Hari Charan Kurmi and Jogia Hajam Vs.

State of Bihar [1964] INSC 25 (3

February 1964)
Citation : 1964 Latest Caselaw 25 SC

Date : 03 Feb, 1964

Hari Charan Kurmi and Jogia Hajam Vs. State of

Bihar [1964] INSC 25 (3 February 1964)
03/02/1964 SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR P.(CJ) SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR P.(CJ) WANCHOO, K.N.

GUPTA, K.C. DAS SHAH, J.C.

AYYANGAR, N. RAJAGOPALA

CITATION: 1964 AIR 1184 1964 SCR (6) 623

CITATOR INFO:

R 1977 SC1579 (25) R 1987 SC 955 (10)

ACT:

Evidence Act-Confession of co-accused-Not "evidence" within the meaning of s. 3

Evidence Act-Not substantive evidence against co accused-Can be used only to give
assurance to conclusion of guilt based on other evidence--Sections 30 and 133 Evidence
Act-Distinction between-Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872). ss. 3, 30, 133.

HEADNOTE:

The appellants along with four others were tried and convicted by the Sessions Judge for
the offences of dacoity and murder and sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life.

On appeal the High Court confirmed the conviction and sentence. Pending that appeal it
issued a rule for enhancement of the sentence, and finally the rule was made absolute
and they were ordered to be hanged. The appellants thereupon filed the present
appeals by special leave granted by this Court, The main point raised before this Court

Citation : 1964 Latest Caselaw 25 SC Latestlaws.com

was that the High Court misconceived the ambit and scope of the decision of this Court
in Ram Prakash v. State of Punjab [1959] S.C.R.

121 and that the High Court committed an error in law in treating the confession made
by the co-accused as substantive evidence against the appellants.

Held: (i) Though a confession mentioned in s. 30 of the Indian Evidence Act is not
evidence as defined by s. 3 of the _Act, it is an element which may be taken into
consideration by the criminal courts and in that sense, it may be described as evidence
in a non-technical way. But in dealing with a case against an accused person, the court
cannot start with the confession of a co-accused person, it must begin with other
evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion ,with regard to
the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible to turn to the
confession in order to lend assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind is
about to reach on the said other evidence.

Kashmira Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [1952] S.C.R.

526, Emperor v. Lalit Mohan Chukerbutty, [1911] I.L.R. 38 Cal. 559. In re: Perivsswami
Moopan, [1913] I.L.R. 54 Mad.

75 and Bhuboni Sahu v. The King, [1949] 76 I.A. 147, followed.

(ii) The distinction between evidence of an accomplice under s. 133 and confession
tinder s. 33 Evidence Act is that the former is evidence under s. 3 and the court may
treat it as substantive evidence and seek corroboration in other evidence but the latter
is not evidence under S. 3, and the court should first start from other evidence and then
find assurance in the confessional statement for conviction.

624 (iii) The High Court was in error in taking the view that the decision in Ram
Prakash's case was intended to strike a dissenting note from the well-established
principles in regard to the admissibility and the effect of confessional statement made
by accused persons.

Ram Prakash v. State of Punjab [1959] S.C.R. 1219, explained.

(iv) On examining the evidence in the present case on the above principles it is found
that there is no sufficient evidence to prove the prosecution case.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeals Nos. 208 and 209 of 1963.

Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated August 17, 1963, of the
Patna High Court in Criminal Appeals Nos. 554 and 556 of 1961.

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T. V. R. Tatachari, for the appellants.

D. P. Singh and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondents.

February 3, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR C.J.-
The two appellants Haricharan Kurmi and Jogia Hajam were charged along with four
other persons with having committed an offence punishable under section 396 of the
Indian Penal Code , in that during the night intervening the 24th and the 25th March,
1960, they committed dacoity in the house of Deokinandan Jaiswal, and during the
course of the said dacoity, they committed the murder of Damyanti Devi, wife of the
said Deokinandan Jaiswal. The names of the four other accused persons are; Ram
Bachan Ram, Joginder Singh, Ram Surat Choudhury and Achheylal Choudhury. The
learned Sessions Judge, Muzaffarpur, who tried the case, found all the six accused
persons guilty of the offence charged. He accordingly convicted them of the said
offence and sentenced them to suffer improvements for life.

