BIOFORTUNE 1 | DB024 2324

1 FIGURE 1 shows the graph for two types of variation.

FIGURE 1
(a) Identify the type of variation shown in graph M and graph N.
[2 marks]
Answer Marks
M : Continuous variation 1
N : Discontinuous variation 1

(b) Which of the above graph shows the effect of both genetic and
environmental factors? [1 mark]
Answer Marks
Graph M 1

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(c) Compare types of variation shown in graph M and N.

[6 marks]
Answer Marks
Similarities
i) Both controlled by genetic factor 1
ii) Both occur during meiosis//due to crossing
over/ independent assortment //gamete formation 1
iii) Both involved sexual reproduction// recombination
of gamete during fertilization 1
Any 1

Variation M Variation N
(Continuous Variation) (Discontinuous 1/0
Variation)
Individuals cannot be Individuals can be
grouped into distinct grouped into distinct 1/0
and discrete and discrete
phenotypes phenotypes
Individuals show No extreme or
gradual difference from intermediate
one extreme to another phenotypes 1/0
extreme phenotype on a
phenotypic spectrum

Quantitative character, Qualitative character,

can be measured or cannot be measured 1/0
graded on a scale orgraded

Shows normal Shows discrete 1/0

distribution curve distribution curve

Character Character is influenced

(easily) by genetic factor only
influenced by
genetic and 1/0
environmental
factors
Character is Character is 1/0
controlledby two or controlledby single
more genes gene
Any

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2 FIGURE 2 shows a model of the mechanism of enzyme action. The

steps in this mechanism are labelled as I,II and III.

FIGURE 2

(a) Name the mechanism of enzyme action shown in FIGURE 2. Give

ONE (1) reason for your answer. [2 marks]
Answer Marks

 Induced Fit mechanism 1

 Because the active site of enzyme is flexible
// not exactly complementary with
shape/conformation of substrate 1

(b) Name the structure formed in step II. [1 mark]

Answer Marks

 Enzyme-substrate complex 1

(c) Explain the mechanism of enzyme action in the FIGURE 2 based on

step I, II and III. [6 marks]
Answer Marks
Step I
 The substrate binds to active site of enzyme 1
 The binding induces a slight change in the conformation
of the active site of enzyme (allowing the substrate to fit
to the active site of enzyme precisely) 1
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Step II
 The binding form enzyme-substrate complex 1
 Enable the enzyme to carry out their catalytic function 1

Step III
 The product is formed and released from the active site of
enzyme 1
 The active site of enzymes changes back to its original
conformation 1

3 FIGURE 3 shows part of stages involved in the oxidation of glucose.

FIGURE 3

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(a) Identify process X, Y and Cycle Z. [3 marks]

Answer Marks
Process X : Glycolysis 1
Process Y : Pyruvate oxidation 1
Cycle Z : Krebs cycle 1

(b) Process X and cycle Z produced ATP by phosphorylation process.

State the types of phosphorylation that occurs in process X and
cycle Z. [2 marks]
Answer Marks
Process X : Substrate level phosphorylation 1
Cycle Z : Substrate level phosphorylation 1

(c) Describe what will happen to pyruvate when it undergoes process Y.

[3 marks]
Answer Marks

 Pyruvate is decarboxylated by removal of one molecule

of CO2 1
 Then, it is oxidized by NAD+ forming acetate. 1
 Finally, coenzyme A is attached to acetate forming
acetyl CoA. 1

(d) Identify all oxidizing agent that involved in process X, Y and cycle Z.
[3 marks]
Answer Marks
Process X : NAD+ 1
Process Y : NAD+ 1
Cycles Z : NAD+ and FAD 1

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(e) Name the final stages to ensure glucose is completely oxidized.

[1 mark]
Answer Marks
Oxidative phosphorylation // Electron Transport Chain
and Chemiosmosis 1

4(a) Name the process that involves water in photosynthesis. [1 mark]

Answer Marks
Photolysis of water 1

(b) Describe the role of water in process 4(a). [4 marks]

Answer Marks
i) Water is the substrate for Photosynthesis 1
ii) Photolysis/splitting/breaking of water produced electron,
proton and oxygen // H2O  ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 1
iii) Water is the source of electron to replace the lost of
electron by photosystem II 1
iv) Water is the source of H+ needed to produce NADPH ( + H+) 1
v) Water involved in non-cyclic photophosphorylation/ATP
production 1

(c) State specific location of light dependent and light Independent

reactions. [2 marks]
Answer Marks
Light dependent reaction : Thylakoid membrane
of chloroplast 1
Light Independent reaction : Stroma of chloroplast 1

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(d) Explain the differences between cyclic photophosphorylation and

non-cyclic photophosphorylation. [5 marks]
Answer Marks
Cyclic Non-cyclic Marks
Photophosphorylation Photophosphorylation
electron travel in a cyclic electron travel in non-cyclic 1
manner and return to manner // involved non-cyclic
reaction centre // involved flow of electron
cyclic flow of electron
involve Photosystem I /PS I involve Photosystem I and 1
only Photosystem II/PS I and PS II
Electron donor is PS I Electron donor is water. 1
Final/ last electron acceptor Final/ last electron acceptor is 1
is PS I NADP+
Oxygen is not produced / Oxygen is produced / 1
released released
produces ATP only produces ATP and NADPH 1
(and Oxygen)
Photolysis of water is not Photolysis of water is occur 1
occur
Does not involved NADP+ Involved NADP+ reductase 1
reductase
Any 5

