Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Trigonometric (2)

1. Trigonometry in Standard Position

 We can evaluate primary trig rations for angles between 0° and 360° (not just
acute angles)
 We draw the angles in “standard position”

-vertex at origin
-initial arm along x-axis
-terminal arm rotates about origin
- is angle between initial and terminal arm
-r is length of terminal arm (can use Pythagorean)
- is related acute angle (write at end), always the angle
between the terminal arm and the x-axis.

The Cartesian plane is divided into four Quadrants: I, II, III, and IV.

Principal Angle: 0° ≤  ≤ 360°

Related Acute Angle: 0° ≤  ≤ 90°
Measure from the positive x-axis to
the terminal arm Measure from the closest x-axis to the
terminal arm

Positive Angle (Counter Clockwise) Negative Angle (Clockwise)

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Coterminal Angles are angles which have the same terminal sides.

In standard position, sketch a 45° and 405° angle on Cartesian plane.

Another example: 120° and

120 – 360 = -240° are
cotermianl angels.

*Simply add or subtract

360° to the original angle θ
to get coterminal angles.

If given a point on the terminal arm, you can draw a sketch on a Cartesian plane. Trig. ratios
can be determined using x, y and r rather than opposite, hypotenuse and adjacent.

ALWAYS DRAW THE PERPENDICULAR LINE SEGMENT TOWARDS THE X-

AXIS TO FORM THE TRIANGLE!!!

To calculate the r value, we can rearrange the Pythagorean Theorem to get:

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Example: Given the point P (3, -4) on the terminal arm of θ, find the all trig. ratios for θ in
standard position if 0 ˚ ≤ θ ≤ 360˚.

x = 3, y = -4

= 3 4 =5
sin θ = -4/5 cos θ = 3/5 tan θ = -4/3
csc θ = 5/-4 sec θ = 5/3 cot θ = 3/-4

2. Special Angles ( 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 )

1) Unit Circle - is a circle with a radius of one (a unit radius). In trigonometry, the unit
circle is centered at the origin.

By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have x2 + y2 = 1.

If we examine angle (in standard position) in this unit circle, we can see that

which show us that in a unit circle,

also creating

2) Quadrantal angle - is an angle that terminates on the x- or y-axis.

They are 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360°; and angles coterminal with them.

Consider sin θ at each quadrantal angle. We just saw that the value
of sin θ is the y-coordinate. Therefore at each quadrantal angle, we
have the following:

At θ = 0° / 360°, sin θ = y = 0 At θ = 90°, sin θ = y = 1

At θ = 180°, sin θ = y = 0 At θ = 270°, sin θ = y = -1

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Example 1: Find the coordinate on the unit circle if the principal angle is 30°.

3 1
cos θ = cos 30  sin θ = sin 30 
2 2

3 1
 (x, y) = ( , )
2 2

Without the restriction of θ, can you give me another angle with the same coordinate?

 30 + 360 = 390°

 All coterminal angles of 30° can be another angle.

Example 2: Find ALL angles θ where 0°≤ θ ≤ 360 ° for cos  = 0.

Solution: cos  = x in a unit circle, x = 0 when  = 90° or 270°.

3. Radians and Angle Measure

Any real number  may be interpreted as the radian measure of an angle as follows:

If   0 , think of wrapping a length  of string around the standard unit circle C in the
plane, with initial point P(1,0), and proceeding counterclockwise around the circle; do the
same if   0 , but wrap the string clockwise around the circle. This process is described
in Figure. 1 below.

Figure.1

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

If Q(x, y) is the point on the circle where the string ends, we may think of  as being an
angle by associating to it the central angle with vertex O (0, 0) and sides passing through
the points P and Q. If instead of wrapping a length s of string around the unit circle, we
decide to wrap it around a circle of radius r, the angle  (in radians) generated in the
process will satisfy the following relation:

a = r (1)

a
 or number of radians = arc length / radius
r

Observe that the length a of string gives the measure of the angle  only when r =1.

