HEP HEP HOORAY!

• The Cavite mutiny- was an uprising of Filipino military

personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite.
• Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora-
were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by order of
Governor General Izquierdo. The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and
redeem his oppressed people.
• Injustice to Hero’s mother- Doña Teodora was arrested on
a malicious charge. A Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk
from Calamba to Santa Cruz, Laguna, a distance of 50
kilometers. Then, she was incarcerated at the provincial
prison for two years and a half.
OVERVIEW OF RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION
• Don Francisco sent his son Jose for further education to Manila in June 1872. Paciano
found Jose a boarding house in Intramuros though Jose later transferred to a house on
Calle Carballo in the Santa Cruz area. In the following year. Jose transferred residence
to No. 6 Calle Magallanes.
• Two years later. he became an intern (boarding student) at Ateneo and stayed there
until his graduation from the institution.
• From 1877 to 1882, Rizal studied at the University of Santo Tomas.
• He boarded in the house of a certain Concha Leyva in Intramuros,
and later in Casa Tomasina, at Calle 6, Santo Tomas, Intramuros.
• His landlord and uncle Antonio Rivera had a daughter Leonor
Rivera. who became Jose's sweetheart.
• Don Francisco sent him to study at San Juan de Letran were he passed the entrance
examination. Upon returning to Calamba, Rizal's father, changed his mind and decided
that Rizal should study at the prestigious Ateneo instead.
• JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION - trained the character of the student by rigid
discipline and religious instructions. Had strict academic standards and offered courses
that were almost like college-level classes.
• Father Magin Ferrando- was the college registrar; refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for
two reasons: (1) he was late for registration (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age.
• Manuel Xerez Burgos- because of his
intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was
reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo. He was
advised to used the second surname of the family,
“Rizal” because the surname “Mercado” came
under suspicion of Spanish authorities.
• Teaching at ateneo was unique as classes were divided into two groups that
constantly competed against each other to foster healthy competition.
⚬ The Roman Empire, comprised of interns (boarders)
⚬ The Carthaginian Empire consisted with externs(non-boarders)
• 1st year - Rizal was considered as an inferior and was
placed at the bottom of the class. But by the end of the
month, he became the emperor and received a prize: a
religious picture.

• 2nd Year - At the end of the school year, Rizal received

excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal
• 3rd Year - When rizal went back to ateneo,
his mother happily told him that she had
been released from jail, just like he had
predicted. He manages to maintain high
grades. However, he only received one medal
this school year.
• 4th Year - Rizal’s favorite teacher was Fr.
Francisco de Paula Sanchez who is a Spanish
Jesuit priest.
⚬ Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo
⚬ Rizal topped all his classmates in all
subjects and won five medals at the end
of the school term
• 5th Year - Rizal,s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all
subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits
⚬ Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
• Commencement Day - Rizal was 16 years old when received from his Alma Mater,
Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors

• Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and
sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor.
• Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine
hardwood) with his pocket knife
• Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s sculptural
talent, requested him to carve for him an image
of Sacred Heart of Jesus
• With Rizal’s graduation from the Ateneo de Manila, his father Don Francisco,
knowing that his son was gifted with the exceptional inteligence, decided to send
him for higher education in Manila. Doña Teodora was hesitant, because she had
viewed the fate of intelligent young Filipinos who questioned the Spanish
authorities in the Philippines.
• After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878).,
Father Ramon advised him to take up medicine; therefore enrolled in the Medical
course, with the hope that he could relieve Doña Teodora’s failing eyesight after he
finished the course in Opthalmology.
• His freshmen subjects were Cosmology, Metaphysics,
Theodicy and History of Philosophy.
 • While enrolled in Medicine , Rizal spared some time to study Surveying.Rizal excelled
in Surveying and won medals in subjects covering Topography and Agriculture. In
1878, he passed the final examination of the course at the age of 17. Unfortunately, he
was deprived of the title due to his minor age.
• With the help of Don Eustaquio Villablanca de Mendoza, he was awarded the title of
Surveyor and Expert Assessor on September 30, 1881

UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST

• Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was
unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (1) the Dominican
professors were hostile to him (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated
against by the Spaniards (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
• In El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and
insulted by the Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction
was.
 • After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas,
Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain.
• Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has his “secret mission” - was to
observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and
government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task
of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
• Jose Mercado - Rizal used this name; a cousin from Biñan
• May 3, 1882 - Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for
Singapore.

From Singapore to Colombo

• In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship
Djemnah, a French steamer, which left Singapore for
Europe on May 11, 1882
NAPLES AND MARSEILLES
• June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples
• Rizal was pleased on this Italian city because of its business activity, its lively people,
and its panoramic beauty

BARCELONA
• Afternoon of May 15, 1882- Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to
Spain
• Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain9s second
largest city, was unfavorable.
• Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic essay, Rizal’s first article written on
Spain’s soil; under his pen-name Laong Laan.
• Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in Madrid, the capital of
Spain
LIFE IN MADRID
• November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central
University of Madrid) in two courses - Medicine and Philosophy and Letters
• Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando- Rizal studied painting and sculpture.
• Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)- a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in Madrid in 1882
• Rizal delivered a liberal speech (Brandis Speech) –in a dinner party in honor of Juan
Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883)

• His first summer vacation - Expenses were too high for Rizal’s slender purse so that
he commented in a letter to his family: “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.”