This order of conviction and sentence was challenged by the said six accused persons
by preferring appeals before ,the Patna High Court. The High Court has held that the
625 learned trial Judge was right in convicting five of the six appellants because, in its
opinion, the evidence led by the prosecution proved the charge against them beyond
reasonable doubt. In regard to Joginder Singh, however, the High Court was not inclined
to agree with the conclusion of the trial Judge and gave the benefit of doubt to him.
Pending the hearing of' these appeals, a rule for the enhancement of sentence was
issued by the High Court against all the appellants. This rule has been discharged in
regard to Joginder Singh who has been acquitted, as well as Ram Bachan Ram, Ram
Surat Choudhury and Achheylal Choudhury, and the' sentence of imprisonment for life
imposed on them by 'he trial Judge has been confirmed. In regard to the two appellants,
however, the High Court took the view that the ends of justice required that the
sentence of imprisonment for life imposed on them should be enhanced to that of
death. Accordingly, the rule against them was made absolute and ;they have been
ordered to be hanged. It is against this order of conviction and sentence that the
present appeals have been brought before us by special leave; and the short question
of law which has been raised before us by Mr. Tatachari is that the High Court has erred
in law in treating the confession made by the co-accused Ram Surat Choudhury as
substantive evidence against them. This course adopted by the High Court in dealing
with the case of the appellants on the basis of the confession made by the coaccused
person is, it is urged, inconsistent with the consensus of judicial opinion in regard to the
true scope and effect of section 30 of the Indian Evidence Act (hereinafter called 'the
Act').

These appeals were argued before a Division Bench of three learned Judges of this

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Court and it was brought to the notice of the said Bench that in dealing with the case of
the appellants in the light of the confession made by a coaccused person, the High
Court had relied on the observations made by this Court in Ram Prakash v. The State of
Punjab.(1) Since these observations, prima facie, supported the view taken by the Patna
High Court, the Division Bench thought it necessary to refer this matter to a (1) [1959]
S.C.R. 1291.

134-159 S.C.-40.

626 larger Bench in order that the correctness of the said observations may be
examined. That is how these appears have come, before a Constitution Bench., The
facts leading to the prosecution of the appellants lie within a narrow compass, and so
far as the point which falls to be considered in the present appeals is concerned, there
is no dispute in respect of the said facts. Deokinandan Jaiswal is a fairly wealthy
businessman and lives in village Dumarbana within the police station of Bairgania in the
district of Muzaffarpur. He has a house of his own.

Achheylal and Ram Bachan served under him as minims.

Jogender Sinch was Jaiswal's sepoy and Ram Surat was his personal servant. The
appellants are the co-villagers of Jogender Singh who was one of the accused persons. It
appears that on the 24th March, 1960, Jaiswal had received Rs. 15,000 in currency
notes from his partner Nathan Mary in the presence of his minims Achheylal and Ram
Bachan; in fact, as the said amount was handed over to Jaiswal in the form of different
currency notes, Ram Bachan and Achheylal were asked by him to count the said
amount. The said amount was then put in different bundles by Jaiswal and to it was
added another amount of Rs. 2,000 which he took out from his iron safe. The two
bundles were then put together in a bigger bundle and to it was attached a slip
containing his signature and date. According to Jaiswal, he handed over the amount of
Rs. 17,000 thus put in two bundles to his wife Damyanti Devi, and in her turn, she put
the said bundles into the iron safe which had been kept at the first floor of the house in
the room adjoining the bed-room. About this time, some functions were organised by
the Bharat Sevak Samaj in the village and Jaiswal was the convener in regard to the said
functions. Naturally, he had to attend to the delegates who had come to the village for
the said functions. During the days of these functions, Jaiswal used to return home by
about 10 P.m., but on the night of the 24th March, 1960, the function went on late, and
so, Jaiswal slept at the Dharamshala where the function took 'Place and did not return
home. That is how Damvanti Devi was left alone in the house on the first floor and her
only companion was her 627 child Mina about 3 1/2 years old. Apparently, Damyanti
Devi retired to her bed-room with her little child and on the ground floor were sleeping
three of the accused persons, Achheylal, Ram Bachan and Jogender Singh Ram Surat

Citation : 1964 Latest Caselaw 25 SC Latestlaws.com

was on leave, so that out of the four servants employed by Jaiswal, three were sleeping
on the premises. Batahu, the cook of the family, was sleeping in a verandah attched to
the motor garage.

