Solution

1. (b) 6. (a)
There are 7 obligate hierarchial levels of Class is a group of related orders.
taxonomic categories. These started from 7. (b)
species, which is the unit/basis of taxonomical All organisms therefore, are aware of their
studies. It constitute the group of interbreeding surroundings. However, human being is the only
organisms. This is natural unit of taxonomical organism who is aware of himself, i.e., has self-
group. Group of families with more or less similar
consciousness.
characteristics called order. The upppermost
category in which Divisions/Phylum present 8. (d)
called Kingdom. It form the uppermost category The disadvantage of using common name for
of hierarchial system in taxonomical studies. species is that the names may change, one name
2. (d) does not apply universally, one species may have
several common names and one common name
Species is the lowest category in basic taxonomic
may be applied to two species.
hierarchy and has the maximum common
characterstics with other species under the same 9. (d)
genus. The genus is an aggregate or a group of Characterisation, identification, classification and
closely related species. Family is the group of nomenclature are the processes that are basic to
closely related genera, and has less common taxonomy.
characterstics than species or genus rank. Order 10. (a)
is a higher taxon and is the assemblage of families
All the members of a taxonomic category possess
having similar characterstics.
some similar characters which are different from
Class is a group of related orders. those of others. The placement of individuals or
Phylum: The classes with similar features are organisms in species, genus, family, order, class
grouped into phylum in animals and division in and phylum are determined by their specific similar
plants. The phyla are grouped into still broader characters and relationships. Maximum similarity
categories, called kingdom. occurs in species which is also the lowest
3. (b) category in the hierarchy of categories. Similarity
Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to of characters decreases with the ascent in
the same species if they can reproduce freely hierarchy.
with each other and form seeds. The formed seed 11. (b)
must be viable. Two animals can be regarded as Metabolism is defined as the sum total of all the
species when they can interbred each other and chemical reactions occurring in our body. All
form fertile progency. plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit
4. (c) metabolism. Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro
Taxa is a plural form of taxon. Taxon is a grouping of are not living things but are living reactions.
organisms of any level in hierarchial classification 12. (d)
which is based on some common characteristics. It Biodiversity is the term used to describe the
represents real biological objects placed in any variety of life found on Earth and all of the natural
category while category itself is an abstract term. processes. This includes ecosystem, genetic and
5. (a) cultural diversity, and the connections between
Taxonomical hierarchy (introduced by Linneaus) these and all species. The different aspects of
is arrangement of various taxonomic levels in the biodiversity all have a very strong influence on
descending order, starting from kingdom upto each other.
species. The number of similar characters of 13. (d)
categories decreases from lowest rank to highest
Order being higher category is the assemblage
rank i.e., from species to kingdom. There are 7
of families which exhibit a few similar
obligate categories which constitute taxonomical
characteristic. Dog (Canis familaris) and Cat
hierarchy. In addition to these obligate categories
(Felis domesticus) belong to two different
there are some optional categories are as follows.
families—Canidae and Felidae respectively.
e.g., Tribe, subclass, superclass, etc.
14. (c) 23. (a)
In majority of higher animals and plants, growth Species refers to each different kind of plant,
and reproduction are mutually exclusive events. animal or organism in our surroundings.
15. (b) Biodiversity is the total number and types of living
Reproduction refers to the production of progeny organisms present on earth. The number of
possessing features more or less similar to those species range between 1.7 - 1.8 million.
of parents. The fungi, the filamentous algae, the 24. (a)
protonema of mosses, all easily multiply by
The number and types of organisms present on
fragmentation.
earth is known as biodiversity.
16. (d)
25. (a)
All the given statements are correct. All living
organisms have the ability to respond the All living organisms—present, past and future are
environment stimuli which could be physical, linked to one another by the sharing of the common
chemical or biological. Plant responds to external genetic material, but to varying degrees.
factors like light, water, temperature etc. The genetic material of living organisms undergoes
Photoperiod is defined as the developmental mutations and reshuffling of genes. This causes
responses of plants to the relative lengths of light variations in the genetic material. Variations are
and dark periods. It exclusively affects the so abundant that no two individuals of the same
reproduction in seasonal breeders, both plants race are exactly similar.
and animals. Human being is the only organism
26. (c)
who has self - consciousness.