June 21, 1884- Rizal Received the degree Licentiate in Medicine

June 19, 1885- On Rizal’s 24th birthday, he was awarded the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters with the rating of “Excellent” (Sobresaliente)
PARIS TO BERLIN (1885-1887)
• Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology - Rizal chose
this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment.

NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)

• The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money
arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister,
Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop.
• March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press

RIZAL IN ITALY
• Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City” and also called the “City of the Caesars”
• After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to the Philippines.
He had already written to his father that he was coming home
• Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the
friars, Rizal was warned by Paciano, other friends not to return home.
• Rizal was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons: (1) to
operate on his mother’s eyes (2) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by
Spanish tyrants (3) to find out for himself how Noli and his other writings were
affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines and (4) to inquire why Leonor
Rivera remained silent

• August 5, 1887 – Rizal reached Manila (via Haiphong Steamship)

• In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother, who
was almost blind. By August 8, 1887 – Rizal Restored his mother’s eyesight.
• Rizal, who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany,
treated their ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice.
• Failure to see Leonor Rivera - Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of
sojourn in Calamba.
STORM OVER THE NOLI
• Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-1888)-requesting Rizal to come to
Malacańang Palace.
• Don Jose Taviel de Andrade-a young Spanish lieutenant assigned by Governor
General Terrero to posed as bodyguard of Rizal.

The report of the faculty members of University of Santo Tomas stated that the Noli was
“heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order and anti-patriotic,
subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in
the Philippine Islands in the political order”

• The friars asked Governor General Terrero to deport him, but latter refused because
there was no valid charge against Rizal in court.
• Rizal was compelled to leave Calamba.
HONGKONG AND MACAO (1888)
• He sailed to Hong Kong through steamer “Zafiro”.
• Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time
in February 1888. He was then a full-grown man of 27 years of age, a practicing
physician, and a recognized man-of-letters
• Rizal’s experiences in Hong Kong includes: to see a Chinese New Year, to watch
Chinese theatre, to be with the Marathon Lauriat party, to observe the Dominicans in
Hong Kong, and to go to Hong Kong cemeteries.
• According to Rizal, the city of Macao is small, low, and gloomy. There are many
junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and is almost dead.

ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN (1888)

• One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the
Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half (February 28-April 13, 1888)
 • February 28, 1888- early in the morning of Tuesday, Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He
registered at the Grand Hotel.
• Rizal was favorably impressed by Japan.
• Rizal met O-Sei-San (Usui Seiko). This lady taught him different Japanese words,
acted as the hero’s tour guide.
• Later, became lovers but Rizal left her to fulfill his required travel to Spain in April
1888. Rizal quoted on his diary; “Japan has enchanted me. The beautiful scenery, the
flowers, the trees, and the inhabitants, so peaceful, so courteous, and so pleasant. O-Sei-San,
Sayonara, Sayonara!”

RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888)

• Rizal first saw the soil of United States on April 28, 1888 at San Francisco, California
through the ship Belgic but quarantined for a week because of Cholera outbreak in
Asia.
 • One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality: “America is
the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”

RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889)

• Dr. Rost called Rizal as “Una Perla de Hombre” (A Pearl of Man) because of his
perseverance in studying.
• Rizal received several bad news such as the injustices committed by the Spanish
authorities on the Filipino people and the Rizal Family.
• Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association)- a patriotic society, which
cooperate in the crusade for reforms, was inaugurated on December 31, 1888. By
unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen Honorary President.
• Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers)- Rizal’s first article which
appeared in La Solidaridad which is published on March 25, 1889, six days after he left
London for Paris.
RIZAL’S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS (1889)
• In March, 1889, it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in Paris
• Kidlat Club - Rizal organized his paisanos (compatriots) into a society.
• Indios Bravos (Brave Indians) - replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club

LIFE IN BELGIAN BRUSSELS (1890)

• Rizal also busied himself in advocating the Filipinization of its orthography as he wrote
the article “Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala” in La Solidaridad.

MISFORTUNES IN MADRID (1890-91)

