MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN → List is ordered and it follows a certain kind of

pattern that is recognized in order to see the

WORLD expanse.

PATTERN
PRACTICE

1. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
2. -4, 0, 4, 8
PATTERN
3. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
→ Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms
or designs. We see patterns every day – from the
TYPES OF SEQUENCE
layout of floor tiles, designs of skyscrapers, to the way
we tie our shoelaces.  ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
→ A designed in which lines, shapes, or forms are → The difference between consecutive
repeated. terms is always the same (called the
→ Undergoes various stages or processes. "common difference").

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
 There is a pattern in creating a human being in o 2, 5, 8, 11, 14
a sense that it undergoes different processes
such as courtship, marriage, and sexual
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
intercourse. Pattern is involved in creating a
→ Each term is found by multiplying the
human being because it undergoes various
previous term by a constant (called
stages.
the "common ratio").

EXAMPLE:
SEQUENCE o 3, 6, 12, 24, 48

→ Sequence refers to an ordered list of numbers  HARMONIC SEQUENCE

called terms. → The terms are the reciprocals of an
arithmetic sequence.
 EXAMPLE:
1 1 1 1
o 1, , , ,
2 3 4 5

 FIBONICCI SEQUENCE
→ Each term is the sum of the two
preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1.
EXAMPLE:
o 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
  The quotient of a number and 5 is less than or
equal to 2.
x
 ≤2
5

 Half of a number plus 7 is greater than 20.

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN 
x
+ 7 > 20
2
WORLD

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

SENTENCE

LANGUAGE → Group of words that is composed of phrases.

→ Has a complete thought.
→ Language is a systematic way of communication
with other people use of sounds or conventions
symbols. PHRASES

EXAMPLES: → Does not complete a thought.

 Twice the sum of x and y is equal to four. → A brief expression.
 (x+y) (2) = 4

 Three times a number decreased by 4 is equal

to 15.
 3x-4=15

 The square of a number is 49.

 x 2=49
 NATURAL NUMBER

→ Natural numbers are the numbers we use for

counting things. They start from 1 and go on
forever.

EXAMPLE:
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
 A natural number less than 5
N = {1, 2, 3, 4)
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
A
WORLD RATIONAL NUMBER (RATIO)
B

SET → A rational number is any number that can be

written as a fraction of two integers (where the
denominator is not zero).

SET EXAMPLE:
3 1 6
 1, 2, , , , 7
→ A set is a many that allows itself to be thought of as a 4 2 2
one. 1
 , 3, −5, 0.75
→ Sets are represented as a collection of well-defined 2
objects or elements and it does not change from
person to person. A set is represented by a
IRRATIONAL NUMBER
capital letter. The number of elements in the finite
set is known as the cardinal number of a set.
→ An irrational number cannot be written as a simple
→ Does not refer to many objects.
fraction; it has a non-repeating, non-
→ An object can be considered as a set.
terminating decimal form.
→ Separate itself from the others.
→ Collection of objects.
EXAMPLE:
→ Starts with empty set.
 π , √ 3, √ 5 , √ 7
 PRIME NUMBER

COUNTING NUMBER → A prime number is a number greater than 1 that

can only be divided by 1 and itself, with no
→ Counting numbers are the same as natural other divisors.
numbers.
→ All are natural numbers. EXAMPLE:
→ Starts from zero.  2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43,
47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97...
EXAMPLE:
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
COMPOSITE NUMBER

NON-TERMINATING → A composite number is a number greater than 1

that has more than two divisors (it can be
→ A non-terminating number is a decimal that goes divided by numbers other than 1 and itself).
on forever without stopping.
→ Preceding numbers can be repeated. EXAMPLE:
 4 (divisible by 1, 2, and 4), 6 (divisible by 1, 2, 3,
EXAMPLE: and 6)
 0.3333....
 1.2867788627777...

LET’S SET AN EXAMPLE:

