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Quantitative Sampling

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6 views27 pages

Quantitative Sampling

Uploaded by

ringelivan2407
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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•Sampling involves selecting individual

units to measure from a


larger population.

•The population refers to the set of


individual units which the research
question seeks to find out about.
•The sampling frame is the group of
individuals who had a real chance of
being selected for the sample.
Types of Sampling
• There are two main types of sampling - the key is
whether or not the selection involves randomization.
• Randomization means that each unit within
a sampling frame has an equal chance of being
selected.
• By selecting randomly from a sampling
frame, probability theory says that our sample, more
often than not, should approximately represent the
whole population.
Probability Sampling
• Probability sampling involves the use of randomization.
Probability Sampling Method Brief Description

random sampling every unit has an equal chance of selection

stratified random sampling (proportional or divide population into strata, then randomly
quota sampling) select samples from each stratum
systematically select every xth unit from the
systematic random sampling
list of n units

divide population into clusters, randomly


cluster (area) random sampling sample clusters, then sample all units within
selected clusters

hierarchically combines random sampling


multi-stage random sampling
methods
Non-probability Sampling
• Non-probability sampling does not involve the use of
randomization.
• Therefore, to be considered representative, non-
probability sampling methods cannot rely on the
theory of probability (random theory).
Non-probability Sampling Method Brief Description
units are sampled according to what is
accidental, haphazard, or convenience
conveniently, accidentally, or
sampling
haphazardly available
units from a prespecified group are
purposive sampling
purposively sought out and sampled
mode is the "most common"
occurence; in modal instance
modal instance sampling
sampling, units are prototypical of a
predefined group are sampled
units which are identified as having
expert sampling particularly high quality of
information are sampled
sample until exact proportions of
proportional and nonproportional certain types of units are obtained, or
quota sampling until sufficient units in several
different categories are obtained

opposite of modal sampling;


heterogeneity or diversity sampling intentionally samples units from
throughout spectrum of responses

initial unit(s) are sampled, and these


snowball sampling units then identify more units to
sampled, and so on
How Large Should a Sample Be?
The best answer to this question is, “It depends!”
What does it depends on?
1. The kind of data analysis the researcher plans
(descriptive, multiple regression).
2. On how accurate the sample has to be for the
researcher’s purposes (acceptable sampling
error).
3. On population characteristics (homogenous or
heterogeneous, large or small). On principle for sample
sizes is, the smaller the population, the bigger the
sampling ratio has to be for an accurate sample. Larger
populations permit smaller sampling ratios for equally
good samples. This is because as the population size
grows, the returns in accuracy for sample size shrink.
For small populations (under 1,000), a researcher needs
a large sampling ratio (about 30%). For moderately
large populations (10,000), a smaller sampling ratio
(about 10%) is needed to be equally accurate.
For large populations (over 150,000),
smaller sampling ratios (about 1%) are
possible to be very accurate. To sample
from very large populations (over
10,000,000), one can achieve accuracy
using tiny sampling ratios (0.025%).
• The purpose of sampling is to enable a researcher to draw
inferences from the sample to the population.
• The thing to remember is: probability samples are more likely
when compared to nonprobability samples to yield
representative samples of the population.
• In other words, a researcher, who wants to draw inferences
about the population from his or her sample, should always
try to produce a sample that is similar to the population.
• If the sample is not similar or representative of the
population in which it was drawn, the ability to make
accurate inferences is highly impaired.
Slovin's Formula
Slovin's formula

- is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the


population size (N) and a margin of error (e).

- it's a random sampling technique formula to


estimate sampling size
It is computed as

n=N/ 2
(1+Ne )
whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
Problem 1:

N = 1000
e = 0.05 or 5%
n=?
Problem 2:
A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the population on
Hello City is 1,000,000 , find the sample size if the margin of
error is 25%
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Group Activity: Sample and
Sampling procedure

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