Next day Batahu was awakened by Achheylal who reported to him that the door of the
hall was open. Thereupon Achheylal and this witness went on the first floor and found
that Damyanti Devi was lying dead in a pool of blood. There were cut injuries in her
neck which had presumably caused severe bleeding. The little girl Mina was fast asleep.
The bundles of currency notes had been removed by the miscreants who had
committed the murder of Damyanti Devi. Thereupon, word was sent to Jaiswal and on
his return to the house, steps were taken to report to the police station about the
commission of the offence; and that set the investigation machinery into operation. As a
result of the investigation, the six accused persons were out up for their trial for the
offence under s. 396 I.P.C. That, in brief, is the nature of the prosecution case.

The prosecution sought to prove its case against the six accused persons by relying on
the confessions made by three of them, the recovery of the stolen property and
discovery of bloodstained clothes in respect of the two appellants.

There is no direct evidence to show how, when, and by whom the offence was
committed. Besides the confessions,, the evidence on which the prosecution relies is
circumstantial and it is on this evidence that the case has been tried in the courts
below. For our purpose in the present appeals it is unnecessary to refer to the details
set out by the confessional statements in regard to the commission of the offence rind
the part played by each one of the accused persons.

Ram Surat, Achheylal and Ram Bachan made confessions and it has been held by the
High Court as well as the Jearned Sessions Judge that the charge against them is 628
proved. With the correctness or propriety of the conviction of these accused persons we
are not concerned in the present appeals. The only point to which reference must be
made at this stage is that there is a concurrent finding of the courts below (that the
confession made by Ram Surat is voluntary and true. In fact, both the courts did not feel
any hesitation in taking the said confession into account against Ram Surat who made
the said confession and convicting him on the said confession read in the light of other
evidence adduced against him. The charge against the two appellants has been sought
to be proved by the prosecution by the statements contained in the confession made by
the three accused persons and certain other discoveries, such as blood-stained clothes
with both of them and stains of blood in the house of the appellant Haricharan. We will
presently refer to this evidence. The High Court took the view that having regard to the
decision of this Court in the case of Ram Prakash(1), it was open to the High Court to
consider the evidence supplied by the confessional statements made by the co-accused

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persons and enquire whether the said evidence received corroboration from any other
evidence adduced by the prosecution.

Approaching the question from this point of view, the High Court came to the conclusion
that the blood stains on the clothes found with both the appellants and blood stains
found in the house of the appellant Haricharan afforded sufficient corroboration to the
confession of Ram Surat, and so, it has confirmed the conviction of the two appellants
under s. 396 I.P.C.

The High Court then considered the question about the sentence which should be
imposed on the two appellants. It appeared from the confession of Ram Surat as well as
the confessional statements of Achheylal and Ram Bacban that the two appellants had
played a major part in the commission of the offence. In fact, the injuries which proved
fatal are alleged by all the 3 accused persons who confessed to have been caused by
the two appellants. It is in the light of these statements that the High Court was
persuaded to enhance the sentence imposed by the trial Judge against the appellants
and it has directed that instead of imprisonment for life, the sentence of death ought to
be imposed on (1) [1959] S.C.R. 1219.

629 them. That is how the only question which calls for our decision in the present
appeals is the approach adopted by the High Court justified by the provisions of s. 30 of
the Act as it has been consistently interpreted by judicial decisions for more than half a
century ? Before we address ourselves to this question of law, we may briefly indicate
the nature of the other evidence on which the prosecution relies against the appellants.
The appellants were arrested the next day after the commission of the offence on the
report made by Jaiswal that he suspected that the murder of his wife had been
committed by his four employees and their accomplices, the two appellants before us.
On the 26th March, 1960, at about 3.30 P.m. the investigation officer visited the lane
between the southern wall of Jaiswal's godown and the northern wall of the eastfacing
room of the appellant Haricharan and found some blood stains in the lane and on the
walls of the grain godown.

