Insulin: Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the β cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and

maintains normal blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate,
lipid and protein metabolism and promoting cell division and growth through its mitogenic effects.
(lowering of the glucose level). Insulin can induce hypoglycemia.

Morphine: Morphine is a non-synthetic narcotic with a high potential for abuse and is derived from
opium. Most commonly used in pain management, morphine provides major relief to patients afflicted
with pain. Clinical situations that benefit greatly by medicating with morphine include management of
palliative/end-of-life care, active cancer treatment, and vaso-occlusive pain during sickle cell crisis.
morphine can cuase constipation and respiratory depression.

Ephedrine: Ephedrine is a medication used to manage and treat clinically significant hypotension. It is in
the sympathomimetic class of drugs. The FDA-approved primary indication for ephedrine is the
treatment of clinically significant hypotension perioperatively. Insomnia is the common CNS adverse
effect of ephedrine.

Benadryl(Diphenhydramine): Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine and sedative mainly used to treat

allergies, insomnia, and symptoms of the common cold. It is also less commonly used for tremors in
parkinsonism, and nausea. It is taken by mouth, injected into a vein, injected into a muscle, or applied to
the skin. It's used to help relieve symptoms of hay fever (seasonal allergies), other allergies, and the
common cold, as well as itchy skin due to insect bites, hives, and other causes.

Paracetamol: a medicine used to treat mild to moderate pain. Paracetamol can also be used to treat fever
(high temperature). It's dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of paracetamol. Paracetamol
overdose can damage your liver and cause death.

Gentamicin: injection is used to treat certain serious infections that are caused by bacteria such as
meningitis (infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord) and infections of the
blood, abdomen (stomach area), lungs, skin, bones, joints, and urinary tract. Gentamicin belongs to the
class of medicines known as aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their
growth. However, this medicine will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections.

Thalidomide (Contergan): Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among
others, is an oral medication used to treat a number of cancers, graft-versus-host disease, and many skin
disorders. While thalidomide has been used in a number of HIV-associated conditions, such use is
associated with increased levels of the virus. Thalidomide can induce seal-like malformation.

Phenobarbital (phenobarbitone or phenobarb): Phenobarbital is included in a class of drugs called

barbiturates. This drug can be used for anti-seizure management, treatment for status epilepticus,
insomnia, as well as benzodiazepine and alcohol withdrawal treatment. sold under the brand name
Luminal among others, is a medication of the barbiturate type. It is recommended by the World Health
Organization for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.

Clonidine: Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α₂-adrenergic agonist
medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal, menopausal flushing, diarrhea,
spasticity, and certain pain conditions. It is used orally, by injection, or as a transdermal skin patch.
Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure and heart rate by relaxing the
arteries and increasing the blood supply to the heart. a medication that treats high blood pressure. It
relaxes your blood vessels. This decreases blood pressure and the amount of work your heart has to do.

Penicillin: a medication used to manage and treat a wide range of infections. Penicillin is an antibiotic. It
is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It does not work on viral infections (such as colds and flu).
Penicillin can induce anaphylactic shock.

Primaquine: Primaquine is a medication used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis
pneumonia. Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with
other medications and for prevention if other options cannot be used. Primaquine is used to treat
malaria and prevents it from coming back after treatment (relapse). Primaquine belongs to a group of
medicines, called antiprotozoals. It works by treating malaria, a red blood cell infection transmitted by

the bite of a mosquito. Primaquine can induce hemolytic anemia.

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide is used to treat edema (fluid retention; excess fluid held in body tissues) caused by
various medical problems, including heart, kidney, and liver disease and to treat edema caused by using
certain medications including estrogen and corticosteroids.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids, often known as steroids, are an anti-inflammatory medicine. They're prescribed

for a wide range of conditions. They're a synthetic version of hormones, normally produced by
the adrenal glands (2 small glands that sit on top of the kidneys).

Examples of corticosteroids are prednisone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, betamethasone,

beclomethasone, flunisolide, and fluticasone. All of these drugs are very strong (although strength
depends on the dose used). Hydrocortisone is a milder corticosteroid that is available in over-the-
counter skin creams. Some corticosteroid medicines include cortisone, prednisone and
methylprednisolone. Prednisone is the most commonly used type of steroid to treat certain
rheumatologic diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus).

Furosemide
a type of medicine called a diuretic. It's used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure
and a build up of fluid in the body (oedema). It's also sometimes used to help you pee when your
kidneys are not working properly.Furosemide is a loop diuretic medication used to treat edema due to
heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. It had many trade names including Discoid, Frusemide,
Lasix and Uremide. Furosemide may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It can be
taken intravenously or orally.

Antacid
Antacids are a medicine that relieves heartburn and indigestion by reducing the amount of acid in your
stomach. Antacids neutralize the acid in your stomach by stopping an enzyme that creates acid to break
down food for digestion (pepsin).
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion
or an upset stomach. Some antacids have been used in the treatment of constipation and diarrhea.
Marketed antacids contain salts of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium.

Quinolones
a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the management and treatment of many different bacterial
infections.

