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환경공학 9-2

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15 views15 pages

환경공학 9-2

Uploaded by

llIIllIIl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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• Salts

• Naturally accumulate a variety of dissolved solids or salts


• Passes through soil or rocks its way to the sea
• Cations: sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium
• Anions: chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate
• Salinity: concentration of total dissolved solid (TDS)
• Fresh water: less than 1500 mg/L, Brackish water: up to 5000 mg/L, Saline water:
over 5000 mg/L
• Seawater: 30,000 - 34,000 mg/L
• Drinking water regulation: 500 mg/L
• Evaporation can increase the salinity
• Higher than 1500 mg/L will reduce yield of crops.
• Thermal pollution
• Power plant uses cooling water
• Changing ecosystem in the vicinity of the thermal plumes
• Less oxygen caused by low solubility and higher activity of
bacteria

• Heavy metal
• Metal: High thermal and electrical conductivity, reflectivity, ductility,
metallic luster
• Specific gravity greater than 4 or 5.
• Mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic
• Kidneys problems
• Mercury is very toxic with inhalation into blood stream brain
damage
• Nondegradable
• arsenic
• Pesticide
• Kill organisms that human consider undesirable
• Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides and fungicides
• Three main group in insecticides
• Organochlorines, organophosphate, carbamates
• DDT
• To control insects that carry diseases such as malaria (mosquitos)
• Save millions lives worldwide
• Human toxicity: relatively low acute toxicity to human
• Impact on food chains
• Persistent: last long time in environment, soluble: hydrocarbon
solvents
• Accumulation in top of food chain.
• Reproductive success is low for bird

• Organophosphate
• insecticides
• less persistent
• More acute toxicity to human
• Rapidly absorbed through skin, lungs and gastrointestinals
• Carbamates
• Similar to organophosphate
• Short-lived in environment
• High human toxicity

• Chlorinated hydrocarbon
• 2,4-D (defoliants in the Vietnam war)

• Dioxin
• Volatile organic chemicals
• Commonly found in groundwater
• Used as solvents in industrial process
• Suspected carcinogens or mutagens
• Few 𝜇g/L in surface water but much higher concentration
• Air stripping can be applied to atmosphere
• Five toxic VOCs:

Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride 1,2 Dichloroethane


• Emerging Contaminants
• 348,000 regulated chemicals in 2017
• Environmental persistence, relative toxicity or deleterious impact
(human and other biota), occurrence frequency and concentration
• Improving instrumentation, sampling, and analytic techniques

• Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)


• Interfering with the hormonal control of development in humans and wildlife
• Being or acting like natural hormones
• Blocking or counteracting the action of a natural hormones
• Increasing or decreasing the production of natural hormones
• At present, no firm evidence that environmentally measured concentration of
EDCs are causing human health effects but reducing sperm counts and increase
of breast and reproductive organ cancer
• PFCAs (perfluorocarboxylates) surface treatment
• Nanoparticles
Status of surface water quality
• Beneficial uses of surface water
• Aquatic life support, fish consumption, drinking water supply,
recreation etc

River Lake
Biochemical oxygen demand
• The most convenient sewer for industry and municipalities
• Bacteria decompose the biodegradable organic matters in aerobic
• Produce nonobjectionable, stable end products (CO2, SO4, PO4 NO3)
• Organic matter + O2 → CO2 + H2O + New cells + stable products
• With insufficient oxygens (anaerobic)
• Unstable products (CH4, H2S, NH3)
• Organic matter + O2 → CO2 + H2O + New cells + unstable products
• Methane is physically stable, biologically degradable, green house gas

• BOD: The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize


organic wastes aerobically
• Unit mg/L and CBOD and NBOD
Five day BOD test
• Completely degrade takes several weeks: not practical
• Standard practice to measure and report the oxygen demand is 5
days
• 5 days, at 20℃ without light
• Prevent replenish air to sample
• Keep out from light (No algae growth)
• Final DO above zero
• Measure initial DO and afterDo5i: initial
daysDO
Dof: after 5 days
𝐷𝑂𝑖 −𝐷𝑂𝑓 P: the dilution fraction=vol. of WW/WW+dilution water
• 𝐵𝑂𝐷5 =
𝑃

• Standard BOD bottle is 300 mL

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