Name of the author appears after the specific
17. (c)
epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name,
Three different genera such as Solanum, Datura and is generally written in an abbreviated form,
and Petunia are placed in the family solanaceae.
e.g., Mangifera indica Linn.
In case of plants, classes with a few similar
characters are assigned to a higher category called 27. (c)
division. Phylum is used in case of animals. Three different genera Solanum, Petunia and
18. (c) Datura are placed in the family Solanaceae.
Some characteristics of living organisms are 28. (c)
growth, reproduction, responsiveness to stimuli, Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are
and metabolism. included in the order Polymoniales mainly based
19. (c) on the floral characters.
Growth may be defined as a positive change in size, 29. (c)
often over a period of time. It can occur as a stage The scientific name of dog is Canis familiaris.
of maturation or a process toward fullness or
30. (a)
fulfillment. Growth by cell division occurs
continuously throughout their life span in plants. In unicellular organism like bacteria, algae
20. (b) (unicellular) and amoeba, reproduction involves
increase in number of cells and thus, it is
Genus comprises a group of related species which
has more characters in common in comparison synonymous with growth.
to species of other genera. 31. (b)
21. (d) The scientific naming of an organism is termed
A mule is sterile. Worker bees are sterile females. binomial nomenclature. It was first given by Carl
Infertile human couples cannot produce fertile Linnaeus. In this system, the first section of the
offspring. name indicates genus, and the second one
indicating the species name. Genus name should
22. (c)
always start with a capital letter and the species
(I) Name of the author appears after the name should start with a small letter. In the
specific epithet, and is written in an biological name both the words, when handwritten
abbreviated form. are separately underlined or printed in italics.
32. (a) 41. (d)
Ncert table 1.1 Taxonomy play no role in protection of biodiversity
33. (b) 42. (d)
As we go higher from species to kingdom, the Order is a higher taxon and is the assemblage of
number of common characteristics goes on families having similar characteristics. However,
decreasing. the common characteristic will be fewer than at
34. (c) family or genus level. In mammals the common
orders are primates (monkey, gorilla and human),
Growth is the act or process, or a manner of
carnivora, rodentia and cetacea (whale and
growing; development; gradual increase. It is
dolphin).
an exclusive event in majority of the higher
animals and plants. In plants, growth occurs 43. (d)
continuously throughout their life span and in Species is the lowest category in taxonomic
animal, growth is seen only up to a certain age. hierarchy. Species is a group of animals, plants
In living organisms, growth is from inside. or other living things that all share common
Therefore, it cannot be taken as a defining characteristics and that are all classified as alike
property of living organisms. in some manner.
35. (d) 44. (a)
Accumulation of material by external agency cause Order being a higher category is the assemblage
extrinsic growth which occurs in non living objects. of families which exhibit a few similar characters.
36. (a) The similar characters are less in number as
Non-living things show extrinsic growth. compared to different genera included in a family.
37. (d) 45. (b)
Increase in mass and increase in number are twin The rules of binomial nomenclature states that
characteristics of growth. Growth is defined as 1. All living organisms should have scientific name
increase in size and mass during the development consisting of two words, the first is the genus
of an organism over a period of time. It is measured
and starts with a capital letter and the second is
as an increase in biomass and is associated with
the species, starting with a small letter.
cell division by mitosis, subsequent increases in cell
size, and with the differentiation of cells to perform 2. All names should be in italics if typed or printed.
particular functions. 3. When handwritten, the two words of the
38. (d) scientific name are separately underlined.
All the statements regarding nomenclature are So the correct scientific name of wheat is
correct. Nomenclature is giving distinct scientific TriticumaestivumLinn.
names to various structures including living 46. (c)
organisms for their identification. It is a set of
rules used for forming the names or terms in a Class of mango is dicotyledone.
particular field of arts or sciences. Nomenclature 47. (c)
is only possible when the organism is described Biological names are consist of generic name and
correctly and we know to what organisms the specific epithet
name is attached to (called identification).
48. (a)
39. (b)
Ncert table 1.1 The living beings continuously interact with the
environment.Living beings also show continuous
40. (a) progressive evolution to become more
In plants, growth by cell division occurs advanced.Example, in the continuous exposure
continuously throughout their life span.This to the antibiotics, bacteria develop antibiotic
continuos growth in plant is axial (i.e., takes place resistance and become more evolved.Non living
on two axes) and unique. Plant growth consists things do not interact with the environment and
of primary and secondary growth, on the basis of they do not evolve.
time when it occurs.