Later, a shirt bearing blood stains was also found. Pieces of earth containing blood
stains and the shirt were subsequently sent to the Chemical Analyser. The origin of the
blood found on the pieces of earth sent to the Chemical Analyser could not be
determined by him, but the stains of blood on the shirt which was seized from the
person of the appellant Haricharan were found to have traces of human blood. Similarly,
the nails of Haricharan's hands showed traces of blood and they were got cut by a
barber and sent to the Chemical Analyser. The report shows that these blood stains
were too small for serological test. The High Court thought that "the presence of human
blood on the shirt which Haricharan was wearing, his nails and at several places

Citation : 1964 Latest Caselaw 25 SC Latestlaws.com

beginning from the lane leading to his house and on so many materials kept in his
house is a factor" which had to be taken into account. These discoveries were made
about 8 A.M. following the night of the murder.

In regard to the appellant Jogia, a red-coloured check gamcha which bore blood-like
stains was recovered from the top of the earthern granary in his house at about 6 A.M.
On 27th March, 1960. This gamcha was sent to the Chemical Analyser and it is reported
to bear stains of human blood It may be added that when the house of Jogia was
searched on the 26th March, 1960 this gaamcha was not found as 630 we have just
indicated, the judgment of the High Court shows that it took the view that the
confessional statement by the co-accused persons of the appellants, particularly Ram
Surat was corroborated by the discovery of blood stains and that justified the conviction
of the appellants under s. 396 of the Indian Panel Code.

The question about the part which a confession made by a coaccused person can play
in a criminal trial, has to be determined in the light of the provisions of s. 30 of the Act.
Section 30 provides that when more persons than one are being tried jointly for the
same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and
some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such
confession as against such other person as well as against the person who makes such
confession. The basis on which this provision is found is that if a person makes a
confession implicating himself, that may suggest that the maker of the confession is
speaking the truth. Normally, if a statement made by an accused person is found to be
voluntary and it amounts to 'a confession in the sense that it implicates the maker, it is
not likely that the maker would implicate himself untrue, and so, s. 30 provides that
such a confession may be taken into consideration even against a co-accused who is
being tried along with the maker of the confession. There is no doubt that a confession
made voluntarily by an accused person can be used against the maker of the
confession, though as a matter of prudence criminal courts generally require some
corroboration to the said confession Particularly if it has been retracted. With that
aspect of the problem. however, we are not concerned in the present appeals. When s.
30 provides that the confession of a coaccused may be taken into consideration, what
exactly is the scope and effect of such taking into consideration, is precisely the
problem which has been raised in the present appeals. It is clear that the confession
mentioned in s. 30 is not evidence under s. 3 of the Act. Sec. 3 defines "evidence" as
meaning and including(1) all statements' which the Court permits or requires to be
made before it by witnesses, in relation to matters of fact under inquiry;

such statements are called oral evidence;

631 (2) all documents produced for the inspection of the Court; Such documents are

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called documentary evidence.

Technically construed. this definition will not apply to a confession. Part (1) of the
definition refers to oral statements which the court permits or requires to be made
before it; and clearly, a confession made by an accused person is not such a statement.
it is not made or permitted to be made before the court that tries the criminal case.

Part (2) of the definition refers to documents produced for the inspection of the court;
and a confession cannot be said to fall even under this part. Even so, s. 30 provides that
a confession may be taken into consideration not only against its maker, but also
against a co-accused person;

that is to say, though such a confession may not be evidence as strictly defined by s. 3
of the Act, it is an element which may be taken into consideration by the criminal court
and in that sense, it may be described as evidence in a nontechnical way. But it is
significant that like other evidence which is produced before the Court, it is not
obligatory on the court to take the confession into account.

When evidence as defined by the Act is produced before the Court, it is the duty of the
Court to consider that evidence. What weight should be attached to such evidence, is a
matter in the discretion of the Court. But a Court cannot say in respect of such evidence
that it will just not take that evidence into account. Such an approach can, however, be
adopted by the Court in dealing with a confession, because s. 30 merely enables the
Court to take the confession into account.

