Unit-I

Electric Power Transmission

Generation Transmission Distribution Loads

Distributed Generation
Electric Power Transmission lines:
• Conductors to deliver large quantity of electric power over large distances.
• It connects the power generation unit to the consumer loads.
• It is formed by conductors, supporting structures, insulators, switches, and transformer
units.
• Transmission and distribution of electrical power occurs over metal cables
Overhead AC or DC
Underground AC or DC
• Factors to be considered:
1. Power generation and requirement
2. Conductor material and size
3. Losses associated and efficiency
4. Protection and safety
5. Mechanical structures design
6. Economy
Types of conductors:
• The choice of conductor in transmission and distribution lines depends on technical
requirements, project economics, and operational conditions.
• While copper has the best electrical properties, aluminum, and its alloys are predominantly
used to optimize electrical, mechanical, and cost parameters.

Properties All Aluminum Aluminum- All-aluminum- Aluminum-

Conductor conductor steel- alloy conductor conductor Alloy-
(AAC) reinforced (ACSR) (AAAC) reinforced (ACAR)
High Conductivity
High Tensile
Strength
Less Weight

Low Cost
Resistance to
corrosion

Good Comparatively good Poor

Representation of a transmission line:

r – Series resistance; L – Inductance; g – Shunt resistance; C - Capacitance

• For analysis purposes, Single phase and 3-phase (per wire) transmission lines are
represented by r, L, g, and C.
• The transmission parameters are uniformly distributed over the length.
• The resistance and conductance decides the efficiency.
• While the inductance and capacitance decides the overall transmission capacity of the
line.
Inductance of a conductor:
• The inductance (L) is defined as the flux linkages per unit current.

• According to Ampere’s law, The line integral of magnetic flied intensity (H) around a
closed path is equal to the current enclosed in that path.

• H is different for inside and outside the conductor due the internal and external flux
linkages.
Magnetic field intensity outside the conductor
• Let us calculate the magnetic field intensity (Hx) using Ampere’s law at a distance x
(>R). The length of enclosed path will be 2∏x (l) and the enclosed current is I.
Magnetic field intensity inside the conductor
• Let us calculate the magnetic field intensity (Hx) using Ampere’s Law at a distance x
(< R). The length of enclosed path will be 2∏x.
• Current density J= I/a is uniform throughout the conductor. ( Jx =JR)

1. Magnetic field intensity at surface of the conductor is the Variation of magnetic field intensity
highest. of a conductor
2. Magnetic field intensity at the centre of the conductor is zero.
Inductance due to internal flux linkages

Consider µr=1

Let us take magnetic field density (Bx) is constant for small distance of dx at x from the centre.
The flux (dɸ) passing through a small cylindrical shell of radii x and x + dx will be

dɸ = BxdA= Bxdxds (per unit length ds=1)

Flux per unit length

Flux linkage inside the conductor

Inductance due to external flux linkages

Flux in a concentric circle

Flux linkage inside the conductor

INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE-PHASE (TWO-WIRE) CONDUCTOR
Conductor 1

Internal flux linkage due to I1 External flux linkage due to I1 Single-phase two-wire system
The external flux will be from the distance R X - Conductor 1- Current (I1) Passes
(radius of conductor) to D – R (at the core of the perpendicular to the surface
second conductor) • - Conductor 2- Return current(I2= -I1)

The total inductance due to both the conductors

(R << D) will be the sum of their individual
Total flux linkage of conductor-1 will be Thus D – R = D

Total inductance of the circuit due to the current in conductor-1 only is

This inductance is called inductance per loop
length which is double of the
inductance per conductor in a single-phase line.

= R=
Inductance per phase per Km length of the conductor is
INDUCTANCE OF A COMPOUND CONDUCTOR
• currents carried by individual composite conductor are I1, I2, I3, …, In, their sum
will be zero.
• The respective distance between each conductor and the point P that is very far
from them as shown in the figure.
• Stranded conductors are also a type composite conductor.
• The flux linkage (internal and external) of conductor-1 (PREVIOUS SLIDE),
which is of radius R1, due to its own current I1, up to point P will be

The flux linkage with conductor-1 due to current in conductor-2 within limiting distance D2P and D12 will be
The total flux linkages with conductor-1 due to current in all the conductors will be
Since sum of the currents in all the conductors is zero, the current in the nth conductor can be written as In = – (I1 +
I2 + I3 + … + In–1]

As point P is very far away from composite conductors, the ratios

INDUCTANCE OF A THREE-PHASE CONDUCTOR (Unsymmetrical Spacing)
• Let us assume that radius of each conductor is R.
• The flux linkage of each conductor due to currents Ia, Ib and Ic

If currents in phases are symmetrical,

Then,

Thus inductance
 Similarly can be written for Lb and Lc

conductors a, b and c are unequal and have imaginary part which is due to mutual inductances.

