PARTS OF A

ROBOT
QUARTER - 1
Contents 1 What are the main components of
a ROBOT?

2 How do ROBOTS actually work?

How does each component

3 contribute to the overall
functionality of a ROBOT?
What ara the different examples
4
for each component?

What are the different purpose

5
and application of Robotics?
What are the main
components of a
ROBOT?
Today, robots are a part of our daily
lives. Even if we don’t cross paths,
robots are now working in our
warehouses and assembly plants,
exploring distant planets, and
helping us inspect our infrastructure
sites and even build brand-new
ones.
What are the main
components of a
ROBOT?
ROBOTS come in all shapes and
sizes, but there are five key physical
components to every robot:
Central Processing
Unit
One of the main components of
a robot is found in any
computer-driven technology: the
central processing unit (CPU).
The CPU acts as the “brain” of
the robot. In other words, a CPU
is the robot component that
provides feedback to outside
stimuli.
Central Processing
Unit
All organisms function and
survive by using feedback. It’s
what causes us to whip our hands
away after we’ve touched a hot
stove. The CPU in a robot takes in
environmental data using sensors
and then calls on its
programming to perform the
appropriate action.
Central Processing
Unit
The type of processor used in
robots can vary widely
depending on the specific
application, size, complexity,
and budget of the robot.
 examples of Processors used in robots

