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Approved by AICTE
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology & Management Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade
(Autonomous Institute under VTU) 6 Programs Accredited by NBA
(CSE, ISE, ECE, EEE, MECH, CV)

First Internal Scheme of Evaluation (IAT-1)

Subject: Data Communication Subject Code: 23CSCB35
Semester: 03 Max. Marks: 50
Batch: 2024-25 Duration: 90min
Date of IAT: Teaching Department: ISE
RBT Levels: L1-Remember, L2-Understand, L3-Apply, L4-Analyze, L5-Evaluate, L6-Create

Instruction: Answer the following questions

Q Questions Mark COs RB
No s TL
1. Define Data Communication. Illustrate the fundamental characteristics of data 10 CO1 L2
communication system with a neat diagram. Summarize the components of data
communication
 Solution: Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
 Fundamental Characteristics of Data Communication.
Delivery
-- Deliver data to correct Destination.
Accuracy
Must deliver data accurately i.e. no alteration of data in transmission.
Timeliness
--Deliver data in timely manner.
Jitter
-- Refers to variation in packet arrival time.

OR
2. Explain the following terminologies: 10 CO1 L2
a) Bandwidth: refers to the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted
over a communication channel or network. It’s typically measured in bits
per second (bps) and indicates the capacity of a network link or system to
transfer data.
b)
b) Throughput is the actual rate of successful data transfer over a
communication channel, measured in bits per second (bps), like bandwidth.
Unlike bandwidth, which is the maximum potential rate, throughput reflects the
real speed achieved, accounting for network conditions, latency, and any packet
loss.
 c) Latency is the time delay between when data is sent from the sender and
when it’s received by the receiver. It’s often measured in milliseconds (ms).

Jitter is the variation in time delay (latency) of packet delivery over a network. It
measures how consistently packets arrive.

d) Baseband: A transmission technique in which data is sent over a single

channel using the entire bandwidth of the medium.

Broadband: A transmission technique that divides the communication medium

into multiple channels, allowing multiple signals or data streams to be
transmitted simultaneously. Broadband is often used for high-speed, long-
distance communication, like internet and cable TV.

e) De Facto Standard: A standard that becomes widely accepted and used due to
common practice or popularity rather than through official endorsement by a
standards organization. An example is the QWERTY keyboard layout.

De Jure Standard: A formal standard officially recognized and approved by an

accredited standards organization, such as ISO or IEEE, and enforced by legal
regulations or industry agreements. Examples include the IEEE 802.11 standard
for Wi-Fi.

3. With a neat diagram, explain the technique used in conversion of Analog Signal 10 CO3 L4
to Digital signals
Solution: explanation of the PCM modulation and delta modulation with diagram

OR
4. Analyse the principle behind protocol layering .Enumerate the functions of 10 CO3 L4
different layers of OSI model.
  OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that
describes how information from a software application in one computer
moves through a physical medium to the software application in another
computer.
 OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network
function.
 OSI model was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an architectural
model for the inter-computer communications.
 OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable
tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task.
 Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be
performed independently.
5. A) Make use of Noiseless channel? Find out maximum bit rate in the Noiseless 6 CO2 L3
channel with bandwidth of 3000HZ transmitting a signal with 2 signal level.
solution: Maximum Bit Rate=2×Bandwidth×log2(Signal Levels)
4
Given Data:

 Bandwidth = 3000 Hz
 Signal Levels = 2

Step-by-Step Calculation:

1. Substitute the values into the formula:

Maximum Bit Rate=2×3000×log⁡2(2)\text{Maximum Bit Rate} = 2 \times

3000 \times \log_2(2)Maximum Bit Rate=2×3000×log2(2)

2. Calculate log⁡2(2)\log_2(2)log2(2):

log⁡2(2)=1\log_2(2) = 1log2(2)=1

3. Substitute and solve:

Maximum Bit Rate=2×3000×1=6000 bps\text{Maximum Bit Rate} = 2 \

times 3000 \times 1 = 6000 \
 text{ bps}Maximum Bit Rate=2×3000×1=6000 bps

B) Choose the difference between port address, a logical address and physical
address
Solution:
Address Type Layer Purpose Example
Identifies
80 (HTTP), 443
Port Address Transport Layer applications/service
(HTTPS)
s on a host
Identifies devices
Logical Address Network Layer on different 192.168.1.10 (IPv4)
networks
Identifies devices
00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5
Physical Address Data Link Layer within the same
E (MAC)
local network

OR
6. A) Solve a network bandwidth of 10mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 6 CO2 L3
frames per minute. with each frame carrying an average of 10,000bits what is the
throughput of this network.
Solution:  Network Bandwidth: 10 Mbps (megabits per second) 4
 Frames per Minute: 12,000 frames
 Bits per Frame: 10,000
1)converts frames per minute to frames per seconds
12,000frames/60sec=200frames
2)calculate the total bits per seconds
200frames*10,000bits per frames=2,000,000bps.
3)convert bits to mbps
2,000,000bps/1,000,000=2Mbps.

B) Identify the characteristics of Encapsulation and Decapsulation takes place in

internet.
SOLUTION:
Basis of Encapsulation Decapsulation
Differences
OSI model Data would traverse Data would
movement from the upper layer to traverse from the
the lower layer lower layer to the
destination through upper layer in the
nodes. OSI model.
Effect on It adds a header and It removes the
Headers and trailer to the data. header and trailer
Trailers from the data.
Device It happens at the source This process
 specification computer. happens at the
destination
computer.
Sequence of This is the initial step of It is followed by
process encoding. encapsulation for
decoding.
Functionality It secures and tags the It extracts the
original data to make original existing
transmission easier data or message
7. Estimate an Analog signal has a bit rate of 8000bps and Baud rate of 10 CO5 L
1000baud. 5

Determine the number of data elements are carried by each signal elements,
and also
calculate many signals element are needed.

he relationship between bit rate (BR) and baud rate (SR) is

given by:
BR = SR LOG2 M

OR
8. Represent the sequence “010011” using Unipolar NRZ,polar NRZ,Bipolar and 10 CO5 L5
Manchester scheme.
9. Define transmission impairment .Explain the different causes of transmission 10 CO2 L2
impairment during signal transmission

Attenuation – It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with

increasing distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming resistance of
medium. This is also known as attenuated signal.

Distortion – It means changes in the form or shape of the

signal. This is generally seen in composite signals made up with
different frequencies.

Noise – The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is
called noise. There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk
noise, thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the signal.
 OR
10. Explain the block coding and scrambling in detail .with the types and examples. 10 CO2 L2
B8ZS(Bipolar with 8-zero substitution): This technique is similar to Bipolar
AMI except when eight consecutive zero-level voltages are encountered they are
replaced by the sequence, “000VB0VB”.

HDB3(High-density bipolar3-zero): In this technique, four consecutive zero-level

voltages are replaced with a sequence “000V” or “B00V”. Rules for using these
sequences:

 If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is odd, the
substitution pattern will be “000V”, this helps in maintaining a total
number of nonzero pulses even.
 If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is even, the
substitution pattern will be “B00V”. Hence even the number of nonzero
pulses is maintained again.


Course Outcomes (COs): At the end of the Course, the Student will be able to:
CO1 Understand the basics of data communication, networking, internet and their importance.
CO2 Apply the concept of flow control, error control and LAN protocols; to explain the design of, and
algorithms used in, the physical, data link layers.
CO3 Analyze the performance and efficiency of different network layer protocols and addressing
schemes
CO4 Evaluate the effectiveness of routing algorithms and protocols.
CO5 Create and simulate simple network scenarios using NS2 to demonstrate the interactions between
multiple layers