MUKUNI INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

MICROBIOLOGY END OF BLOCK; JANUARY 2019 INTAKE

STUDENT NAME..............................................................................................

DATE: 5TH JUNE, 2019.

DURATION: 3 HOUR

TIME: 14:00 – 17:00 HOURS

TOTAL: [100 MARKS]

INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS:

1. READ THE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY

2. THERE ARE FOUR (4) SECTIONS IN THIS PAPER ( A –D )
3. ATTEMPT ALL THE QUESTIONS FROM SECTION A-C
4. SECTION D CHOOSE TWO QUESTIONS.

SECTION A, (30) MCQ EACH QUESTION CARRIES ONE MARK ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
1. Robert hooke a physicist looked at a silver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some
pores and cells in it, in what year did he discover this?
a) 1590
b) 1665
c) 1674
d) 1000AD

2. What is the work of the stage on a microscope?

a) Flat platform where you place your slide
b) Moves stage up and down
c) The bottom of the microscope used for support
d) Connects the eye piece to the objective lenses

3. Which statement is true about the care of a microscope?

a) Always touch the lenses with your fingers
b) Always carry the microscope with one hand
c) Do not force knobs
d) Always use a clothe for cleaning

4. In 1931 Ernst ruska co-invented what microscope?

a) Compound microscope
b) TEM
c) Electron microscope
d) SEM

5. In 1903 Richard Zsigmondy developed___________ that could study the objects below the
wavelength of light.
a) Compound microscope
b) Dissection microscope
c) Ultra microscope
d) Electron microscope

6. Bacteria that retain the dye after staining are

a. Gram negative
b. Spore forming
c. Gram positive
 d. Ciliates
7. The effects of viruses on cells include
a. Cell death
b. Replication
c. Binary fission
d. Antigen reaction
8. Bacteria is classified according to the following characteristics except
a. Morphology
b. Oxygen requirements
c. Gram straining qualities
d. Size
9. A structure produced by some species of bacteria which is very resistant to adverse conditions
e.g. heating or drying which could kill the average bacterium.
a. Spore
b. Flagellum
c. Capsid
d. Cell wall
10. A microorganism which can grow under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions
a. Obligate aerobe
b. Strict aerobe
c. Facultative aerobe
d. Strict anaerobe
11. The cocci that are arranged in a chain form are called
a. Staphylococci
b. Diplococcic
c. Streptococci
d. Gonococci

12. In a healthy person such organisms rarely cause disease except

a. Symbiotes
b. Commensals
c. Opportunists
d. Rickettsia
13. All of the following are morphological classification of fungi except
a. Cutaneous mycoses
b. Yeast
 c. Dimorphic fungi
d. Filamentous fungi
14. Factors that help pathogens to get established and cause disease include all the following except
a. Transmission route
b. Number of bacteria present
c. The health status of a person
d. Eating habits of a person
15. These are obligate intracellular parasites containing both the DNA and RNA that are smaller than
bacteria but larger than the virus.
a. Protozoa
b. Rickettsia
c. Micro-organism
d. Fungi

16. ---------------------is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites that are not normally present within the body.

a) Infection

b) Local or focal infection

c) Primary infection

d) Mixed infection

17. ----------------- is an Infection with organisms which are normally harmless but become pathogenic
when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised

a) Mixed infection

b) Opportunistic infection

c) Secondary infection

d) Primary infection

18. ---------------is an infection with more than one kind of organism at the same time

a) Mixed infection

b) Opportunistic infection

c) Secondary infection
 d) Primary infection

19. ---------------------the disease affecting many people in a region at the same time and spreading
rapidly e.g cholera outbreak

a) Epidemic

b) Endemic disease

c) Outbreak

d) Pandemic

20. ----------------------it is the unusual occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific
health-related behaviour, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy

a) Epidemic

b) Endemic

c) Outbreak

d) Pandemic

21. ---------------it is the disease present in the community all the time but only recognisable in few cases
e.g malaria is endemic in Zambia

a) Epidemic

b) Endemic

c) Outbreak

b) Endemic

22. ------------------ is defined as an infected person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent in
the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection for others

a) Carrier

b) Reservoir

c) Sources of infection

d) Toxaemia

23 --------------------It is defined as “any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance“or

