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HW 02

Real Analysis

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15 views2 pages

HW 02

Real Analysis

Uploaded by

Rethabile
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WTW220 HOMEWORK 02

Homework Problem 1. The ordered field axioms


Write down the list of ordered field axioms for R. Label each axiom.

Homework Problem 2. The field axioms and identities from the field axioms
Prove each of the following using the field axioms. At each step, state exactly which axiom or previously
proved result is used.

(1) For all x, y, z ∈ R, we have x + z = y + z if and only if x = y. [Hint: Keep in mind that addition
(·) + (·) : R × R → R and multiplication (·).(·) : R × R → R are functions, so the output of equal inputs
are equal].

(2) For all x ∈ R, 0.x = 0. [Hint: Apply 0 + 0 = 0. Distribute x and apply (1)].

(3) For all x ∈ R, (−1).x + x = 0. [Hint: Apply the existence of the multiplicative identity, factor, and use
the definition of the additive inverse and (2)].

(4) For all x ∈ R, (−1).x = (−x). [Hint: Apply (1) and (3)].

(5) For all x ∈ R, −(−x) + (−x) = 0. [Hint: There’s an axiom for that].

(6) For all x ∈ R, −(−x) = x. [Hint: Apply (1) and (5)].

(7) (−1).(−1) = 1. [Hint: Apply (6) and (4)].

OK. We see that we can prove the ‘obvious primary school identities’ from the ordered field axioms. From
now on, unless explicitly stated, we will be less anal in that we will permit ourselves to use the ‘obvious primary
school identities’ without proving them.

Homework Problem 3. Inequalities


Prove each of the following using the ordered field axioms. At each step, state exactly which axiom or
previously proved result is used. We pretend that this is not already part of our DNA.

(1) For every x ∈ R, if x > 0, then −x < 0.

(2) For every x, y, z ∈ R, if z > 0 and x < y, then xz < yz. [Hint: y − x > 0].

(3) For every x, y, z ∈ R, if z < 0 and x < y, then yz < xz. [Hint: −z > 0].

(4) For every x, if x ̸= 0 then x.x > 0. [Hint: Proceed by cases: x > 0 or x < 0. Use (−x) = (−1).x and
(−1)(−1) = 1.]

(5) 1 > 0. [Hint: Apply (4)].

(6) For every x ∈ R, if 0 < x then 0 < x1 . [Hint: By (?), we have ( x1 )( x1 ) > 0].
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WTW220 HOMEWORK 02 2

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(7) (Inverse is stricly decreasing) For every x, y ∈ R, if 0 < x < y then 0 < y < x. [Hint: Multiply with
( x1 )( y1 )].

OK. We see that we can prove the ‘obvious primary school inequalities’ from the ordered field axioms as well.
From now on, unless explicitly stated, we will be less anal in that we will permit ourselves to use the ‘obvious
primary school inequalities’ without proving them.

Homework Problem 4. Absolute value


(1) Write down the definition of the absolute value on R.

(2) Prove: For every a, b ∈ R, show that, |ab| = |a||b|. [Hint: Split into four cases].

(3) Prove: For every a ∈ R, show that, 0 ≤ |a|. [Hint: Split into cases a ≥ 0 and a < 0].

(4) Prove: For every a ∈ R, that, a ≤ |a|. [Hint: Split into cases. Remember that a ≥ a].

(5) Prove: For every a ∈ R, that, −a ≤ |a|. [Hint: Split into cases].

(6) Prove: For every a, b ∈ R, if −b ≤ a and b ≤ a, then |b| ≤ a. [Hint: Split into cases b ≥ 0 and b < 0].

(7) Prove: For every a ∈ R and b ∈ R with b ≥ 0, that, if |a| ≤ b, then −b ≤ a ≤ b. [Hint: Split into cases
a ≥ 0 and a < 0].

(8) Prove: For every a ∈ R and b ∈ R with b ≥ 0, that, if −b ≤ a ≤ b then |a| ≤ b. [Hint: Split into cases
a ≥ 0 and a < 0].

(9) (Triangle Inequality) Prove: For every a, b ∈ R, |a+b| ≤ |a|+|b|. [Hint: −|a| ≤ a ≤ |a| and −|b| ≤ b ≤ |b|,
why? Add.].

(10) (Reverse Triangle Inequality) Prove: For every a, b ∈ R, that ||a| − |b|| ≤ |a − b|. [Hint: First apply the
triangle inequality to |a| = |a − b + b| and |b| = |b − a + a|. Apply (6)].

Pay attention to these identities and inequalities and the implications that we have proved. You will need
them in the future.

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