10

Music
Quarter 2 – Module
1: Afro-Latin
American and
Popular Music

CO_Q2_Music7_Module
 What I Need to Know

This module provides you the foundation of music of the Afro-Latin America.
In your journey through the discussions and different tasks, you are expected to:

1. describe the historical and cultural background of Afro-Latin American and

Popular Music (MU10AP-IIa-g-2);
2. analyze musical characteristics of Afro-Latin American and Popular Music
through listening activities (MU10AP-IIa-h-5);
3. explore ways of creating sounds on a variety of sources suitable to chosen
vocal and instrumental selections (MU10AP-IIa-7);
4. perform selections of Afro-Latin American and Popular Music in appropriate
pitch, rhythm, style and expression (MU10AP-IIa-h-6); and
5. evaluate music and music performances using guided rubrics (MU10AP-IIa-h-
10).

The module is divided into 2 lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Music of Africa
 Lesson 2 – Music of Latin America

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 What I Know

Read the statements carefully and identify what are being described.
Choose the letter that represents your best answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a single tube closed at one end and blown like a bottle to produce sound.
a. Fulani
b. Lute
c. Mbira
d. Talking Drum

2. The following statements describe Spiritual Music except .

a. It is also known as “Negro Spiritual”
b. It is a way of imparting Christian Values
c. It is a way of venting the hardships of slaves.
d. Its melodies are expressive and soulful.

3. It is likened to a question and answer sequence in human communication.

a. Blues
b. Call and response
c. Soul
d. Spiritual

4. It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up

the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan.
a. Apala
b. Axe
c. Jit
d. Juju

5. What do Talking Drum and Djembe have in common?

a. They are both chordophones.
b. They are both membranophones.
c. They are both idiophones.
d. None of the Above

6. It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and

drum downbeat and the offbeat rhythm section.
a. Reggae
b. Salsa
c. Samba
d. Bossa Nova

7. African traditional music is used primarily during .

a. Birth
b. Death
c. Marriage
d. All of the above

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8. The term used to describe the fusion of West African with Black
American music is .
a. Afrobeat
b. Axe
c. Jive
d. Kwassa Kwassa

9. It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba and it has a normal count of

“two- three-chachacha” and “four and one, two, three.”
a. Cha cha
b. Cumbia
c. Rumba
d. Tango

10. The best known proponent of Reggae is .

a. Bob Marley
b. Peter Tosh
c. Dennis Brown
d. Jimmy Cliff

11. It is the English term of Paso Doble.

a. Duo Dance
b. Double Step
c. Pass Dance
d. Two Step

12. Who is the best known Bossa Nova singer in the Philippines?
a. Charice Pempengco
b. KZ Tandingan
c. Sarah Geronimo
d. Sitti Navarro

13. From what part of Kudu is the Kudu Horn made of?
a. Kudu Skull
b. Kudu Bones
c. Kudu Skin
d. Kudu Antelope

14. It is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico.
a. Cha cha
b. Jive
c. Salsa
d. Samba

15. Which of the following is not a major influence of the music of Latin America?
a. African
b. Indigenous
c. Italian
d. Spanish-Portuguese

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 Lesson

Music of Africa
1
What’s In

Our lessons during the First Quarter gave us a better understanding of the
Music of the 20th century. This era helped shape music into what it is today.
Before we proceed to the lessons for the Second Quarter, let us test what you
have learned! Can you identify the musical styles of the following musicians
during the 20th Century Music?
1. John Cage
2. Claude Debussy
3. Arnold Schoenberg
4. Edgard Varèse
5. Igor Stravinsky

Note to the Teacher

Please check the answers of the learner. If all answers are correct,
the learner will proceed to the next part of this module. Otherwise,
assist the learner to recall facts about the abovementioned periods
for better understanding of the next lessons.

“Music is the greatest unifier, an incredible force. Something that people

who differ on everything and anything else can have in common.” – Sarah
Dessen, Just Listen. United States: Viking, 2006.

This quote speaks of the way Africans consider music because they
believe that music serves as a link of the actual world with that of the spiritual
world. Music is indeed a vital part of everyday life in Africa. You will get to know
more about it as you continue your journey through the Afro-Latin American
Music and how it has developed into the music of the dances we now enjoy. Let
us discover different types of indigenous music and instruments and observe
their distinct characteristics and styles.
Are you ready to explore the music of Africa and Latin America?

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 What’s New

Before you dive in to the exciting lessons of African Music, listen to Track
# 1 from the accompanying CD or access it through this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa2Ud9GBqKI. While listening, try to answer
the following questions:
1. What scenario can you imagine while listening to the music?
2. Can you name some instruments that you can hear from the music?
3. What can you say about the vocal productions of African singers?

