Grade 8

Unit 11

Robots & Humans

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Lesson 1

The Future of Robotics: From Healthcare to Self-Driving Cars

Read and answer:

Pre reading discussion.

If you make a robot, what laws do you think they need to function well and follow
humans’ orders?

Robotics is a field that is revolutionizing many aspects of our daily lives. As

technology advances, robots are becoming more integrated into various industries,
including healthcare and transportation. One notable application is in the treatment of
cancer through chemotherapy. Modern devices used in these treatments are increasingly
compatible with existing medical equipment, making them invaluable for both patients
and healthcare staff.
These advanced robots are not just hard-working; they are also designed to handle
complex tasks with great precision. For example, a new prototype of a robotic system can
administer chemotherapy by accurately measuring and delivering medication. This system
processes various inputs to ensure that patients receive the correct dosage at the right time.
By automating these tasks, the robot allows medical staff to focus on other critical aspects
of patient care.
The development and manufacturing of such robots involve careful planning and
adherence to the ethics of robotics. Engineers must follow the laws of robotics, which
include principles designed to ensure that robots are created to benefit and not harm humans.
These ethical guidelines are crucial in making sure that robots perform their duties safely
and effectively.
In addition to healthcare, robotics is
making significant strides in the
automotive industry. Self-driving cars, for
instance, are a groundbreaking example of
robotics in transportation. These cars use
sophisticated robotics technology to
navigate roads and handle driving tasks
independently. The development of self-
driving cars involves creating systems that
are compatible with various traffic
conditions and road types, ensuring safe and reliable operation.
Another exciting area within robotics is the use of chatbots. These are programs
designed to interact with users via text or voice, providing information and assistance
efficiently. Chatbots are used in many different settings, including customer service, where
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they handle a wide range of tasks such as answering questions and solving problems. They
are designed to be handy tools that make interactions smoother and more effective.
As robotics technology continues to evolve, it is essential to consider the ethical
implications of these advancements. Whether in healthcare, self-driving cars, or chatbots,
ensuring that these technologies are developed responsibly is key to maximizing their
benefits and minimizing potential risks. By following established ethical principles and
guidelines, we c-an harness the full potential of robotics to improve our lives and address
various challenges.
Post reading discussion.
Why are the Laws of Robotics important for the design and use of robots? In what
ways do self-driving cars utilize robotics to perform driving tasks?

1- The Match the words from the text with their meanings:
1. Robotics
2. Chatbot
3. Chemotherapy
4. Compatible
5. Devices
6. Ethics
7. Hard-working
8. Manufacturing
9. Prototype
10.Staff
11.Task
12.Self-driving cars
Definitions:

a. The effort and diligence put into a job.

b. The process of creating and producing products.
c. An automated system designed to simulate conversation with users.
d. Automated vehicles that drive themselves.
e. The ability of a device to work with other systems.
f. Machines or tools designed for specific purposes.
g. The moral principles guiding the development of technology.
h. A test version of a new product.
i. A set of duties or jobs to be completed.
j. The team of people working on a project or task.
k. The study and use of robots.
l. The use of machines and technology to treat diseases.
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2. Complete the sentences using the words from the text:

a. The new robotic ____________________ used for chemotherapy is designed to work with
existing medical systems.
b. To ensure robots act safely, engineers must adhere to the ____________________.
c. ____________________ are commonly used in customer service to provide quick and
accurate responses.
d. ____________________ are advanced vehicles that can drive without human input.
e. Before mass production, engineers test a ____________________ to refine and improve
the design.
f. ____________________ in robotics involves the careful assembly and quality control of
new products. g. Effective ____________________ handling is crucial for robots performing
medical tasks.
h. Ethical considerations are important in the ____________________ of robotic systems.
i. The ____________________ of a device determines how well it can interact with other
technologies.

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The School Fair Project
Lesson 2
The Evolution of Technology and Its Impact

In recent years, technology has made incredible development. From self-aware

chatbots to wireless devices, the changes are transforming our daily lives. For instance, self-
driving cars are an exciting advancement. They are designed to be compatible with various
road conditions and traffic rules. This means that they can handle different driving tasks
without human intervention.

