1.

Liên từ được chia làm 3 loại:

• Liên từ kết hợp (Coordinating Conjunctions)

• Liên từ tương quan (Correlative Conjunctions)

• Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating Conjunctions)

2. Liên từ kế hợp: These join elements of equal importance.

Liên từ kết hợp Ví dụ

- FOR: is used to explain the reason or cause of

something. It’s similar to "because." • I do morning exercise every day, for I
want to keep fit.
+ Lưu ý: Khi hoạt động như một liên từ, for chỉ
đứng ở giữa câu, sau for phải sử dụng một mệnh đề
và trước for phải có dấu phẩy (,)

- AND: is used to add or combine ideas of similar • I do morning exercise every day to keep
importance fit and relax.

• I don’t like listening to

- NOR: is used to add a negative idea to an already
music nor playing sports. I’m just keen
negative statement. It often follows "neither."
on reading.

- BUT: is used to introduce a contrast or an

• He works quickly but accurately.
exception.

- OR: presents a choice or alternative between

• You can play games or watch TV.
ideas.

- YET: is used to show contrast, similar to "but," • I took a book with me on my

but with a sense of surprise or unexpected result. holiday, yet I didn’t read a single page.

• I’ve started dating one soccer

- SO: shows the result or consequence of player, so now I can watch the game
something. each week.

Mẹo giúp nhớ các liên từ kết hợp:

 • FANBOYS (F – for, A – and, N – nor, B – but, O – or, Y – yet, S – so)

• If the conjunction is connecting single words or short phrases, a comma is usually

unnecessary.

2. Liên từ tương quan (Correlative Conjunctions)

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to join words, phrases, or clauses
that are of equal importance in a sentence. They function similarly to coordinating conjunctions but
are used in pairs to create a stronger relationship between ideas.

Liên từ tương quan Ví dụ

- EITHER … OR: This pair is used to present two • I want either the pizza or the
options or choices: hoặc là cái này, hoặc là cái kia. sandwich.

- NEITHER … NOR: This pair is used to present two • I want neither the pizza nor the
negative options, meaning that neither of the choices sandwich. I’ll just need some biscuits.
is valid or true: không cái này cũng không cái kia.

• I want both the pizza and the

- BOTH … AND: This pair is used to link two things
sandwich. I’m very hungry now.
that are equally true or important: cả cái này lẫn cả
Tôi muốn cả pizza lẫn bánh
cái kia.
sandwich. Bây giờ tôi đang rất đói.

- NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO: This pair emphasizes

that two ideas are both true or relevant, often adding • I’ll eat them both: not only the
a sense of surprise or emphasis: không những cái này pizza but also the sandwich
mà cả cái kia

- WHETHER … OR: This pair is used to present • I didn’t know whether you’d want the
alternative conditions or possibilities: liệu cái này pizza or the sandwich, so I got you
hay cái kia. both.

- AS …AS: dùng để so sánh ngang bằng: bằng, như (

• Bowling isn’t as fun as soccer.
chủ điểm ngữ pháp riêng)

- SCARECELY … WHEN / NO SOONER … • I had scarcely walked in the

THAN: are used to show that one event happened door when I got the call and had to
immediately after another: ngay khi run right to my office.
- "[subject] + had + Scarcely + past participle + The concert had no sooner begun than it
when + [subject] + simple past" started raining

- "[subject] + had + no sooner + past participle...

than + [subject] + simple past" CHỈ ĐỌC Commented [i-[1]: ĐỌC THÔI KHÔNG HỌC THUỘC

• She’d rather play the

- RATHER … THAN : is used to indicate a
drums than sing.
preference for: hơn là, thay vì
Cô ấy thích chơi trống hơn là hát.

3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating Conjunctions)

Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect an independent clause (a complete sentence)
with a dependent (or subordinate) clause, which cannot stand alone. Subordinating conjunctions
show relationships like time, cause, condition, contrast, and purpose between the two clauses.

a. ALTHOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/THOUGH + CLAUSE (S + V), CLAUSE (S + V)

= IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + CỤM DANH TỪ/V-ING, CLAUSE (S + V)

* Cách đổi từ "although/even though/ though" sang "in spite of/despite" và ngược lại

- Change the clause that follows the conjunction into a noun phrase or a gerund (verb + -ing) form.

- Nếu hai mệnh đề của "although/even though/ though" mà đồng chủ ngữ thì sau "in spite of/
despite" là V-ing.

+ Although he got up early, he was late for the first train = In spite of getting up early, he
was late for the first train.

- Nếu hai mệnh đề của "although/even though/ though" mà không đồng chủ ngữ thì sau "in spite
of/despite" là cụm danh từ.

+ Although her grades are bad, she will be admitted to the university = Despite her bad
grades, she will be admitted to the university

+ Cụm danh từ = a/an/the/my/his/ her/ your/ our/ their/ its + (adv) + (adj) + N

+ Trong một số trường hợp ta có thể dùng "in spite of/despite + the fact that + clause, clause"

b. BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( S+ V) , CLAUSE ( S+ V)

= BECAUSE OF + CỤM DANH TỪ/ V-ING, CLAUSE ( S+ V)

VD: + Because the road (S) was (V) icy, many accidents (S) happened (V). do câu không đồng
chủ ngữ => sau because of cụm danh từ
= Because of the icy road (N), many accidents happened.

+ Because she (S) was (V) angry, she (S) lost her temper and hurt his feeline (V). ). do câu
đồng chủ ngữ => sau because of V-ing

= Because of being (V-ing) angry, she lost her temper and hurt his feeling.

c. SUCH + A + [ADJECTIVE] + [NOUN] + THAT = SO +

[ADJECTIVE/ADVERB] + THAT

VD: The water is so hot that I can't drink it. = It is such hot water that I can't drink it.

- Ngoài công thức trên, ta còn có công thức:

S + V + SO + MANY /MUCH + N + THAT + CLAUSE = S + V + SUCH + A LOT OF + N +

THAT + CLAUSE

d. S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR SB) + TO V: quá cho ai đó để làm gì

e. S + V + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR SB) + TO V: đủ cho ai đó đê làm gì

+ Các biến đổi giữa cấu trúc TOO VÀ ENOUGH: Thêm not vào động từ is => (is not) và dùng
tính từ trái nghĩa với tính từ đề cho ( clean => dirty)

Ví dụ: + The sea is too dirty for us to swim => The sea isn't clean enough for us to swim

+ He run fast enough to win => He doesn’t too slow to win

f. S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR SB) + TO V = S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV +

THAT + S + CAN'T/COULDN'T + V + O

Ví dụ: The weather was too awful for us to go on a picnic.  The weather was so awful that we
couldn't go on a picnic.

He is too intelligent to solve all the problems.  He is so intelligent that he can solve all the
problems.

*Việc sử dụng can/ could/ cannot/ couldn’t tùy thuộc vào nghĩa của câu