combination of these in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies
 a) Carrier

b) Reservoir

c) Sources of infection

d) Toxaemia

24 ---------------------it is defined as the time between exposure to an infectious disease and the
appearance of the first signs or symptom

a) Incubation

b) Carrier

c) Sources of infection

d) Toxaemia

25 --------------------is defined as the person, animal, objects or substance from which an infectious agent
passes or is disseminated to the host

a) Toxaemia

b) Sources of infection

c) Carrier

d) Incubation

26. The ability of an Infectious agent to cause disease is called?

a. Pathogenicity

b. Pathogenesis and Virulence

c. Infection

d. Toxigenicity

27. What name is given to a type of pathogen that causes disease only when the host’s resistance is
impaired?

a. Pathogenic
 b. microbe

c. Non- pathogenic microbe

d. Opportunistic pathogen

e. Non- Opportunistic pathogen

28. Which Scientist successfully prevented Post- Operative Sepsis by introducing “Antiseptic
Techniques”?

a. Robert Koch

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Edward Jenner

d. Joseph Lister

29. Which Scientist Proved using a Sequence of Experimental Steps that a ‘’Specific Pathogen
Causes a Specific Disease’’?

a. Joseph Lister

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Robert Koch

d. Alexander Flemings

30. Which scientist advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one
Obstetric patient to another?

a. Joseph Lister

b. Ignaz Semmelweiss

c. Louis Pasteur

d. Robert Koch
31. An antigen is a substance which:

a. may be injected to cause a delayed hypersensivity reaction.

b. is used for testing immunity to a disease.

c. causes the formation of antibodies when introduced into the body.

d. causes the state of resistance to the invasion by pathogenic organisms.

32. Exotoxins are:

a. substances which cause fever when injected.

b. Toxins secreted by an organism outside in the medium in which it is growing

c. Toxins found inside bacterial cells.

d. Substances capable of destroying microorganisms.

33. Active immunity is:

a. produced by the injection of vaccines and lasts for a long time.

b. produced by injecting antisera and lasts only for short period.

c. caused by the passage of antibodies across the placenta to the foetus.

d. produced by the injection of antitoxins which produce a life long protection.

34. Pathogenicity depends on ALL of the following EXCEPT:

a. Evade the host defenses.

b. Gain entry to the host

 c. Exit from the host

d. Attach to the host tissues and multiply.

35. ALL of the following are features of the carriers EXCEPT:

a. presence of specific microbes in the body.

b. Absence of apparent symptoms and signs.

c. Presence of apparent symptoms and signs.

d. As a source of infection to others.

36. Lymphatic vessels contain a fluid called: -

(a) Blood

(b) Plasma

(c) Lymph

(d) Serum

37. Vaccination can be an example of the following immunities EXCEPT: -

(a) Natural Immunity

(b) Active Immunity

(c) Artificial Immunity

(d) Passive Immunity

38. Antibodies are produced by the: -

(a) White Blood Cells

 (b) B-Cells

(c) T-Cells

(d) Red Blood Cells

39. Choice of Chemicals for disinfection includes all of the following EXCEPT: -

(a) Should not be chosen when sterilisation is required

(b) Should not be chosen when disinfection by boiling of steam is possible

(c) Should not be chosen when cleaning alone is adequate

(d) Should not clean equipment with detergent first

40. Factors affecting disinfection are the following except: -

(a) Temperature

(b) Time

(c) Alcohol

(d) Number of Micro-organisms

41. The following are sources of infection EXCEPT: -

(a) Environment

(b) Animals

(c) Inhalation

(d) Humans
42. Respiratory Infections are Transmitted through: -

(a) Inoculation

(b) Ingestion

(c) Inhalation

(d) Vertical Transmission

43. Infection is transmitted by indirect contact through: -

(a) Sexual Intercourse

(b) Trans-placental

(c) Contact with respiratory secretions

(d) Food and water

44. Antibodies are Y- shaped proteins called: -

(a) Humoral Defence

(b) Phagocytes

(c) Lymphocytes

(d) Immunoglobulins

45. Which Immunoglobulin is able to diffuse across the placenta in the last 3 months of pregnancy? :
-

(a) IgM

(b) IgA

(c) IgG
 (d) IgE

SECTION B FULL IN THE BLANK SPACES, (15 MARKS), EACH QUESTION CARRIES 1 MARK, ANSWER ALL
QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