As we have already indicated. this question has been considered on several occasions
by judicial decisions and it has been consistently held that a confession cannot be
treated as evidence which is substantive evidence against a co-accused person. in
dealing with a criminal case where the prosecution relies upon the confession of one
accused person against another accused person, the proper approach to adopt is to
consider the other evidence against such an accused person, and if the said evidence
appears to be satisfactory and the court is inclined to hold that the said evidence may
sustain the charge framed against the said accused person, the court turns to the
confession with a view to assure itself that 632 the conclusion which it is inclined to
draw from the other evidence is right. As was observed by Sir Lawrence Jenkins in
Emperor v. Lalit Mohan Chuckerbuttv(1) a confession can only be used to "lend
assurance to other evidence against a co-accused". In re. Peryaswami Noopan,(2) Reilly
J. observed that the provision of s. 30 goes not further than this : "where there is
evidence against the co-accused sufficient, if,. believed, to support his conviction, then
the kind of confession described in s. 30 may be thrown into the scale as an additional
reason for believing that evidence." In Bhuboni Sahu v. King(1) the Privy Council has
expressed the same view. Sir. John Beaumont who spoke for the Board observed that a

Citation : 1964 Latest Caselaw 25 SC Latestlaws.com

confession of a co-accused is obviously evidence of a very weak type. It does not indeed
come within the definition of "evidence" contained in s. 3 of the Evidence Act. It is not
required to be given on oath, nor in the presence of the accused, and it cannot be
tested by cross-examination. It is a much weaker type of evidence than the evidence of
an approver, which is not subject to any of those infirmities. Section 30, however,
provides that the Court may take the confession into consideration and thereby, no
doubt, makes it evidence on which the court may act; but the section does not say that
the confession is to amount to proof. Clearly there must be other evidence. The
confession is only one element in the consideration of all the facts proved in the case, it
can be put into the scale and weighed with the other evidence." It would be noticed that
as a result of the provisions contained in s. 30, the confession has no doubt to be
regarded as amounting to evidence in a general way, because whatever is considered
by the court is evidence;

circumstances which are considered by the court as well as probabilities do amount to

evidence in that generic sense.

Thus, though confession may be regarded as evidence in that generic sense because of
the provisions of s. 30, the fact remains that it is not evidence as defined by s. 3 of the
Act. The result, therefore, is that in dealing with a case against an accused person, the
court cannot start with the confession of a co-accused person; it must (1) (1911) I.L.R.
38 Cal. 559 at p. 588.

(2) (1913) I.L.R. 54 Mad. 75 at p. 77.

(3) (1949) 76 I.A. 147 at p. 155.

633 begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its
opinion with regard to the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible
to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which
the judicial mind is about to reach on the said other evidence. That, briefly stated, is the
effect of the provisions contained in s. 30. The same view has been expressed by this
Court in Kashmira Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh(1) where the decision of the Privy
Council in Bhuboni Sahu's(2) case has been cited with approval. In appreciating the full
effect of the provisions contained ,in s. 30, it may be useful to refer to the position of
the evidence given by an accomplice under s. 133 of the Act. Section 133 provides that
an accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person; and that
conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated testimony
of an accomplice. Illustration (b) to s. 114 of the Act brings out the legal position that an
accomplice is unworthy of credit, unless he is corroborated in material particulars.
Reading these two provisions together, it follows that though an accomplice is a
competent witness, prudence requires that his evidence should not be acted upon

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unless it is materially corroborated; and that is the effect of judicial decisions dealing
with this point. The point of significance is that when the Court deals with the evidence
by an accomplice, the Court may treat the said evidence as substantive evidence and
enquire whether it is materially corroborated or not.

The testimony of the accomplice is evidence under s. 3 of the Act and has to be dealt
with as such. It is no doubt evidence of a tainted character and' as such, is very weak;

but, nevertheless, it is evidence and may be acted upon, subject to the requirement
which has now become virtually a part of the law that it is corroborated in material
particulars.

The statements contained in the confessions of the coaccused persons stand on a

different footing. In cases where such confessions are relied upon by the prosecution
against an accused person, the Court cannot begin with the examination of the said
statements. The stage to consider (1) [19521 S.C.R. 526.

