Introduction to Computer

Programming
CSE 021 Fall 2021

LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION

Dr. Basma Hassan
basma.hassan@eui.edu.eg

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Lecture Topics
• Introduction to Computers
• How Computer Works?
• Computer Architecture
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
• Data Storage in Computers
• Numbering System

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What is Computer?
• A computer is a programmable electronic device that
manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data.

Personal Computer (PC)

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Computer Uses
• What do students use computers for?
• Writing papers, searching for articles, sending email, attending
online classes, etc.
• What do employees use computers for at work?
• Analyze data, make presentations, business transactions,
communicate, control machines, etc.
• What do people use computers for in life?
• Paying bills, shopping online, communicating, playing games and
videos, etc.

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How Computers Work?

Process

Input Output

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Computer Architecture
(von Neumann Machine)
• Computer is a system composed of several components that
all work together.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Control Unit
Input Output
Devices Devices
Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU)

Memory Unit
Primary Secondary
Storage Storage

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Computer Hardware
• Computer hardware comprises the physical parts or devices
that make up a computer.
• It includes the all-important components of the central
processing unit (CPU) and main memory.
• It also includes peripheral components such as a keyboard,
monitor, mouse, and printer.

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Fundamental Hardware
Components
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The “brain” of a computer system, which interprets and executes
instructions and programs.
• Main memory
RAM
• Is where currently executing programs reside.
• It is volatile, the contents are lost when the power is turned off.
• Secondary memory
• Provides long-term storage of programs and data.
• Nonvolatile, the contents are retained when power is turned off.
• Can be magnetic (hard drive), optical (CD or DVD), or
flash memory (USB drive). HDD

• Input and Output devices

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The CPU
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): the part of the computer that
actually runs programs
• Most important component
• Without it, cannot run software
• Used to be a huge device
• Microprocessors: CPUs located on small chips

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Main Memory
• Main memory: where computer stores a program while
program is running, and data used by the program
• Known as Random Access Memory or RAM
• CPU is able to quickly access data in RAM
• Volatile memory used for temporary storage while program is
running
• Contents are erased when computer is off

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Secondary Storage Devices
• Secondary storage: can hold data for long periods of time
• Programs normally stored here and loaded to main memory when
needed
• Types of secondary memory
• Disk drive: magnetically encodes data onto a spinning circular disk
• Solid state drive: faster than disk drive, no moving parts, stores
data in solid state memory
• Flash memory: portable, no physical disk

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Input and Output Devices
• The key distinction between an input device and an output
device is that:
• an input device sends data to the computer, whereas
• an output device receives data from the computer.
• Data can be text, bit stream, image, tactile, audio, and video.
• For example:
• Using a microphone to record a podcast is an example of using an input
device.
• Listening to the recorded podcast through a connected speaker is an
example of using an output device.
• Both output and input devices are examples of auxiliary or peripheral
devices.

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Input Devices
• The physical part/device that sends information to a
computer system for processing.

Mouse Microphone
Keyboard
Scanner

Webcam Graphic Tablet

Digital Camera Joystick

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Output Devices
• The physical part/device that receives processed data from
the computer system.

Printer
Monitor Projector

Headphone

Speaker GPS

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Input or Output Devices?

External Hard
CD/DVD Disk Touch Screen

SD Card
USB Flash Drive
Interactive Board

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Computer Software
• Everything the computer does is controlled by software.
• General categories:
• Application software
• System software
• Application software: programs that make computer useful
for every day tasks and fulfills users’ needs
• Examples: word processing, email, games, and Web browsers

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System Software
• System software are programs that control and manage
basic operations of a computer
• Operating system: controls operations of hardware components
• Utility Program: performs specific task to enhance computer
operation or safeguard data
• Virus scanners, file compression, data backup
• Software development tools used to create, modify, and test
software programs
• Compilers, interpreters, assemblers

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Operating System
• An operating system is the most fundamental set of
programs on a computer.
• The operating system …
• controls the internal operations of the computer’s hardware
• manages all of the devices connected to the computer
• allows data to be saved to and retrieved from storage devices
• allows other programs to run on the computer.

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Popular Operating Systems
• For laptop and desktop computers include Windows, macOS,
and Linux.

• For mobile devices include Android and iOS.

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Computer Programs
• Computers can be programmed
• Designed to do any job that a program tells them to
• Program: set of instructions that a computer follows to
perform a task
• Commonly referred to as Software
• Programmer: person who can design, create, and test
computer programs
• Also known as software developer

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How Computers Store Data?
• All data in a computer is stored in sequences of 0s and 1s

• Byte: just enough memory to store letter or small number.

• Divided into eight bits.
• Bit: electrical component that can hold positive or negative
charge, like on/off switch.