Microcontrollers Graphics
Processing Units
(GPUs)
Single-Board
Computers (SBCs) Neural Processing
Units (NPUs)
System-on-Chip
(SoC)
Multi-Core
Field- Processors
Programmable
Gate Arrays Custom
(FPGAs) Processors
MICROCONTROLLERS
Microcontrollers
These are small, low-power
processors that are often used
in simple robots or robotic
components that perform
basic tasks. They are
commonly used for tasks like
sensor data processing, motor
control, and simple decision-
making.
 EXAMPLES OF microcontrollers
USED IN ROBOTICS
Arduino WeeeCore - AI x IoT iNEX
Weeemake has developed INnovative EXperiment Co.
Arduino UNO is a WeeeCore, an AI x IoT education Ltd. is an educational
microcontroller board based robot controller that is perfect for robotics manufacturer with
on the ATmega328P. It has 14 various teaching scenarios. It boasts its headquarters in Bangkok,
digital input/output pins (of a built-in offline voice recognition Thailand. ATX2 the versatile
which 6 can be used as PWM module and colorful LED display, microcontroller board for
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 creating engaging and attractive robotics application and
MHz ceramic resonator, a human-machine interaction. It also Robo-CreatorXT kit from
USB connection, a power features multiple onboard sensors, iNEX can drive 16 servo motor
jack, an ICSP header and a including a light sensor and with the ZX-SERVO16i ; the
reset button. gyroscope, that provide diverse data serial interface servo
outputs. controller board.
 EXAMPLES OF microcontrollers
USED IN ROBOTICS
Arduino WeeeCore - AI x IoT iNEX
SENSORS
sensors
Sensors are the powerhouse of a
robot’s feedback mechanism. They
act as eyes and ears to help it take
in information about its
surroundings. Robots typically
incorporate a wide range of sensor
types to help them perform their
work.
sensors
These include:
• Light sensors
• Sound sensors
• Temperature sensors
• Contact sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Distance sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Positioning sensors
 light sensors
Light sensors are used to identify the
light and generate a voltage
difference. There are two types of
light sensors used in robot parts-
photoresistors and photovoltaic cells.
A photocell or photoresistor is a sensor
that changes its resistance when light
shines on it.
Photovoltaic cells are applied when
changing solar radiation energy to
electrical. Naturally, these sensors are
commonly used in the production of solar
robots.
 Sound sensors
Detects a sound and converts it into
an electrical signal. By applying this
type of sensor, robots can navigate
through sound, even to the point of
creating a sound-controlled robot
that recognizes and responds to
specific sounds or series of sounds, to
carry out certain tasks.
 Temperature sensors
is used to detect temperature
changes within the environment.
This sensor mainly uses the voltage
difference principle to get the
temperature change, thereby
generating the equivalent
temperature value of the
environment.
Contact and
proximity sensors
Help robots navigate more
confidently and safely, especially
when deployed alongside human
workers.
Contact sensors
are also known as touch sensors.
They mainly function to detect a
change in velocity, position,
acceleration, torque, or force at the
joints of the manipulator and the
end-effector in robots. Physical
contact is required for these
sensors to efficiently direct the
robot to act accordingly.
 proximity sensors
is used to detect objects that are
close to a robot and measure the
distance between a robot and
particular objects without making
physical contact. This is possible
because the sensors use magnetic
fields to sense the objects in
question.
 Distance sensors
sometimes called ultrasonic sensors,
use sound waves to tell the robot
how far away the robot is from the
wall. The sensor sends a pulse of
ultrasonic sound, and then times
how long it takes for the echo to
bounce back to the sensor.
Pressure sensors
May control the grip strength of a
powered robotic arm so it doesn’t
crush the merchandise it’s
processing.
If the robot contains fluids under
pressure (for example, hydraulic
systems), pressure sensors can be
used to detect faults in the system.
Pressure sensors can also be
installed in a compressed tank of
gas to measure the amount of gas
left.
Positioning sensors
Include GPS, digital magnetic
compasses and other tools to
approximate the location of a robot,
either indoors or outdoors. Some
robots also navigate their
surroundings through vision sensors,
which function like eyes. Cameras
feed in visual information, and then
an artificial intelligence (AI) process
called machine vision analyzes the
video footage to recognize objects,
guiding the robot.
ACTUATORS
Actuators
If sensors are the eyes and ears of
the robot, its actuators function like
muscles. Actuators are small
motors attached directly to the
structure of the machine that
facilitate movement.
Actuators
Some of the most common types
include:
• Hydraulic: Uses oil to facilitate
movement
• Pneumatic: Uses air to facilitate
movement
• Electric: Uses electric current
and magnets to facilitate
movement
 EXAMPLES OF microcontrollers
USED IN ROBOTICS
Hydraulic Pneumatic Electric
END-EFFECTORS
End-Effectors
Another quality that most robots
have in common is end-effectors.
The terms “effector” and “end-
effector” are sometimes used
interchangeably. Both terms refer
to the tools aboard the robot — the
parts that perform the actual work
and interact with the environment
or a workpiece.
End-Effectors
Here are a few examples:
• Factory robots may feature end-
effectors such as welding torches,
screwdrivers, rivet guns and paint
sprayers.
• Mobile robots usually have
manipulators and grippers for
lifting objects or disposing of
dangerous ordinance.
• Robots like those dispatched to
other planets may carry shovels,
drills, hammers, cameras, lights
and other analytical implements.
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply
Power supplies can still take many
different forms, however. Stationary
robots, like those in factories,
receive direct power just like any
other appliance. Mobile robots
typically sport high-capacity
batteries, while robotic probes and
satellites are generally equipped
with solar panels for harvesting
energy from the sun.
Power Supply
The main sources of electrical
power for robots are batteries. The
type of battery that is used for a
robot varies depending on the
safety, life cycle, and weight. Lead
acid batteries are common, as are
silver cadmium batteries.
A PROGRAM
A Program
A robot’s programming isn’t a
physical component, but it’s still an
essential part of the whole. Each of
the basic components of robots
we’ve looked at takes in stimuli or
provides a form of feedback. The
program within a robot provides
the logic that drives these
behaviors.
A Program
Human decision-making happens
quickly enough that we’re usually
not aware of doing so in the
moment. The same general concept
applies to getting robots to perform
specific tasks in uncertain
circumstances without much or any
human interaction.
Robots and Progress
Intertwined
Robots have long been a
bellwether for the march of
technological progress. Early
attempts at these machines look
halting and clumsy now when
you consider the agility of
something like Boston Dynamics’
robotic dog, “Spot.”
The march continues. Over the
coming years, we’ll soon see
robots taking on an even wider
variety of forms and carrying out
many more tasks than they do
today. From performing jobs for
small businesses to building and
maintaining some of the most
impressive structures in the
world, if there’s something to
inspect, fabricate or carry, there’s
probably a robot for that.
task 2: purpose and
application of robotics
DIRECTION: Research on the
different application and purpose
of ROBOTICS

Write your answers on your

notebooks.