(2) (1949) 76 I.A. 147 at p. 155.

634 the said confessional statements arrives only after the other evidence is considered
and found to be satisfactory.

The difference in the approach which the Court has to adopt in dealing with these two
types of evidence is thus clear, well-understood and well-established. It, however,
appears that in Ram Prakash's case(1), some observations have been made which do
not seem to recognize the distinction between the evidence of an accomplice and the
statements contained in the confession made by an accused person. "An examination of
the reported decisions of the various High Courts in India," said Imam J., who spoke for
the Court in that case, "indicates that the preponderance of opinion is in favour of the
view that the retracted confession of an accused person may be taken into
consideration against a coaccused by virtue of the provisions of s. 30 of the Act, its
value was ,extremely weak and there could be no conviction without the fullest and
strongest corroboration on material particulars." The last portion of this observation has
been interpreted by the High Court in the present case as supporting the view that like
the evidence of an accomplice, a ,confessional statement of a co-accused person can be
acted upon if it is corroborated in material particulars.

In our opinion, the context in which the said observation was made by this Court shows
that this Court did not intend to lay down any such proposition. In fact, the other
evidence against the appellant Ram Prakash was of such a strong character that this
Court agreed with the conclusion of the High Court and held that the said evidence was
satisfactory and in that connection, the confessional statement of the co accused

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person was considered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the High Court was in error in
this case in taking the view that the decision in Ram Prakash's(1) case was intended to
strike a discordant note from the well-established principles in regard to the
admissibility and the effect of confessional statements made by co-accused persons.

Considering the evidence from this point of view, we must first decide whether the
evidence other than the confessional statements of the co-accused persons, particularly
Ram Surat, on whose confession the High Court has substantially (1) [1959] S.C.R. 1219.

635 relied, is satisfactory and tends to prove the prosecution case. It is only if the said
evidence is satisfactory and is treated as sufficient by us to hold the charge proved
against the two appellants, that an occasion may arise to seek for an assurance for our
conclusion from the said confession. Thus considered, there can be no doubt that the
evidence about the discovery of blood stains on which the prosecution relies is entirely
insufficient to justify the prosecution charge against both the appellants.

In our opinion, it is impossible to accede to the argument urged before us by Mr. Singh
that the said evidence can be said to prove the prosecution case. In fact, the judgment
of the High Court shows that it made a finding against the appellants substantially
because it thought that the confessions of the co-accused persons could be first
considered and the rest of the evidence could be treated as corroborating the said
confessions. We are, therefore, satisfied that the High Court was not right in confirming
the conviction of the two appellants under s. 396 ,of the Indian Penal Code.

It is true that the confession made by Ram Surat is a detailed statement and it
attributes to the two appellants a major part in the commission of the offence. It is also
true that the said confession has been found to be voluntary, and true so far as the part
played by Ram Surat himself is concerned, and so, it is not unlikely that the
confessional statement in regard to the part played by the two appellants may also be
true; and in that sense, the reading of the said confession may raise a serious suspicion
against the accused. But it is precisely in such cases that the true legal approach must
be adopted and suspicion.

however grave, must not be allowed to take the place of proof. As we have already
indicated, it, has been a recognised principle of the administration of criminal law in this
country for over half a century that the confession of a co-accused person cannot be
treated as substantive evidence and can be pressed into service only when the court is
inclined to' accept other evidence and feels the necessity of seeking for an assurance in
support of its conclusion deducible, from the said evidence. In criminal trials, there is no
scope for applying the principle of moral conviction or grave suspicion. In criminal cases
where the other evidence adduced against an accused person is wholly 636
unsatisfactory and the prosecution seeks to rely on the confession of a co-accused

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person, the presumption of innocence which is the basis of criminal jurisprudence
assists the accused person and compels the Court to render the verdict that the charge
is not proved against him, and so, he is entitled to the benefit of doubt. That is precisely
what has happened in these appeals.

In the result, the appeals are allowed and the orders of conviction and sentence passed
against the two appellants Haricharan Kurmi and Jogia Hajam are set aside and the
accused are ordered to be acquitted.

Appeals allowed.

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