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Byte and Bit
• When a piece of data is stored in a byte, the computer sets
the eight bits to an on/off pattern that represents the data
• For example, the pattern that shows how “01001101” would be
stored in a byte is:

Can you
guess what
number is
this

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

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Storing Numbers
• Bit represents two values, 0 and 1
• Computers use binary numbering system
• Position of digit j is assigned the value 2j-1
• To determine value of binary number sum position values of the 1s

• Byte size limits are 0 and 255

• 0 = all bits off; 255 = all bits on
• To store larger number, use several bytes

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Storing Numbers Examples
• Example 1: Storing 157 (< 255)

• Example 2: Storing 65535 (> 255)

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Storing Characters
• Data stored in computer must be stored as binary number.
• So how does a computer store characters when pressed on
the keyboard

Pressing ‘A’ on Keyboard

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Storing Characters
• Characters are converted to numeric code, numeric code
stored in memory.

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• Most important coding scheme is ASCII

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• ASCII is limited: defines codes for only 128 characters

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ASCII Characters Types

Control Special
Numbers Letters
Characters Characters

backspace $ 0 A
escape ? 1 B
carriage return < 6 a
} 9 z

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ASCII Table

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Other Types of Data
• Digital: describes any device that stores data as binary
numbers
• Digital images are composed of pixels (picture element)
• To store images, each pixel is converted to a binary number
representing the pixel’s color

• Digital music is composed of sections called samples

• To store music, each sample is converted to a binary number

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Numbering Systems
• A numbering system is a systematic method for representing
numbers using a particular set of symbols called digits.
• Each numbering system has what is called Base or Radix
• tells how many different individual symbols there are in the system
to represent numbers.
• Given any positive base N, there are N different individual symbols
that can be used to write numbers in that system.
• The range of these numbers varies from 0 to N − 1.

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Types of Number Systems
• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Decimal Number System
• Hexadecimal Number System

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Decimal Number System
• The number system that we use in our life is the decimal number
system.
• Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9.
• In decimal number system, the successive positions from the right
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on.
• Each position represents a specific power of the base 10.
• For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the
units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1
in the thousands position. Its value can be written as
• (1 x 1000)+ (2 x 100)+ (3 x 10)+ (4 x 1)
= (1 x 103)+ (2 x 102)+ (3 x 101)+ (4 x 100)
• 1000 + 200 + 30 + 4 = 1234
Binary Number System
• System base = 2
• Has only two symbols or digits (0 or 1).
• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (base -1)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base 2.
• This number system is used in computer.
• Example:
• 101012 = (1*24) + (0*23) + (1*22) + (0*21) + (1*20)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2110

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Octal Number System
• System base = 8
• Has eight symbols or digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7).
• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (base -1)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the
base 8.
• Example: Octal Number: 125708

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Hexadecimal Number System
• System base = 16
• Has 16 symbols or digits. Uses 10 digits and 6 letters
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
• Letters represent the numbers starting from 10
A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15
• First position in a hexa number represents a 0 power of the
base (16).
• Example: Hexa Number: 19FDE16

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Numbering Conversion 1
• Decimal to Other Base System

Decimal
10

Binary Octal Hexadecimal

2 8 16

1. Divide the decimal number by the Base of the other system

2. Take the remainder as a coefficient
3. Take the quotient and repeat the division (Step 1)

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Decimal to Binary Conversion
1. Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
2. Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
3. Take the quotient and repeat the division.
Example: (14)10 = (?)2
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
14 /2= 7 0 a0 = 0
7 /2= 3 1 a1 = 1
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (14)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1110)2
MSB LSB

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Decimal to Octal Conversion
1. Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=8)
2. Take the remainder (from 0 to 7) as a coefficient
3. Take the quotient and repeat the division.
Example: (160)10 = (?)8
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
160 / 8 = 20 0 a0 = 0
20 / 8 = 2 4 a1 = 4
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2

Answer: (160)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (240)8

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Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
1. Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=16)
2. Take the remainder (from 0 to 9, and A to F) as a
coefficient
3. Take the quotient and repeat the division.
Example: (44)10 = (?)16
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
44 / 16 = 2 12 a0 = C
2 / 16 = 0 2 a1 = 2

Answer: (44)10 = (a1 a0)16 = (2C)16

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Numbering Conversion 2
• Other Base System to Decimal

Decimal
10

Binary Octal Hexadecimal

2 8 16

1. Position of digit j is assigned the value Xj-1 , where X is the Base

2. Multiply the obtained values (in Step 1) by the digits in the
corresponding position.
3. Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent
value in decimal

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Other Base System to Decimal
• Example 1: (11101)2 = (?)10
• 111012 = (1*24) + (1*23) + (1*22) + (0*21) + (1*20)
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2910
• Example 2: (142)8 = (?)10
• 1428 = (1*82) + (4*81) + (2*80)
= 64 + 32 + 2
= 9810
• Example 3: (1A5)16 = (?)10
• 1A516 = (1*162) + (A*161) + (5*160)
= 256 + (10*16) + 5
= 42110

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Numbering Conversion 3
• Other Base System to Non-Decimal
Decimal
10

Binary Octal Hexadecimal

2 8 16

1. Convert from Base system to Decimal

2. Convert from Decimal to the Non-Decimal system

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What is the equivalent value
of the number 4B16 in binary
End of Lecture!
Thanks for your Attention!

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