What is It

You might know the continent of Africa as a place with jungles, desserts,
wild animals, and is blazingly hot but this area of the planet is actually some of
the oldest in history. The first known species of man was excavated from this
region. Its music is also some of the earliest in time. Music has been a vital part
of the lives of Africans. It was primarily performed during rituals in the
monumental parts of their lives like birth, marriage, death and war. Music was
usually performed with dancing as a part of gatherings whether it is social or
political.
African music is one of the most influential styles of music in the world. It
has greatly influenced the music of Contemporary America, Latin America and
European music. Its highly energetic and rhythmically challenging beats are
quite universal. Jazz, Gospel and Spiritual, and RnB are genres of music that have
deep roots to African music.
The music of Africa is the product of the diverse history, topography, and
unique musical heritage of more than 50 countries. It is the result of the fusion of
traditional and European influences which was a result of the colonization of
Europe to the majority of the continent until the 19th Century.

TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

African traditional music is mainly functional in nature which is used
primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship,
and spirit invocations. Others are work related or social in nature, while many
traditional societies view their music as a form of entertainment.
Some Types of African Music

1. Afrobeat – It is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with Black
American music.

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2. Apala (Akpala) - It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style
to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of
Ramadan.
3. Axe - It is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses
the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha, reggae, and calypso.
4. Jit - It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on
drums with guitar accompaniment influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.
5. Jive - It is a popular form of South African music featuring a lively and
uninhibited variation of the jitterbug, a form of swing dance.
6. Juju - It is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional
Yoruba rhythms. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are
used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or squeeze drum).
7. Kwassa Kwassa – It is a music style that begun in Zaire in the late 1980’s
popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the hips move back
and forth while the arms move following the hips.
8. Marabi – It is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-
1960s which evolved into African Jazz. It is characterized by simple chords in
varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period of
time.

Play the following tracks from the accompanying CD and listen to the different
types of African Music. You can also access the links that are provided.

1. Afrobeat: Track 2 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPSm_-A-6Fc)

2. Apala: Track 3 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lswSQuBPaJk)
3. Axe: Track 4 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBiEkKr9S0g)
4. Jit: Track 5 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY_dtQLwh-k)
5. Jive: Track 6 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XScAPkZLXWo)
6. Juju: Track 7 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC0Tw4PmarA)
7. Kwassa Kwassa: Track 8
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5DmV8yhShs)
8. Marabi: Track 9 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NznMBXbDSkI)

VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

1. Maracatu – It is the combination of strong rhythms of African percussion
instruments and Portuguese melodies. This form of music is being paraded
along the streets by up to 100 participants.
2. Blues – It is one of the most widely performed musical forms of the late 19th
century. The melodies of blues are expressive and soulful. The slaves and
their descendants used to sing these as they work in the fields.
3. Soul – It is a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s which originated
in the African American community throughout the United States. It
combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and
often jazz.
4. Spiritual – It originated in the Unites States and created by African-
American slaves. It is also known as “Negro Spiritual”. It became a means of
imparting Christian values and a way of venting their hardships as slaves.
5. Call and Response – It is likened to a question and answer sequence in
human communication. The slaves used to sing these songs while
simultaneously doing all their tasks in a day.

Listen to the Vocal Forms of African by playing the following tracks from the
accompanying CD. You can also access the links that are provided.

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1. Maracatu: Track 10 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTO3-5itQPI)

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 2. Blues: Track 11 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZTai3DxMXM)
3. Soul: Track 12 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEu8DrO9PbY)
4. Spiritual: Track 13 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-zlSq4mWiE)
5. Call and Response: Track 14
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4MwQcm4eH18)

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA

African music has a very wide range of genres. It includes all the major
instrumental genres of western music including strings, winds, and percussion,
along with a tremendous variety of specific African musical instruments for solo
or ensemble playing. Get ready to learn their most popular instruments!

Classification of Traditional African Instruments

A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the body of the instrument vibrating.

1. Agogo - It is a single bell or multiple bells and is considered as

the oldest samba instrument based on West African Yoruba single or
double bells. It has the highest pitch of any of the bateria
instruments.

2. Shekere – It is a type of gourd and shell megaphone from West

Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with beads woven into a net
covering the gourd.

3. Slit/Log drum – It is a hollow percussion instrument. Although

known as a drum, it is not a true drum but is an idiophone. It is
usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood into a box with
one or more slits in the top.

4. Atingting Kon (Slit Gong) – It is a hollowed cylinder of wood

with a narrow longitudinal opening or slit whose edges are struck to
produce a deep, sonorous tone. They are considered to be portraits
of ancestors so that when played, it is the voices of awakened
ancestors which resonate from their interior chamber.

5. Balafon – It is a kind of wooden xylophone or percussion

idiophone which plays melodic tunes. It has been played in the
region since the 1300s. In the 16 th century, it became a real art at
the royal court of Sikasso/ Mali and was flourishing under the reign
of a generous king.

1. Video # 1 (Agogo): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvTc4yzxDqM

2. Video # 2 (Shekere): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmJm91UPGfs
3. Video # 3 (Slit/Log Drum):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0J8sLgXmA
4. Video # 4 (Atingting Kon):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg9ZJVd2He8
5. Video # 5 (Balafon): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXXhp_bZvck

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B. Membranophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a tightly
stretched membrane.