These cars use gadget technology that allows them to navigate roads smoothly,
making them safer and more convenient. However, the introduction of such advanced
technology also raises important ethics questions. For example, how should we handle the
data these cars collect? It's crucial to address these ethics issues to ensure that technology
benefits everyone.

Another aspect of technology is

wireless communication, which has become
increasingly handy. For instance, wireless
speakers eliminate the hassle of tangled
cables, making them a popular choice for
music lovers. Similarly, wireless technology in
devices helps to simplify connections and improve user experience.

Despite these advancements, some people might be suspicious about new

technologies. They may worry about issues like addiction to screens or data privacy. It's
important to understand these concerns and address them thoughtfully. For example, many
people have a strong addiction to their smartphones, which can affect their daily lives.

In education, learning about the ethics of technology is important. Schools should

include programs that teach students about the responsible use of technology. Understanding
the ethics behind how devices are made and used can help young people navigate the
challenges and opportunities of a tech-driven world.

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3-Fill in each blank with the correct word.
suspicious ethics prototype speakers response
carry out compatible suspicion address compatible device
1. The company is working on a new ________________ that will make the latest
smartphones more ________________ with older accessories.
2. The customer service ________________ was quick and helpful, providing all the
information needed.
3. Many people are ________________ about the impact of new technologies on
privacy and security.
4. Despite her ________________ to the idea, the team decided to proceed with the new
project.
5. The engineers had to ________________ a series of tests to ensure the new device
met all safety standards.
6. The new ________________ designed to assist with chemotherapy has been tested
and approved for use in hospitals.
7. Wireless ________________ are convenient because they don’t have to be plugged
into a power source.
8. It’s important to understand the ________________ of using technology responsibly
to avoid negative impacts.
9. The software update aims to ________________ various issues reported by users in
the previous version.
10.The new app was designed to be ________________ with multiple operating systems,
making it versatile and user-friendly.

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Lesson 3

Navigating the Future of Technology: A Dialogue on Robotics and Innovation

Alex: I was reading about the latest advancements in robotics. It’s fascinating how
technology is evolving so quickly.
Jamie: Absolutely! It’s true what they say: “Great minds think alike.” We were just
discussing how these innovations could change the industry.
Alex: I couldn’t have put it better myself. The idea of robots working alongside humans in
more complex tasks is really exciting.
Jamie: I’m not sure about the long-term impacts, though. What if there are unintended
consequences? Alex: I’m with you on that. It’s important to consider both the benefits and
potential risks.
Jamie: Exactly. Sometimes it seems like we
assume everything will be perfect, but not
everything is necessarily that straightforward.
Alex: True. That’s not always the case.
Technology can bring challenges we don’t
foresee.
Jamie: Right. And, as much as I understand the
excitement, that’s not how I see it completely. We
should be cautious and consider all perspectives.
Alex: I agree. But when you think about it, the potential for improving lives is significant.
That’s so true. We just need to approach it thoughtfully.
Jamie: Definitely. It’s a balancing act. The innovation is great, but we need to be responsible
and think through the implications.
Alex: Well said. It’s a complex issue, but by discussing it and exploring different
viewpoints, we can work towards making informed decisions.
4- Fill in the Gaps Complete the sentences with the correct words from
the dialogue:
a. Jamie: It’s true what they say: “________________ minds think alike.”
b. Alex: I couldn’t have put it ________________ myself.
c. Jamie: I’m not ________________ about the long-term impacts, though.
d. Alex: I’m ________________ you on that.
e. Jamie: Sometimes it seems like we assume everything will be perfect, but not
everything is ________________ that straightforward.

