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Permutation and Combination - Foundation Series

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45 views39 pages

Permutation and Combination - Foundation Series

Uploaded by

sohailahmad2145
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics

Permutation and
Combination
(NCERT)
Content

Introduction

Fundamental principle of counting

Permutations

Factorial notation

Permutations when all the objects are distinct

Permutations when all the objects are not distinct

Combinations

Properties of combinatorial arguments


Introduction
Fundamental Principle of Counting

1. Principle of Multiplication

2. Principle of Addition
1. Principle of Multiplication

If an event can occur in ‘m’ different ways following which another event
could occur in ‘n’ different ways, then total number of ways of simultaneous
occurrence of both the events in a definite order is ‘m × n’.
Find the number of 4 letter words, with or without meaning, which can be
formed out of the letters of the word ROSE, where the repetition of the letters
Ans. 24 is not allowed.

Solution
2. Principle of Addition

If an event can occur in ‘m’ different ways & another event could occur in
‘n’ different ways, then total number of ways in which one of them occurs is
'𝑚 + 𝑛’.

Example
In a classroom there are 10 rows of girls & on each row 5 girls can sit.
How many girls can sit in the classroom?
Ans. 50

Solution
A coin is tossed 3 times and the outcomes are recorded. How many possible
outcomes are there?
Ans. 8

Solution
How many 2 digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
if the digits can be repeated?
Ans. 10

Solution
Permutations

A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects


taken some or all at a time.
Permutations When All the Objects are Distinct

Theorem: The number of permutations of n different objects taken 𝑟 at a


time, where 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛 and the objects do not repeat is
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1), which is denoted by 𝑛P𝑟

Permutation Arrangement
Example

1. Arranging 5 girls on 3 chairs 5•4•3


𝑛!
Number of arrangements = 𝑛 P𝑟 = 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! = 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟)

Theorem: The number of permutations of 𝑛 different objects taken 𝑟 at a


time, where repetition is allowed, is 𝑛𝑟

Example
Factorial Notation

Product of first 𝑛 natural numbers is called 𝑛! or 𝑛

Example
Evaluate: (i) 5! (ii) 7!

Ans. 120; 5040

Solution
𝑛!
Evaluate: , when 𝑛 = 5, 𝑟 = 2.
𝑟! 𝑛 − 𝑟 !

Ans. 10

Solution
Permutations When All the Objects are not Distinct

Theorem: The number of permutations of 𝑛 objects, where 𝑝 objects are


𝑛!
of the same kind and rest are all different =
𝑝!

Theorem: The number of permutations of 𝑛 objects, where 𝑝1 objects are


of one kind, 𝑝2 are of second kind, …, 𝑝𝑘 are of the kth kind and the rest, if
𝑛!
any, are of different kind is
𝑝1! 𝑝2!. . 𝑝𝑘!
Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word ALLAHABAD.

Ans. 7560

Solution
In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row
if the discs of the same colour are indistinguishable?
Ans. 1260

Solution
Combinations

Combination Selection
Number of combinations of ‘𝑟’ things out of ‘𝑛’ different things

𝑛C 𝑛 𝑛!
𝑟 = C 𝑛, 𝑟 = C =
𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
In how many ways 5 girls can occupy 3 chairs, such that each chair is
occupied by only one girl?
Ans. 60

Solution
Properties of Combinatorial Arguments

𝑛C × 𝑟! = 𝑛P 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
𝑟 𝑟,
Properties of Combinatorial Arguments

𝑛C = 𝑛C
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 , 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
Properties of Combinatorial Arguments

𝑛C = 𝑛C 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
Properties of Combinatorial Arguments

𝑛C 𝑛C 𝑛+1
𝑟 + 𝑟−1 = C𝑟 , 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
Find the value of ‘𝑛’, if 𝑛+2C𝑛 = 45. (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∪ {0})

Ans. 8

Solution
A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3
women. In how many ways this can be done? How many of these committees
Ans. 10; 6 would consist of 1 man and 2 women?

Solution
Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if
there is exactly one ace in each combination.
Ans. 778320

Solution
How many words, with or without meaning, each of 3 vowels and 2
consonants can be formed from the letters of the word INVOLUTE?
Ans. 2880

Solution
Find the number of words with or without meaning which can be made using
all the letters of the word AGAIN. If these words are written as in a dictionary,
Ans. NAAIG what will be the 50th word?

Solution
In how many ways can 5 girls and 3 boys be seated in a row so that no two
boys are together?
Ans. 14400

Solution
How many 6-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9
which are divisible by 10 and no digit is repeated?
Ans. 120

Solution
It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy
the even places. How many such arrangements are possible?
Ans. 2880

Solution
A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways
can this be done when the committee consists of:
Ans. 504; 588; 1632 (i) Exactly 3 girls?
(ii) Atleast 3 girls?
(iii) Atmost 3 girls?
Solution

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