1. Body percussion - It refers to African music using their bodies

as instruments. Their body can be used to produce sound by
clapping their hands, slapping their thighs, pounding their upper
arms or chests, or shuffling their feet. Wearing of rattles or bells on
their
wrists, ankles, arms, and waists enhances their emotional response.
2. Talking drum – It is used to send messages to announce births,
deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiations or war. It is
believed that the drums can carry direct messages to the spirits
after the death of a loved one.

3. Djembe - The West African djembe (pronounced zhem-bay) is

one of the best-known African drums. It is shaped like a large goblet
and played with bare hands. The body is carved from a hollowed
trunk and is covered with goat skin.

Follow the link of the following videos and watch how these instruments are played:

 Video # 6 (Body Percussion):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3LgD3zC7AU
 Video # 7 (Talking Drum): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=furpwYD-yr0
 Video # 8 (Djembe) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMs3LTtgwY8

C. Lamellaphone – Sound is produced by the vibration of tongues of metal,

wood or other material.

1. Mbira (Kalimba/ Thumb Piano) – It is a set of plucked tines or

keys mounted on a sound board. It is being played by holding the
instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs.
They used this instrument to drive away evil spirits since it is
believed that it was a vector of communication with ancestors and
spirits.

2. Array Mbira – It is a hand-crafted instrument with a unique harp

or bell-like sound. It is a popular traditional instrument of the Shona
people in Zimbabwe. It is a radical redesign of the African Mbira and
it consists of up to 150 metal tines attached to a wooden board,
comprising up to five octaves.

Access the following links and see how these instruments are being played:
 Video # 9 (Mbira): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64VPieeGgd4
 Video # 10 (Array Mbira): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FevpajAxj4c

D. Chordophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a string or strings

that are stretched between fixed points.

1. Musical bow - The Musical bow is the ancestor of all string

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instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most widely-used
string

10 CO_Q2_Music10_Module1
instruments of Africa. It consists of a single string attached to each end of a
curved stick, similar to a bow and arrow.

2. Zeze - The Zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small

wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. It has one or two strings,
made of steel or bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-Saharan Africa.

Follow the link to these two videos and see how these instruments are being
played:

 Video # 11 (Musical Bow):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e12MUnOU5YI
 Video # 12 (Zeze): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xMWLpte33c

E. Aerophones – Sound is produced through the vibration of air.

1. Fulani – It is a type of flute which is widely used throughout

Africa and either vertical or side-blown. They are usually fashioned
from a single tube closed at one end and blown like a bottle.

2. Kudu Horn – It is made from the horn of the kudu antelope. Its
sound releases a mellow and warm sound that adds a unique
African accent to their music.

Follow the link of these two videos and see how these instruments are being played:

 Video # 13 (Fulani): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jAdY7Dko2g

 Video # 14 (Kudu Horn): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejgVnsyEbaQ

What’s More

Directions. Complete the table below. Classify the instruments according to

their classification of sounds (Aerophone, Chordophone, Idiophone,
Lamellaphone or Membranophone) and describe the most distinct feature of
each instrument. Copy and answer the table below on a sheet of paper.

Instruments Classification Most Distinct Feature

1. Mbira
2. Body Percussion
3. Zeze
4. Kudu Horn
5. Shekere

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 What I Have Learned

Directions. Let us check how much you have learned about the music of Africa by
completing the sentences below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. African music can be characterized by

2. By listening to the different types of music of Africa, I realized that

3. Music became a valuable part in the lives of the African most especially
the slaves because

4. The most distinctive feature of all African musical instruments is

5. My learning about the music of Africa is important because

What I Can Do

Body Percussion Music Performance

Guidelines in making your improvised instrument:

1. Choose one folk song in your locality. Sing it along with your own “Body
Percussion” music. In body percussion, you can use your body to produce
sounds by clapping your hands, slapping your thighs, pounding your upper
arms or chests, or shuffling your feet. Wearing of any sound-making
materials on your wrists, ankles, arms, and waist is highly encouraged.
2. Be artistic and creative as you can be! You may also include your family in
your performance if you wish to have more sounds.

12 CO_Q2_Music10_Module1
 3. After mastering it, take a video of yourself. Please note that having your
costume or attire can make you visually better.
4. Upload your video performance to the Google Drive link that your teacher
will provide. If online submission or the use of gadgets is not possible, you
may submit your outputs through the intended drop box in your barangay.

Your performance will be evaluated based on the following criteria:

CRITERIA Very Good Good Fair Poor

(4 points) (3 (2 (1
points) points) point)
All of the Majority of Some of None of the
Instructions instructions the the instructions
were followed. instructions instructions were followed.
were followed. were followed.
Performs Performs Performs with Performs
with great with some energy, with little
Performanc amount of adequate focus, energy,
e energy, energy, intensity and focus,
focus, focus, confidence intensity and
intensity intensity and confidence
and confidence
conviction.
The The The The
performance performance performance performanc
Style/
is very clear is generally is fairly e is not
Interpretatio
and clear and executed with clear and
n
perfectly properly some not well
executed. executed. inconsistencies. executed.
Creates Creates Creates Lacks
highly effective acceptabl body
Body effective body e body percussion
Percussio and percussion percussion music.
n innovative music. music.
body
percussion
music.

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