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f. Alex: That’s not always the ________________.
g. Jamie: And, as much as I understand the excitement, that’s not how I
________________ it completely.
h. Alex: That’s so ________________.
Grammar 1
Relative Clauses
A. Defining Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clauses provide essential information about the noun they modify. They
specify which person, thing, place, or time is being talked about. Without this clause, the
sentence would be incomplete or unclear. These clauses are not set off by commas.
Relative Pronouns Used:
 that: Can replace who, which, and whose in defining clauses. It is often used for both
people and things, making it a versatile choice.
 who: Refers specifically to people.
 which: Refers specifically to things.
 where: Refers to places.
 when: Refers to times.
 whose: Shows possession and can refer to both people and things.
Examples:
1. The book that I borrowed from the library is on the table.
o Here, “that I borrowed from the library” specifies which book is being
referred to. That replaces which or which I borrowed in this case.
2. She is the teacher who helps students with their homework.
o “who helps students with their homework” identifies which teacher is being
talked about.
3. The movie that won the award was directed by a famous filmmaker.
o In this example, “that won the award” specifies which movie is being
discussed, with that replacing which.
4. The house where I grew up is being renovated.
o “where I grew up” tells us which house is meant.
5. The year when we traveled to Japan was unforgettable.
o “when we traveled to Japan” provides details about the year.
6. The man whose car was stolen reported it to the police.
o “whose car was stolen” gives information about which man is being referred
to.
Note: That can often replace who, which, and whose in defining clauses to make sentences
more concise. For instance, “The car that I bought” is equivalent to “The car which I
bought.”
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B. Non - Defining Relative Clauses
Non-Defining Relative Clauses add extra, non-essential information about the noun. The
sentence would still be complete and understandable without this additional detail. Non-
defining clauses are set off by commas.
Relative Pronouns Used:
 which: Refers specifically to things.
 who: Refers specifically to people.
 whose: Shows possession and can refer to both people and things.
Examples:
1. My car, which I bought last year, has already broken down.
o “which I bought last year” adds extra information about the car but is not
essential to identify which car is meant.
2. Mr. Smith, who is a famous author, will be speaking at the conference.
o “who is a famous author” gives additional information about Mr. Smith.
3. Paris, which is known as the City of Light, is a beautiful city.
o “which is known as the City of Light” provides extra information about Paris.
4. My neighbor, whose dog barks loudly, is moving out next week.
o “whose dog barks loudly” adds additional detail about the neighbor.
Summary Table
Type Purpose Punctuation Relative Pronouns
Provides essential information; that, who, which, where,
Defining No commas
specifies the noun when, whose
Non- Adds extra, non-essential information;
Commas which, who, whose
Defining does not specify
Exercises
Practice Exercises
1. Identify the Clause Type:
o The house where I grew up is being renovated.
o My car, which I bought last year, has already broken down.
2. Fill in the Blanks:
o The movie ________________ we watched last night was amazing. (defining)
o Paris, ________________ is known as the City of Light, is a beautiful city.
(non-defining)
3. Combine Sentences Using Relative Clauses:
o The car is very expensive. It was bought by my neighbor.
________________________________________________________________
o She met a famous singer. The singer is known for his incredible voice.
________________________________________________________________
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5- Read each sentence and fill in the blanks with the correct relative
pronoun from the options given (that, who, which, where, when, whose).

1. The restaurant ________________ we dined at last night was fantastic.

2. The artist ________________ painted this masterpiece is famous worldwide.
3. I remember the day ________________ we first met.
4. The car ________________ she bought is very stylish.
5. This is the house ________________ my grandparents used to live in.
6. The person ________________ keys were found should contact the lost and found.

6- Combine each pair of sentences into one, using the appropriate

defining or non-defining relative clause.
1. The man is a great chef. He owns a popular restaurant.
________________________________________________________________

2. The movie was a huge success. It was released last year.

________________________________________________________________

3. The book was on the shelf. It is a classic novel.

________________________________________________________________

4. My sister is coming to visit. She lives in Australia.

________________________________________________________________

5. The year was filled with memorable events. We traveled around Europe that year.
________________________________________________________________

7- Select the correct relative pronoun to complete each sentence.

