angles]
….... (2)
Also, in △ LOM,
∠r1+∠r2+ ∠LOM = 2 right angles …... (3)
Comparing (2) and (3), we get
∠LAM =∠r1+∠r2
A = ∠r1+∠r2
Using this value of ∠A, equation (1) becomes,
δ=i1+i2−A

13. (i).Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason. (ii). Prism formula
14. Ray diagram
15. (i). D (ii) A (iii) C
16 1st case
1 1 1
= (µ-1) [𝑅1 − 𝑅2] --------(i)
𝑓
When lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index µ2 then,
1 µ1 1 1
= (µ2 − 1) [𝑅1 − 𝑅2] ---------(ii)
𝑓′

Dividing equation (i) by (ii)

𝑓′ µ1−µ2 µ2(µ1−1)
= (µ1-1) / =
𝑓 µ2 (µ1−µ2)

µ2(µ1−1)
f’ = f ( )
µ1−µ2

(i) for µ2 > µ1, lens will as a diverging lens

(ii) for µ2 < µ1, lens will as a converging lens

17 We have,
Focal length of concave lens, f1= +20cm =+0.20m
Focal length of concave lens f2= −25cm =−0.25m
Power of convex lens, P1=1 f1=1/0.20
Power of concave lens, P2=1 f2=1/−0.25
Power of the combination lens,
P=P1+P2
=1/0.20+1/−0.25
=100/20+100/−25
=500/100−400/100
=100/100=1D
As the power is positive, the system will be converging in nature.

18 The formation of image of the mobile phone by the concave mirror is as shown in above figure.
Magnification is not a uniform because:
(i) The part of mobile at the center of the curvature will form image of the same size.
(ii) The part that lies between F and C will form an enlarged image beyond C .
(iii) The image of the mobile phone is highly magnified.
 Thus the different parts of the mobile phone are magnified in different proportions because of their different
locations from the concave mirror. That is why the image is distorted.

ANSWERS FOR CBQ ( 4 MARKS)

1. ( i) Option (B) is correct. (Ii)Option (A) is correct. (iii)Option (C) is correct.(iv)(D)
increase.
2. B (ii)b (iii) a (iv) d
3.
Telescope Microscope
A) Resolving power should be higher for A) Resolving power is not so large but the
certain magni-fication. magnification should be higher.
b) Focal length of objective should be kept b) Both objective and eyepiece should have
larger while eyepiece focal length should be less focal length for better magnification.
small for better magni-fication. c) Eyepiece should be of large aperture.
c) Objective should be of large aperture. d) Distance between objective and eyepiece is
d) Distance between objective and eyepiece is fixed, for focusing an object the distance of
adjusted to focus the object at infinity. the objective is changed

1 −1 1
= −
1.25 𝑢𝑜 5𝑢𝑜
Uo = -1.5 cm

4. 1)The phenomenon which causes the formation of mirage is known as total internal reflection. When light
goes from an optically denser to an optically rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, TIR takes
place.
2) The correct option is C sin-1 (3/4)
 Semi vertical angle = c

sin-1(1/μ) =sin -1(3/4)

3) The refractive index of the core should be greater than the refractive index of the cladding.
b) n1>n2
4) A diamond is immersed in a liquid with a refractive index greater than water. Then the critical angle for
total internal reflection will increase.

5. i. (A) ii. (A) iii. (C) iv. (A)

6. i. (B) ii. (B) iii. (C) iv. (A)
7. i. (C) ii. (A) iii. (C) iv. (B) (V) Define
8. We know ,

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊
= 𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟖/v
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓

𝟏 𝟏
=sin 45°/sin 30°= /
√𝟐 𝟐

=2/√2=√2

𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟖
⇒v = √𝟐

Distance travelled by light in the slab is,

x=1m/cos 30°=2/√3 m

So, time taken =2/√3×√2/3×108

=0.54×10−8

=5.4×10−9 sec

9. (i) D
(ii) B
(iii) Optical density is not related to mass density of the medium, it is simply ratio of speed of light in
two medium. It depends upon the refractive index of the medium mainly more the refractive index
greater is the optical density and such a medium is called optically denser.
Where lower the refractive index of of the medium lower its optical density,such a
medium is known as optically rarer medium.
(iv) Optical fiber are used mainly for long distance transmission of signals. They are made up of high
quality composite glass or quartz fibers which consists of core and cladding. The refractive index of
core is higher than that of cladding. The signal in the form of light is send from one end of fiber such
an angle that it gets totally internally reflected. In such a way light gets reflected totally many lines
along the length of the fiber and finally get received at other end without loss of intensity.
10.
11.
12.
KEY 5 MARKS
1 (i) b (ii) 2.42 (iii) c (iv) d (v) a
2 Correct explanation and correct diagram.
3 For small angles

This equation gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of
the medium and the radius of the curvature of the curved Spherical surface. It holds for any curved
Spherical surface.

(b) Len’s maker’s formula: Consider a thin double convex lens of refractive index n2 placed in a
medium of refractive index n1.