Narcotic

The term narcotic originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with numbing or
paralyzing properties. In the United States, it has since become associated with opiates and opioids,
commonly morphine and heroin, as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within raw
opium latex. Also known as “opioids,” the term “narcotic” comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and
originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain.

Urethane
Urethane is a drug used for anaesthesia.

Procaine

Procaine is a local anesthetic used for anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal nerve block. A local
anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration
anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block.13 Jun 2005
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb
the area around a tooth and is also used to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin.

Lidocaine (Xylocaine lignocaine)

Lidocaine belongs to the family of medicines called local anesthetics. This medicine prevents pain by
blocking the signals at the nerve endings in the skin. This medicine does not cause unconsciousness as
general anesthetics do when used for surgery. Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine and sold under the
brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. It is also used to
treat ventricular tachycardia.

Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine is a potent local anesthetic with unique characteristics from the amide group of local
anesthetics, first discovered in 1957. Local anesthetics are used in regional anesthesia, epidural
anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and local infiltration.

Propranolol

belongs to a group of medicines called beta blockers. It's used to treat heart problems, help with some
of the symptoms of anxiety and prevent migraines. If you have a heart problem, you can take
propranolol to: treat high blood pressure.
side effects of Propranolol

 Fatigue.
 Disturbed sleep (insomnia)
 Nightmares.
 Breathlessness.
 Cold fingers and toes.
 A slow or irregular heartbeat.
 Raynaud's syndrome (a common condition which affects your blood circulation,
characterised by white/blue/yellow finger or toes, numbness and spasms)

Bisphosphonates

a group of medicines used to treat osteopenia or osteoporosis, which are conditions associated with
thin or fragile bones that are at increased risk for fracture. The medications help strengthen the bones
and prevent future bone fractures.

Statins
help lower total cholesterol and reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Statins include
atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol XL), lovastatin (Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo),
pravastatin, rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor).

Angiotensin

a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by constricting (narrowing) blood vessels and
triggering water and salt (sodium) intake.

Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are depressants that produce sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle
spasms, and reduce seizures. The most common benzodiazepines are the prescription drugs Valium®,
Xanax®, Halcion®, Ativan®, and Klonopin®.

Diazepam:

Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.
It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal
syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome.

Oxazepam

Oxazepam is a short-to-intermediate-acting benzodiazepine. Oxazepam is used for the treatment of

anxiety and insomnia and in the control of symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Oxazepam is
used to relieve symptoms of anxiety, including anxiety caused by depression, and the symptoms of
alcohol withdrawal. This medicine may also be used to treat tension, agitation, and irritability in older
patients. Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine.
Triazolam

Triazolam, sold under the brand name Halcion among others, is a central nervous system depressant
tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine class, which are benzodiazepine derivatives.

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide is used to treat anxiety and acute alcohol withdrawal. It is also used to relieve fear
and anxiety before surgery. This medication belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines which act
on the brain and nerves (central nervous system) to produce a calming effect.

Flurazepam

Flurazepam is used to treat insomnia (difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep). Flurazepam is in a
class of medications called benzodiazepines. It works by slowing activity in the brain to allow sleep.

Estazolam

Estazolam, sold under the brand name Prosom among others, is a tranquilizer medication of the
triazolobenzodiazepine class, which are benzodiazepines fused with a triazole ring. It possesses
anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

Barbiturates
Barbiturates are a group of sedative-hypnotic medications used for treating seizure disorder, neonatal
withdrawal, insomnia, preoperative anxiety, and induction of coma for increased intracranial pressure.
They are also useful for inducing anesthesia.

Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital is a class C-IV control substance, and it is used for its sedative and anti-seizure properties
in patients with status epileptics and alcohol withdrawal management. It is known for being highly
addictive and, in prior years, found to be a common agent of choice for suicide attempts.

Pentobarbital

Pentobarbital or pentobarbitone is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a

preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment
of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. Pentobarbital is a
medication used to manage and treat several medical conditions, including seizures, intracranial
pressure control, insomnia, and as a pre-anesthetic in the operating room.

Secobarbital

Secobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate derivative drug that was patented in 1934 in the United States.
It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic properties. In the United
Kingdom, it was known as quinalbarbitone.
Thiopental

Thiopental is a barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia
or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration. It is also used for hypnosis and for the
control of convulsive states.

Flumazenil

Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. It competitively inhibits the activity of benzodiazepine and

non-benzodiazepine substances that interact with benzodiazepine receptors site on the
GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. It can also reverse the binding of benzodiazepines to
benzodiazepine receptors.

Cefradine
Cephradine is in a group of drugs called cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotics. Cephradine fights
bacteria in the body. Cephradine is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, including upper
respiratory infections, ear infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.Cefradine or
cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic.

Cefazolin
is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic mainly used for the treatment of skin bacterial infections
and other moderate to severe bacterial infections in the lung, bone, joint, stomach, blood, heart valve,
and urinary tract.

Cefalexin
an antibiotic. It belongs to a group of antibiotics called cephalosporins. It's used to treat bacterial
infections, such as pneumonia and other chest infections, skin infections and urinary tract infections
(UTIs). Cefalexin is only available on prescription.