• Infidelity of Leonor Rivera - Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her
marriage to an Englishman and asking his forgivefess
• Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - arose an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and M.H. del Pilar
for supremacy. Because of this, the Filipinos were divided ibto two hostile camps:
the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas.
 • the failure to get justice for his family even called on the Ministerio de U ltramar but his
pleas were not heard.
• Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna- Luna was bitter because of his frustrated romance
with Nellie Boustead.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1891)
• Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were (1) the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper
than in Brussels (2) to escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne Jacoby
• September 18, 1891- El Filibusterismo came off the press
OPHTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONG KONG (1891-1892)
• To earn a living for himself and for his family, Rizal practiced medicine
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT
• Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino families Filipino families to North Borneo
(Sabah), rich British-owned island and carve out of its virgin wildness a
“New Calamba”.
 • Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino liberties had assumed a new phase: it
must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain. “The battlefield is in the Philippines,”
he told countrymen in Europe, “There is where we should meet… There we will
help one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps.”
• June 26, 1892- Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived in Manila. In the afternoon, he went
to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the Spanish Governor General, General
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe
FOUNDING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
• Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo.
Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos.
• Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)- the motto of the Liga Filipina
• Officers of the new league - Ambrosio Salvador (President); Deodato Arellano
(Secretary); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer); and Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal)
July 3, 1892. Dr. Jose Rizal Founded La Liga Filipina
• The aims of the Liga Filipina, as embodied in the Constitution, were the following:
⚬ (1)To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body, (2)
Mutual protection in every want and necessity, (3) Defense against all violence and
injustice (4) Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce (5) Study
and application of reforms
• Supreme Council - The governing body of the league which had jurisdiction over the
whole country.
• Qualification for membership - All filipinos who have at heart the welfare of their
fatherland.
• The duties of the Liga members are as follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme
Council (2) to help in recruiting new members (3) to keep in strictest secrecy the
decisions of the Liga authorities (4) to have symbolic name which he cannot change
until he becomes president of his council (5) to report to the fiscal anything that he
may hear which affect the Liga (6) to behave well as befits a good Filipino (7) to help
fellow members in all ways
RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO
• July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of
interviews with Governor General.
• Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)- incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s
pillow cases
• Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol,
nephew and aide of Governor General Despujol.
• July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced
indignant commotion among the Filipino people.
• Reasons for Rizal’s deportation - He had published books and articles abroad which
showed disloyalty to Spain and which were “frankly anti-Catholic” and “imprudently
anti-friar”.
• July 17, 1892- July 31, 1896- Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four
years.
EXILE IN DAPITAN, 1892-1896
• Rizal lived in exile far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the
missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits.
• As physician in Dapitan- Rizal practiced Medicine in Dapitan. He had many patients,
but most of them were poor so that he even gave them free medicine.
• August 1893- Rizal’s mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him
for one year and a half. Rizal operated on his mother’s right eye.
• Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor)
COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN
• Rizal as Teacher, he wrote “Hymn to Talisay” for his pupils to sing ; Rizal as Farmer;
Rizal as Businessman; contributions to science, building a cocnology of 346 shells
representing 203 species; Linguistic studies; Inventing a cigarette lighter; and
Artistic Works such as “The Mother’s Revenge”.
Rizal at Fort Santiago Rizal built 3 houses in Dapitan
OUTBREAK OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• Andres Bonifacio- the “Great Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an armed uprising - the
secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892
• Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody
revolution because he was of sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: (1)
the people are not ready for a revolution (2) arms and funds must first be collected
before raising the cry of revolution.
• No longer an exile, Rizal had a pleasant trip from Dapitan to Manila, with delightful
stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon.
• Castilla- a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a “Guest” on board.
• Isla de Panay - A steamer which was sailing for Barcelona, Spain. Rizal was transferred
to this steamer.
• September 28, 1986- a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean
terminus of the Suez Canal), a passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be
arrested.
• October 3, 1896- The Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal, officially a prisoner
on board. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was kept
under heavy guard in his cabin for three days
• October 6, 1896- Rizal was awakened by the guards and escorted to the grim and
infamous prison-fortress named Monjuich.
• Rizal was taken aboard the Colon, which was “full of soldiers and officers and their
families.” A transport back home.
• Rizal’s formal education in the Philippines and Europe enabled him to understand the
concept of nationhood. His Jesuit-based classical education in Ateneo and the liberal
ideals he encountered in Europe fueled his nationalist sentiments.

• Traveling to Europe, Asia, and the Americas exposed Rizal to various political systems,
cultural developments, and social movements. This expanded his vision for a
Philippines that was self-governing and progressive, free from colonial rule.

• Rizal’s novels and essays became cornerstones of Filipino nationalism. By highlighting

the oppression Filipinos faced, he inspired others to resist colonial rule. His writings
provided intellectual justification for the revolution that eventually occurred.
• Even today, Rizal’s call for peaceful reform, education, and national unity resonates
with contemporary struggles. His life is a reminder that change can come from
education and intellectual empowerment.

• Rizal believed the youth were the hope of the nation. His message remains relevant, as
today’s youth continue to drive social change, advocating for education, climate action,
and human rights.

• Rizal’s ideas laid the groundwork for the national identity that Filipinos cherish today.
His belief in the importance of self-determination and civic responsibility continues to
influence political and social movements in the Philippines.
 Dr. José Rizal's education and travels were instrumental in shaping his identity as a
nationalist and reformist. His experiences at Ateneo and UST provided him with a solid
academic foundation, while his time in Europe exposed him to progressive ideas and the
realities of colonial oppression. Rizal's writings, influenced by his education and travels,
became powerful tools for advocating change and inspiring future generations.
Ultimately, Rizal's journey reflects the importance of education, critical thinking, and civic
engagement in the pursuit of social justice and national identity. His legacy continues to
resonate in the Philippines, serving as a reminder of the power of knowledge and the
enduring struggle for freedom and equality.