1. The company ________ makes the best smartphones is launching a new model next
month.
o A) who
o B) that
o C) where
2. The conference, ________ will be held in Paris, starts next week.
o A) when
o B) which
o C) where
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3. The student ________ project won the award was thrilled with the recognition.
o A) whose
o B) which
o C) where
4. The place ________ we stayed during our vacation was beautiful.
o A) which
o B) that
o C) where
5. The book ________ you lent me was really interesting.
o A) whose
o B) which
o C) where

8- Rewrite the following sentences using defining or non-defining

relative clauses as appropriate.
1. The woman is an astronaut. She works for NASA.
________________________________________________________________

2. I remember the day. We moved into our new house.

________________________________________________________________

3. The museum has many interesting exhibits. It is located downtown.

________________________________________________________________

4. The store sells the latest gadgets. It is known for its customer service.
________________________________________________________________

5. The children are excited about the trip. Their parents are planning it.
________________________________________________________________

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Grammar 2
Passive voice (modals)
o Passive Voice with Modals
The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action itself or the recipient of the action
rather than the doer. When using modals with the passive voice, the modal verb comes
before the passive structure.
Structure of Passive Voice with Modals:
Modal + be + past participle
 Present Simple: modal + be + past participle
o The problem can be solved quickly.
Examples:
1. Can:
o Active: The team can complete the project on time.
o Passive: The project can be completed on time by the team.
2. Should:
o Active: They should finish the report by Friday.
o Passive: The report should be finished by Friday.
3. Must:
o Active: The company must review the proposals.
o Passive: The proposals must be reviewed by the company.
4. Might:
o Active: The technician might repair the equipment tomorrow.
o Passive: The equipment might be repaired tomorrow by the technician.
5. Could:
o Active: The committee could decide on the new policy soon.
o Passive: The new policy could be decided on soon by the committee.
6. May:
o Active: The manager may approve the budget increase.
o Passive: The budget increase may be approved by the manager.

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Note: Using Passive Voice with Modals
Purpose of Passive Voice with Modals:
1. Emphasize the Action or Result: Focuses on the action or result rather than the doer.
o Example: "The meal can be prepared by noon." (Emphasis on the meal being
ready.)
2. Create a Formal or Impersonal Tone: Suitable for formal writing or when the doer
is unknown or unimportant.
o Example: "The policies must be updated regularly." (Neutral tone, focus on the
policies.)
3. Highlight the Recipient of the Action: Shifts focus to the recipient or effect of the
action.
o Example: "The project might be finished before the deadline." (Focus on the
project’s completion.)
4. Indicate Necessity, Possibility, or Permission: Expresses varying degrees of how
strongly an action should, might, or must be performed.
o Examples:
 Necessity: "The safety protocols must be followed."
 Possibility: "The issue might be resolved soon."
 Permission: "The proposal may be approved."
5. Avoid Repetition: Makes sentences more concise by focusing on the action rather
than repeating the doer.
o Example: "The machine can be repaired and tested." (Avoids repeating "the
technician.")
Using passive voice with modals helps in emphasizing, formalizing, or focusing on different
aspects of an action or result effectively.

Exercises
9- Convert the following sentences from active to passive voice, using
the appropriate modal verb.
1. The chef can prepare the meal by noon.
________________________________________________________________

2. The students should complete their assignments on time.

________________________________________________________________

3. The company must launch the new product by the end of the year.
________________________________________________________________

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4. The artist might finish the painting before the exhibition.
________________________________________________________________

5. The teacher could grade the exams this weekend.

________________________________________________________________

10- Complete the sentences with the correct modal and passive voice
form.
1. The new regulations _____________ (must / implement) by the end of the month.
2. The old bridge ________________ (might / repair) next summer.
3. The instructions ________________ (should /follow) exactly.
4. The report ________________ (could / finalize) by the team tomorrow.
5. The book ________________ (may / publish) later this year.
11- Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate modal verb
and passive voice.
1. The invitation is sent by the secretary. (should)
________________________________________________________________

2. The guidelines are updated by the team. (must)

________________________________________________________________

3. The project is reviewed by the board. (can)

________________________________________________________________

4. The problem is discussed in the meeting. (might)

________________________________________________________________

5. The feedback is collected from the clients. (could)

________________________________________________________________
Writing
Read the tips for writing a persuasive essay.
 Write a question for the title.
 Start your essay with a hook to encourage people to read more.
 Present both sides of the argument and your opinion.
 Include facts and evidence to support your idea.
 Use a variety of linkers.
12- Write a persuasive essay (175 words) for one of the following topics.
 Driverless cars
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