49. (b) 58. (a)
Replication of the genetic information causes Catabolism – Breakdown of substances eg.,
transfer of genetic information from one Respiration
generation to the next. Anabolism – Formation of substances. eg.,
50. (a) Photosynthesis.
Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism.
The first word denoting the genus starts with a
capital letter while the specific epithet starts with These are defining features of all life forms.
a small letter. 59. (c)
51. (d) The term biodiversity is used for the variety and
variability among all forms of living organisms like
All living organisms share certain unified and basic plants, animals, and micro-organisms present in
characteristics including energy utilization, regulation a given region under natural conditions.
or homeostasis, growth, development, reproduction, Biodiversity can be defined as the totality of
adaptation metabolism and interaction. genes, species and ecosystem of a region. India
52. (a) is very rich in biodiversity.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells by a process 60. (a)
of cell division. Cell division is the phenomenon ICBN (International Code for Botanical
of production of daughter cell from parent cell. It Nomenclature) is one of the code of nomenclature
occurs continuously in plants and only up to a which is independent of zoological and
certain age in animals. bacteriological nomenclature. The foundations of
53. (c) ICBN was found in Philosophia Botanica, a book
written by C. Linnaeus.
In unicellular organisms, both growth and
61. (c)
reproduction are inclusive events as unicellular
organisms simply grow by cell division, in which Panthera and Felis belong to the family Felidae.
their population size also increases. Both the Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae
features are exclusive in multicellular organisms. are included in the order Polymoniales mainly
54. (b) based on the floral characters.
62. (c)
When it comes to unicellular organisms like
bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, Fungi shows fragmentation, budding, Planaria
reproduction is synonymous with growth, i.e., truely regenerate during its life cycle.
increase in number of cells. Mossess shows fragmentation for propagation of
55. (a) their progenies. Thallus tip, protonema fragments
Non-living objects have characteristic growth called and even rhizoids can grow into new moss thallus.
extrinsic growth in which object grows after 63. (a)
accumulating substance over its surface. Living
ICZN stands for International Code of Zoological
organisms show intrinsic growth (i.e., grows from inside).
Nomenclature
56. (b)
64. (b)
Reproduction ensures the continuity of the
species, generation after generation. Genetic A - IV; B - III; C - II; D - I
variations are created and inherited during 65. (a)
reproduction.
A - IV; B - III; C - II; D - I
57. (d)
66. (b)
Fragmentation is asexual mode of reproduction
in which an organism is split into fragments. Each Dogs, cats and animals represents taxa at
of these fragments develops into mature, fully different levels
grown individuals that are clones of the original 67. (b)
organism. The fungi, the filamentous algae and
A - V; B - IV; C - II; D - I; E - III
the protonema of mosses all easily multiply by
fragmentation.
68. (c) 75. (a)
A – III, B – I, C – IV, D – II. A taxon is a unit of classification. It includes a
taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family,
69. (c)
or class. Species is the lowest level of classification.
The genus Datura with its nine species are a A kingdom is the highest level of classification.
group of poisonous plants, especially their seeds 76. (b)
and flowers. Being herbaceous leafy annuals and
Non-living objects also grow if we take increase
short-lived perennials, their fruit are spiny
in body mass as a criterion for growth. Mountains,
capsule that splits open when mature to release boulders and sand mounds do grow. However, this
numerous seeds. This plant is placed under the kind of growth exhibited by non-living objects is
family Solanaceae because it shows the by accumulation of material on the surface.
characteristics of a the family with a solitary 77. (c)
flower with five fused sepals and petals, superior
A family is a subdivision of an order consisting of
ovary with two fused carpels and obliquely
a group of related genera which in turn are
placed in the flower.
composed of groups of related species. Families
70. (d) are characterized on the basis of vegetative and
Human beings were, since long, not only reproductive parts of the plants species. Suffix
interested in knowing more about different kinds added in families of both plants and animals may
of organisms and their diversities, but also the be –aceae or –ae.
relationships among them. This branch of study 78. (a)
was referred to as systematics. The word The order generally ends with ales. Order being
systematics is derived from the Latin word a higher category is the assemblage of families
‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement which exhibit a few similar characters.
of organisms. Linnaeus used Systema Naturae
79. (b)
as the title of his publication.