NON-REPEATING
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ A non-repeating number is a decimal that goes on
forever but never forms a repeating pattern. Since a set is usually represented by the capital letter.
Thus, A is the set and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are the elements of the
EXAMPLE: set or members of the set. The elements that are written in
 3.14159... the set can be in any order but cannot be repeated. All the
 1.62345789 set elements are represented in small letter in case of
alphabets.
 Also, we can write it as 1 ∈ A, 2 ∈ A etc. The cardinal
number of the set is 5. Some commonly used sets are as  ROSTER FORM
follows: N: Set of all natural numbers Z: Set of all integers Q: → In Roster form, all the elements of a set
Set of all rational numbers R: Set of all real numbers Z+: Set are listed. For example, the set of natural
of all positive integers numbers less than 5. Natural Number = 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8…. Natural Number less
than 5 = 1, 2, 3, 4. Therefore, the set is N
= {1, 2, 3, 4}
ORDERS OF SETS
 SET BUILDER NOTATION
→ The order of a set defines the number of elements → The general form is, A = {x :
a set is having. It describes the size of a set. The property }
order of set is also known as the cardinality.
→ The size of set whether it is a finite set or an EXAMPLE:
infinite set, said to be set of finite order or o Write the following sets in set
infinite order, respectively. builder form: A={2, 4, 6, 8}
Solution: 2 = 2 x 1 4 = 2 x 2 6 = 2 x
REPRESENTATION OF SETS

is A = {x: x=2n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤

3 8 = 2 x 4 So, the set builder form
→ The sets are represented in curly braces, {}. For
example, {2,3,4} or {a, b, c} or {Bat, Ball, Wickets}. 4}
The elements in the sets are depicted in either the
Statement form, Roster Form or Set Builder
Form.
HOW TO WRITE SET USING THE THREE
REPRESENTATIONS OF SETS
 STATEMENT/DESCRIPTIVE FORM
→ In statement form, the well-defined EXAMPLE 1:
descriptions of a member of a set are
written and enclosed in the curly o A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
brackets. For example, the set of even
o A = {x ∣ x ∈ N, x <10} (A is a set of all x such that x is
o A = {A is a set of all natural numbers less than 10}
numbers less than 15. In statement form,
it can be written as {even numbers a natural number and x is less than 10)
less than 15}.
EXAMPLE 2:
o INFINITE SET
o B = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20} → A set which is not finite is called an infinite set.

o B = {x ∣ x is an even number and 1< x <20} (B is the

o B = {B is a set of even numbers between 1 and 20} → Example: A set of all natural numbers. A =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9……}
set of all x such that x is an even number and xxx is
greater than 1 and less than 20.) o EQUIVALENT SET
→ If the number of elements is the same for
two different sets, then they are called
TYPES OF SETS equivalent sets. The order of sets does not
matter here. It is represented as: n(A) = n(B)
o EMPTY SET where A and B are two different sets with the
→ A set which does not contain any element is same number of elements.
called an empty set or void set or null set. It is → Same equivalent number of elements.
denoted by {} (empty set) or Ø (null set). → Example: If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {Red, Blue,
→ A set of apples in the basket of grapes is an Green, Black} In set A, there are four elements
example of an empty set because in a grapes and in set B also there are four elements.
basket there are no apples present. Therefore, set A and set B are equivalent.
→ Is a set without an element at all. → Example: A = {-1, -2, -5}, B = {-1, -6, -9}
→ Also known as null set.
o EQUAL SET
o SINGLETON SET → The two sets A and B are said to be equal if
→ Singleton Set is a set which contains a single they have exactly the same elements, the
element is called a singleton set. order of elements does not matter.
→ Example: There is only one apple in a basket of → Same number of elements being used.
grapes. → Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1} A = B

o FINITE SET o DISJOINT SET

→ Finite set A set which consists of a definite → The two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if
number of elements is called a finite set. the set does not contain any common
→ Example: A set of natural numbers up to 10. A = element.
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} → Does not contain the same element.
 → Example: Set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = MATHEMATICAL REASONING: INDUCTIVE
{5,6,7,8} are disjoint sets, because there is no
common element between them.
REASONING AND DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
SUBSET

→ A part of set.
REASONING
EXAMPLE:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → Refers to the process of drawing logical
B = {2,4} conclusions from premises or known facts.
B⊆A

INDUCTIVE REASONING

→ It is the process of reaching a general conclusion

by examining specific examples.
→ The conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning is often called a conjecture, since it
may or may not be correct.

EXAMPLE:
 Every sports car I have ever seen is red. Thus,
all sports cars are red.
 The coin I pulled from the bag is a 5-peso coin.
Another 5-peso coin is drawn from the bag. A
third coin from the bag is again a 5-peso coin.
Therefore, all the coins in the bag are 5-peso
coins.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN DEDUCTIVE REASONING
WORLD
→ It is the process of reaching a conclusion by
applying general assumptions, procedures, or
principles.
→ Deduction starts out with a general statement, or
hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific, logical conclusion.

EXAMPLES:
 All men are mortal. Kahwi is a man. Therefore,
Kahwi is mortal.
 Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent. Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle
DEF. Angle B and angle E are corresponding
angles. Thus, angle B is congruent to angle E.