5 FIGURE 5 shows the guard cell that regulate the opening and
closing of T for gaseous exchange in plant.

FIGURE 5

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(a) Identify T. [1 mark]

Answer Marks
T : Stomatal pore /stoma/stomata 1

(b) Explain what will happen to T if the concentration of potassium ion in

the guard cells decrease? [5 marks]
Answer Marks
i. Water potential in guard cells increases // water
potential in guard cell is higher than subsidiary/
neighbouring cells 1
ii. Water molecule from guard cell diffuses out to subsidiary/
neighboring cells 1
iii. By osmosis 1
iv. Guard cells become flaccid 1
v. Stomata/stoma close 1

6 FIGURE 6 shows a cross section of human heart.

FIGURE 6

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(a) Name the heart chambers labelled P and Q. [2 marks]

Answer Marks
P : Right ventricle 1
Q : Left ventricle 1

(b) Differentiate heart chamber P and Q based on their structure and

function. [4 marks]
Answer Marks
Chamber P Chamber Q Mark
Structure: Has thinner wall Structure: Has thicker wall 2/0
Function: Function: 2/0
 contract and create high  Contract and create
blood pressure / pump higher blood
deoxygenated blood to pressure / pump
lung oxygenated blood to
all body parts.
4
marks

7 Insulin and glucagon are hormone that involved in the homeostasis

process and function to regulate glucose levels in the blood.

(a) What is meant by homeostasis? [1 mark]

Answer Marks
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining (relatively) constant
internal environment inside a living organism. 1

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(b) Explain what happen when glucose levels decrease in the blood.
[5 marks]
Answer Marks
i) α-cell of islet of Langerhans in the pancreas detect the
decrease of blood glucose level. 1
ii) α-cell of islet of Langerhans in the pancreas secretes
glucagon 1
iii) glucagon stimulate the conversion of glycogen to
glucose in muscle and liver cell by glycogenolysis 1
iv) glucagon also stimulate the conversion of amino acid/
fatty acid/glycerol to glucose in liver by gluconeogenesis 1
v) Blood glucose level increase back to normal level 1
vi) by negative feedback mechanism 1

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8 FIGURE 8 shows a types of mechanism of hormone action.

FIGURE 8

(a) State the types of mechanism of hormone action shown in FIGURE 8.

[1 mark]
Answer Marks
Gene activation 1

(b) State ONE (1) characteristics of hormone S. [1 mark]

Answer Marks
Lipid soluble molecule //small 1

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(c) Describe the mechanism of hormone action after complex T is

formed. [5 marks]
Answer Marks
i. The hormone-receptor complex enters the cell nucleus 1
ii. It binds to a specific site on DNA 1
iii. This activates specific gene on DNA 1
iv. and stimulate transcription to form mRNA 1
v. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm 1
vi. mRNA is translated into specific protein which carry out
a particular function. 1

(d) State another type of mechanism of hormone action. [1 mark]

Answer Marks

 Second messenger (cAMP) activation 1

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(e) Give TWO (2) differences between mechanism of hormone action in

FIGURE 8 and the mechanism of hormone action stated in 8(d)?
[2 marks]
Answer Marks
Answers Marks
Differences
Mechanism of steroid hormone Mechanism of Non-steroid
hormone
Steroid hormone can pass Non-steroid hormone cannot 1/0
through the cell surface pass through the cell surface
membrane of target cell // membrane// Hormone unable to
Hormone able to diffuse the diffuse through the plasma
plasma membrane membrane

The hormone binds with a specific

The hormone act as a first 1/0
receptor in the cytoplasm of messenger and binds with a
target cell // Hormone-receptor
specific receptor in the cell
complex form in cytoplasm surface membrane of target
cell.// Hormone-receptor
complex form om plasma
membrane.
Does not involved G protein Involved G protein// cAMP 1/0
//cAMP (second messenger) (second messenger)
Involved protein synthesis // Involved cascade effect// No 1/0
Transcription and translation Transcription and Translation
occurs occurs.

Any 2

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9 FIGURE 9 below shows the antibody concentration in human after

vaccination.

FIGURE 9

(a) Name immune response A and B. [2 marks]

Answer Marks
A : Primary immune response 1
B : Secondary immune response 1

(b) What happens at X that lead to B in FIGURE 9 above? [1 mark]

Answer Marks
Secondary exposure of same antigen 1

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(c) Explain what will happen if we are exposed to the same antigen for
the third time naturally in less than a week. [3 marks]
Answer Marks
i. Our body still has Ig G/antibody at a higher concentration
from previous infections. 1
ii. At the same time our memory cells will also increase
the number of Ig G during exposure// memory cell will
proliferate and differentiate rapidly into plasma cell to
produce antibody. 1
iii. Memory cell able to recognize the same antigen faster. 1
iv. It will prevent our body from getting sick/fever again
// less affected toward infection. 1
v. Antibody tend to have greater affinity for antigen 1
Any 3

(d) Give FOUR (4) differences between A and B. [4 marks]

Answer Marks
i. A /Primary immune response is slower than B/ secondary
immune response 1
ii. Antibody produced during A/primary immune
response has lower affinity toward antigen compared
to secondary immune response 1
iii. Low antibody concentration produced at A while
at B, higher antibody concentration produced 1
iv. Effect of A is short-lived while effect of B is long-lasting 1
v. First antibody produced at A is IgM, while first antibody
produced at B is IgG. 1

……..END OF ANSWER SCHEME……

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