Conductors at Symmetrical Spacing (Dab = Dac = Dcb = D)

Inductance of each phase is equal and there is no imaginary components.

Line is transposed
Transposing of power conductors means changing the
position of phase conductors at regular interval along
the line so that each conductor occupy others positions
over an equal distance
• If transmission lines are not transposed, the voltage drop in the
transmission line will not be the same due to unequal inductances.
• Another problem is the radio interference because external flux outside the conductors is not zero.

The average value of inductance

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS DUE TO LINE CHARGE
• Potential at any point is defined as the work done in moving unit positive charge from infinity to
that point.
If two points P1 and P2 are at distances r1 and r2 from the charge, the potential (voltage) difference between these
points can be calculated by integrating field intensity (E) along any path joining two points as
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS IN A GROUP OF
CONDUCTORS
Assume,
• The sum of their charges is zero.
• The distances between the conductors are large compared to the radius of the
conductors.
• The effect of ground is negligible.
• The charges are also uniformly distributed on the surface and the length.

The potential difference between conductors 1 and 2 due to the charge q1 on conductor-1 is

The potential difference between conductors 1 and 2 due to the charge q2 on conductor-2 is

The potential difference between conductors 1 and 2 due to the charge q3 on conductor-3 is

The total potential difference between conductors 1 and 2 due to charges on all the conductors is
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-PHASE LINE
• Capacitor is an electrical device, which consists of two conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric medium and used for
storing electrostatic energy.
• Capacitance is defined as the ratio of charge on one conductor to the potential difference between the conductors.
• To derive the capacitance formula for 1-phase line, following assumptions are made:
1. Charge is uniformly distributed over the surface of conductor so that flux is radial. (But the presence of other charge near
to the conductor it is not uniform.)
2. Effect of earth is neglected.

Single-phase two-wire system

Then the capacitance of the conductor with respect to neutral

Consider R1=R2=R will be two times the capacitance of a single-phase line
q1=q and q2=-q because CAN and CBN are in series.
CAPACITANCE OF UNSYMMETRICALLY SPACED THREE-PHASE LINES
The potential difference between phases a and b, Vab1, in position-1 due to charges on the conductors

In postion-2, conductor a will take the position of conductor b and conductor b will take the position of conductor c and
so on. The potential difference between phases a and b, Vab2, in position-2 will be
To find the capacitance of a single line w.r.t. neutral, consider the phasor diagram
CAPACITANCE OF SYMMETRICALLY SPACED THREE-PHASE LINES

Dab= Dbc = Dca = D

EFFECT OF EARTH ON CAPACITANCE
• Figure (a) represents the flux lines and equipotential surface of
an isolated charge (neglecting the earth effect) and the flux
lines are terminating to an imaginary charge placed at infinity.
• Earth can be assumed as perfectly conducting horizontal sheet
with infinite extent and it will behave as equipotential surface.
Any charge or charged conductor is placed near the earth
surface, the fluxes emanate from them will be perpendicular to
the earth as shown in Figure (b).
• This can be visualized by an imaginary charge of opposite
polarity placed inside the earth at the same distance h, where h
is the height of the charge from the earth surface.
• This concept is known as image charge. The method used to
calculate the capacitance in the presence of earth is known as
method of images. While calculating the effect of earth on the
capacitor, effect of imaginary charge will also be considered.

Capacitance of single conductor charge:

This arrangement is similar to 1-phase line separated with
distance 2h. The capacitance with reference to ground
Earth effect on the capacitance of single-phase line
If the conductor a is having positive charge density q coulomb/m at any time t, then
the charges on conductors b, a’ and b’ will be –q, –q and +q coulomb/m respectively.

The potential difference between conductor a and b (Vab) due to charges on the
conductors a, b, a’, b’ will be

The capacitance between a and b

If h >> D, the effect of earth on the

capacitance is negligible
Earth effect on the capacitance of three-phase line
The potential difference between conductor a and b due to charges on conductors a, b, c, a’, b’ and c’
will be