EEE186 1903 – John Fleming: Invention of the

two-electrode vacuum tube rectifier

Introduction to Electronics
Communications 1906 – Reginald Fessenden: Invention of
amplitude modulation; first electronic
voice communication demonstrated
Communications
1906 – Lee de Forest: invention of triode
- A process of exchanging information vacuum tube
- Human communication has two main
1914 – Hiram P. Maxim: Founding of
barriers: Language and distance
American Radio Relay League, the first
- Rapid communication is critical in our
amateur radio organization.
very fast-paced world.
- Process of sending and/or receiving 1920 – KDKA Pittsburgh: First radio
information between two or more broadcast
points utilizing electronic circuitry and
1923 – Vladimir Zworykin: Invention and
electromagnetic waves
demonstration of television
- Transmission, reception, and
processing of information between two 1933-1939 – Edwin Armstrong: Invention
or more locations using electronic of the superheterodyne receiver and
circuits. frequency modulation.

1837 – Samuel Morse: Invention of Important invention: Radio – Hertz was

telegraph (patented in 1844) the first who invented radio not Marconi.
May license ra daw si Marconi
1843 – Alexander Brain: Invention of
facsimile
1866 - United States and England: First Communication Systems
transatlantic telegraph cable laid.
- A system that facilitates the transfer of
1876 – Alexander Bell: Invention of information
telephone - Generally has three main parts:
1. Transmitter (TX)
1877 – Thomas Edison: Invention of
2. Communication Channel (medium)
phonograph
o Convert signal to electrical signal
1879 – George Eastman: Invention of o Wire, electromagnetic septum
photography o Electro waves
3. Receiver (RX)
1887 – Heinrich Hertz (German):
Discovery of radio waves
1887 – Guglielmo Marconi (Italian): Elements of Communication System
Demonstration of “wireless”
- Information
communications by radio waves
• Refers to the “message” that is
1901 – Marconi (Italian) First transatlantic conveyed, measured in
radio contact made bits/bytes
 • It can be represented by any The “TX” and “RX” must be in sync
forms, for example the letter with the coding and modulation
“A” can be represented by technique
“065” in ASCII code or
“0100000” in binary
- Signal TRANSCEIVERS
• Analog - a time-varying
- Communication equipment or circuity
quantity and usually in smooth
that allows to both send and receive
and continuous fashion e.g.
signal.
speech or music
- The transmitter and receiver shares
• Digital – changes in discrete
common circuits
steps/levels e.g. binary code or
ASCII
- Transmitter
Types of Electronic Communication
• Components designed to
convert the electrical signal to a 1. Simplex – simplest way of
signal suitable for transmission electronic communication. Signal
• Performs the encoding and travels through one-way
modulation 2. Full Duplex – two-way mode of
• Facilitates the process of communication. Both parties can
making the signal information transmits and receives information
travel long distances at the same time.
- Channel or Medium 3. Half Duplex – two-way mode but
• Path travelled by the only one party can transmit at a
information or signal time
• Means of transporting
information from transmitters
to receivers
• Signal fluctuates or deteriorates
due to NOISE
- Noise
• bane of all electronic
communications. Its effect is
experienced in the receiver part
of any communication system.
Expressed in Signal-to-Noise
ratio (S/N) or (SNR)
- Receiver
• Accepts the information and
converts it back to its original
form
• Performs the decoding and
demodulation
Concepts of Electronic Communication for describing relationships between
signals and noise
Frequency (f)
- Number of waves/oscillations per
second
- Each alteration or oscillation is called a
cycle and the frequency is measured in
cycles per second (cps) or expressed in
Power Measurement
Hertz (Hz)
In electronic communications, decibels is
Wavelength (𝝀)
the basic yardstick for calculating power
- Distance between successive crests, relationships and performing power
troughs or identical point in a periodic measurements
wave
- dB represents the ratio of the signal
level at one point in a circuit to the
signal level at another point in a
circuit.
- dB may either be positive or negative

Bandwidth (B)
- The portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal
- The frequency range over which an
information signal is transmitted, or
over which receiver or other electronic
circuit operates.

Power (P)
- Quantity representing the rate at which
energy is used
Decibels (dB)
- Show the relation between two powers
comparing one level to another
- Used to relative “gains” and “losses”
of electronic devices and circuits and
Electromagnetic Spectrum Modulation
• Process of having an information
signal modifies a carrier signal in
someway
• Combining the carrier wave with the
information signal 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑖
• Conversion of low frequency signal to
a higher frequency signal.
Radio Frequency Bands

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/chap
ter01ppt-255726681/255726681

https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-radio-
frequency-bands-and-its-uses/
 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-
R/terrestrial/workshops/wrs12/Miscellaneo
us/Appendix1.pdf
1st symbol

---------------------------------------------------

Purpose of Modulation 2nd symbol

1. Difficult to propagate a low-
frequency signals from an antenna
in the form of EM energy
2. Information signals would interfere
with each other if they occupied
the same frequency band.
3. To reduce noise and interference
3rd symbol

Radio Emission Classification

• First symbol – type of modulation of

the main carrier
• Second symbol – nature of signal(s)
modulating the main carrier
• Third symbol – type of information to
be transmitted
▪ Fourth symbol – details of signal (s)
▪ Fifth symbol – nature of multiplexing
4th symbol

5th symbol