1. Which microscope is in two dimensional and is used to view individual

cells___________________.
2. A compound microscope is___________________ illuminated while scanning electron
is__________________ illuminated.
3. Transmission electron microscope is___________ dimensional and has a ___________
magnification.
4. A state in which the body or part of it is invaded by a pathogenic organism which under favorable
conditions multiplies and produces effects which are harmful or injurious to the
host-----------------------
5. _________________ are micro-organisms that usually populate the human body
without causing disease.
6. ----------------------------are a group of complex unicellular organisms which are able to function on
their own i.e. nutrition digestion, locomotion and reproduction.
7. A ------------------------ is a minute unicellular organism only seen by the use of a microscope
8. ---------------------------- are hair like processes which propel bacteria
9. --------------------This is when pathogenic micro-organisms spread from one part to other parts of
the body
10. ----------------------- is the initial infection (first infection)
11. --------------------prolonged infection, lasting more than 2 weeks to manifest clinical signs and
symptoms
12. -------------------is the condition which can be passed or carried or transmitted from one person to
another either directly or indirectly e. g Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS.
13. ---------------------Presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood

SECTION C: - MATCHING QUESTIONS 20 MARKS

 Match the types of immunity in Column I with the defences in column II. Use the choice only ONCE

COLUMN I COLUMN II

1. ____ Humoral Immunity (a) Skin, Tears, Normal Flora

(b) Antibodies

2. ____ Cell Mediated Immunity (c) Pain

(d) T- Cells

3. ____ Specific Immunity (e) T-Cells and B-Cells

(f) An in born Immunity

4. ____ Non Specific Immunity (g) All the above

5. ____ 1st Line Non Specific Immunity

6. ____ IgG (a) Is attached to mast cells associated with Allergies

(b) Crosses the placenta

7. ____ IgM (c) Exact function unknown

(d) First to appear in immune response to infection

8. ____ IgA (e) Found in secretions (respiratory, GIT, reproductive)

(f) They are abundant in skin and Intestinal wall

9. ____ IgE (g) Immunoglobulins

10. ____ IgD

COLUMN A COLUMN B
11. Transmission electron microscope________ A. Moves stage up and down
12. culture media______________ B. The science of investigating and visualizing
small objects and structures using a
microscope

14. tube________ C. Has high magnification and low resolution

15. Strict anaerobes_________________ D. The concentration of bacterial toxin in the

blood
E. Long essay

16. Microscope_____________ F. a single circular chromosome which

contains the bacterial DNA

17. Fine adjustment knob_______ G. a condition which cannot be transferred to

another individual e.g. hypertension,
diabetes mellitus

18. Toxaenia__________ H. Has a high magnification and high

resolution
19. Compound microscope________ I. sudden occurrence of infection with
immediate manifestations of signs and
symptoms
20. Non comuniteable__________ J. A solid, semisolid or liquid media designed
to support the growth of microorganisms
or cells or small plants and plantlike
organisms.

21.strict aerobes______________ K. Connects the eyepiece to the objective

lenses
22.Nucleoplasm_____________ L. an infection of the body tissues whose
causative organism comes from outside
the body

23.Coarse adjustment knob_______ M. These are able to grow only in complete

absence of oxygen. They are found in deep
wounds

24. Acute infection_____________ N. These can only grow in the presence of

oxygen

25. Endogenous infection__________ O. Small , round knob on the side of the

microscope used to fine-tune the focus of
your specimen
26. Vector borne_______ P. Are transmitted by pest’ insect

27. Microscopy________
SECTION D LONG ESSAYS (25 MARKS EACH) ANWER TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

1. Explain how you use a microscope and how you use a high power microscope. (25 marks)

2. Infectious disease is spread by three major modes of transmission direct contacts, indirect
contacts and vector. Explain what is meant by these three terms, giving examples of how
transmission by each method may be prevented. (25marks).

3. Explain the classification of bacteria according to (25 marks)

a. Morphology/shape
b. Their oxygen requirements
c. Gram staining qualities