Ncert table 1.1
71. (b)
80. (a)
Binomial nomenclature means that the scientific
name of any organism consist of a generic epithet Smaller organic molecules are used for the
and a specific epithet. Binomial nomenclature was production of the large complex molecules. The
developed by Linnaeus. process is an endergonic process in which the
energy is supplied which is required for the
72. (c)
formation of the new bonds in the larger
In printed scientific names, only the first letter of complexes. The energy is required when the small
genus is capitalized. Genus is an assembly of amino acids are attached for the formation of
related species which evolved from a common
peptide bonds in proteins.
ancestor and have certain common characters.
Eg, Solanum tuberosum and Solanum 81. (b)
melongena are two species which belongs to the According to rules of binomial nomenclature,
same genus of Solanum. correctly written scientific name of mango is
Mangifera indica Linn.
73. (d)
This system of nomenclature was given by
Taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence of
Carlous Linnaeus. The scientific name of mango
arrangements of taxonomic categories in a
is given as Mangifera indica Linn. Mangifera
descending order during the classification of
indicates the 'genus' while indica represents a
organisms. Each category of taxonomic hierarchy
particular species or 'specific epithet' and Linn
refers to as a unit of classification.
indicates the Biologist Linnaeus who first
74. (c) described the species of mango.
Systematics, is the study of diversity of organisms, 82. (a)
their comparative and evolutionary relationships Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of
on the basis of findings from various fields of naming species of living things by giving each a
biology. name composed of two parts, both of which use
Latin grammatical forms.
83. (b) 91. (a)
Familes are characterised on the basis of both Muscidae is a family, rest all belongs to order.
vegetative and reproductive features of plant
species. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and 92. (b)
potato (Solanum tuberosum) belong to the same Families are characterized on the basis of both
family Solanaceae. vegetative and reproductive features of plant
84. (a) species. Among plants for example, three different
Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed
organisms with fundamental similarities as a in the family Solanaceae.
species. 93. (b)
85. (c) Universally accepted Binomial nomenclature of
Individuals of the same species can interbreed. No Plants follows the International Code for
two individuals share the same ecological niche. Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It uses various
86. (b) resources like articles, photographs, and
recommendations for carrying out the above
Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus function.
Linnaeus. He is known as 'Father of modern
taxonomy'. The binomial nomenclature system 94. (a)
combines two names to give all species unique Earliest classification were based on the food,
scientific names. The first part of a scientific clothing, shelter or uses of various organisms.
name is called the genus. The second part is the
species name 95. (a)
87. (a) Primata is an order of class Mammalia.
The zoological name of the tiger is Pantheratigris;
Binomial nomenclature consists of two words-
genus and species. First word denotes genus name tigris being one of the species classified under
and second word denotes species name. the genus Panthera
96. (c)
88. (a)
The scientific name for the lions is Panther Leo.
The anabolic processes are the reactions in which
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical 97. (c)
reactions occuring in our body. It is made up of Phylum = Division, Phylum is used in Zoology &
catabolism and anabolism. The anabolic processes Division in Plants.
are the reactions in which the smaller organic
98. (b)
molecules are used for the production of the large
complex molecules. The process is an endergonic Leopard, (Panthera pardus), , also called panther,
process in which the energy is supplied which is large cat closely related to the lion.
required for the formation of the new bonds in 99. (b)
the larger complexes. The energy is required The taxonomy classification of a housefly whose
when the small amino acids are attached for the scientific name is muscadomestica is as follows:
formation of peptide bonds in proteins. the Animalia kingdom, the Arthropoda phylum,
89. (c) the Insecta class, the Diptera order, the
Housefly belongs to the order diptera. Schizophora section, the Muscidae family, the
Musca genus, and the Musca domestica species.
90. (b)
100. (b)
G. Simpson in 1961 defined systematics is the
In fact, the whole theory of evolution is based on
study of the diversity of organisms along with the
the similarity of genetic materials which indicates
relationships among them. Derived from the Latin
common ancestry for living organisms. Variations
word "systema" this refers to the systematic
in the similarity of genetic material give
arrangement of organisms
biodiversity which we see all around us.