As a matter of common practice and convenience, it is useful to measure angles in

degrees, which are defined by partitioning one whole revolution into 360 equal parts,
each of which is then called one degree. In this way, one whole revolution around the unit
circle measures 2π radians and also 360 degrees (or 3600 ), that is:

3600  2 radians, or 1800   radians (2)

 180
So 10  ( ) radian and 1 radian = ( )0
180 

Each degree may be further subdivided into 60 parts, called minutes, and in turn each
minute may be subdivided into another 60 parts, called seconds:

1 degree = 60 minutes = 60’ (3)

1 minute = 60 seconds = 60’’ (4)

Example 1: Express the angle 236.3450 in Degree-Minute-Second (DMS) notation.

Solution: We use Equation (3) to convert a fraction of a degree into minutes and a
fraction of a minute into seconds:

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Therefore, .

Example 2: Express the angle 236.3450 in radians.

Solution: From Equation (2), we see that

Example 3: Express the angle 60 degrees in exact radians.

 
60 x ( ) = rad
180 3

Example 4: Express each radian measure to degree measure.

  180
a) = x = 45 o
4 4 
180
b) 2.2 = 2.2 x = 126 o


Example 5: Find the length of an arc on a circle of radius 75 inches that spans a central
angle of measure 126o.

Solution: We use Equation (1), a = r  , with r = 75 inches and

a = r = (75)(2.199) = 164.934 (to 3 decimal places)

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

4. Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle

1st Quadrant

We define the trigonometric ratios as follows:

These definitions agree with those you have
already used in dealing with right-angled triangle.

2nd Quadrant

Here x is negative, y is positive.  is obtuse and the basic angle (180° -  ) is acute.

a = 180° - 

3rd Quadrant

When the angle lies in the third quadrant, both components x and y are negative.

a =  - 180°

4th Quadrant

In this quadrant, the x component is positive, the y component is negative.

a = 360° -  .

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Connecting any angle and a basic angle are summarized in the diagram below.

C.A.S.T. Rule - tells us where the positive values are located.

Example 1: Express sin 323°, tan 98° and cos 236° in terms of the ratios of their basic
angles.

sin 323° = - sin(360° - 323°) = - sin 37°

cos 236° = cos(236° - 180°) = - cos 56°

tan 98° = tan(180° - 98°) = - tan 82°

Example 2: Given that cos  = -4/5 and 180° ≤  ≤ 270°, evaluate tan  and sin  .

Because 180° ≤  ≤ 270°,  is in the third quadrant. Draw  in standard position.

Let OQ = 4 units and OP = 5 units. By Pythagoras's theorem, PQ = 3

tan  = 3/4
sin  = -3/5

cos β = 4/5 where β is the related acute angle of  .

β = 37°
 = 180 + 37 = 217°

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Example 3: Given tan A = -½, find the values of cos A, sin A, and angle A.

Case 1: Quadrant II
Let x = -2, y = 1,  r = 5

1 5 2 2 5
sin A = = cos A =  =
5 5 5 5

To find the angle A, we must first find the related acute angle β:

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sin β = ,  β = 27°  A = 180 – 27 = 153°
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Case 2: Quadrant IV
Let x = 2, y = -1,  r = 5

A
2
1 5 2 2 5
sin A = - = - cos A = =
5 5 5 5 -1

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sin β = ,  β = 27°  A = 360 – 27 = 333°
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5. Negative Angles

In general, sin (-  ) = -sin  cos(-  ) = cos  tan(-  ) = -tan 

Example: Express the trigonometric ratios of -40° in terms of its basic angles.

The basic angle is in 4th quadrant

sin(-40°) = sin 320° = -sin (360° - 320°) = -sin 40°

cos(-40°) = cos 320° = cos (360° - 320°) = cos 40°

tan(-40°) = tan 320° = -tan (360° - 320°) = -tan 40°

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

6. Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

1) 45°
A square ABCD, is drawn, with sides of a unit length. AC, a diagonal, is drawn.

2) 60° & 30°

An equilateral triangle, ABC, of sides 2 units in length, is drawn. AD is drawn from A
perpendicular to BC.

Example: Without using a calculator, evaluate


cos
   4
a) tan + tan tan b)
4 6 3 2 11
sin tan
3 6

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Meritus Academy Math grade 11 class 6: notes

Solution:
1
1 3 2 1
a) 1   2 b)  2   2
3 1 3 1 2
 ( )
2 3

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