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PHASE – I
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY

1. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

PART – I
PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Indicator : - Generally indicators are substance that change colour when they are added to acidic or
alkaline solution.
→ Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage leaves, coloured petals of some flowers are natural indicators.
→ Methyl orange, Methyl red , Phenophthalein are synthetic indicators.
→ Olfactory indicator tells us whether a substance is acidic or basic by change in odour. for
example, Onion, Vanilla extract etc...
2. The negative logarithm of Hydrogen ion concentration is called pH scale. It is introduced by Sorensen

Neutral
These pH values are for acids These pH values are for bases (alkalis)

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Weak base Strong base

Strong acid Weak acid or or
Weak alkali Strong alkali

Increasing basic nature

Increasing acidic nature (or Increasing alkaline nature)
Increasing H+ ion concentration Increasing OH- ion concentration
(Decreasing OH- ion concentration) (Decreasing H+ ion concentration)

pH Colour pH Colour pH Colour

0 Dark red 5 Orange yellow 10 Navy blue
1 Red 6 Greenish yellow 11 Purple
2 Red 7 Green 12 Dark purple
3 Orange red 8 Greenish blue 13 Violet
4 Orange 9 Blue 14 Violet
(OR)

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CHEMISTRY X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME
a) Universal indicator shows different colour at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a
solution.
b) i) pH scale is used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
ii) On the pH scale we can measure pH generally from O (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).
c) The process of dissolving acid or base in water is highly exothermic. If water is added to an
acid then the heat generated may cause the acid to splash out and cause burns.
3. A Universal indicator is a mixture of a number of different indicators which shows different colours
at different pH values.
A universal indicator is usually composed of water, 1 - propanol, phenolphthalein, sodium hydroxide,
methyl red, bromothymol blue, sodium bisulpite and thymol blue.
4. 1) pH in our digestive system
2) pH changes as the cause of tooth decay
3) Soil pH and plant growth
4) pH range and survival of animals
5. Antacids are substances which are basic in nature. These neutralize excess acid in the body. Examples
are
i) Milk of magnesium
ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
6. Pure water (or distilled water) is a very weak electrolyte and does not dissociate into ions. Therefore,
it does not conduct electricity. However, rain water contains some dissolved acids like Carbonic acid
and Sulphuric acid. As a result, water becomes acidulated and gets ionised easily. Therefore rainwater
conducts electricity.

⎛ 1 ⎞
7. pH is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration i.e., pH = – log[H+] ⎜ pH ∝ ⎟
⇒⎜ ⎡ H + ⎟
⎤
⎝ ⎣ ⎦⎠

8. pH paper is used for identification of strength of acids by specific colour.

→ HCl is strong acid gives red colour on pH paper and acetic acid weak as it gives yellow colour
on pH paper.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
9. Hydrogen ions in HCl are produced in the presence of water. The separation of H+ ion from HCl
molecules cannot occur in the absence of water. So Dry HCl gas doesnot change the colour of dry
blue litmus to red. In other words, dry HCl doesnot behave as an acid.
H + + H 2O → [ H 3O ]
+

10. A soil usually becomes acidic when there is either a high pest content, iron minerals or there is some
rotting vegetables. In order to reduce the acidic strength. “liming of soil” is usually done. For this, any
of the substances that have been mentioned are added to the soil since these are of basic nature.
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
11. a) Fresh milk is acidic and it turns sour easily to become more acidic. In presence of baking soda
milk becomes alkaline and does not turn sour easily because the alkali doesnot allow the milk
to become more acidic easily.
b) When the milk sets to curd, the pH decreases, i.e. it becomes more acidic. The presence of
alkali does not allow it to become more acidic easily. Hence, it will take a longtime to set as
curd.
12. a) Most acidic – A
Most basic – C
b) C<B<D<A
c) In C – blue
In D – green
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
13. Baking soda solution ; Being basic, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach.
14. Dry blue litmus paper remains unchanged in colour in the gas jar containing HCl gas but when blue
litmus paper is moistened, it colour changes to red. Because in presence of moisture, the gas dissolves
to form hydrochloric acid. It releases H+ ions and as a result. The colour of blue litmus changes to red.
15. Which solution is i) Weakly alkaline : D
ii) Neutral : C
iii) Strongly acidic : A
iv) Strongly alkaline : E
v) Weakly acidic : B
16. Onion juice is an olfactory indicator. Thus it changes its odour.
The liquid ‘X’ turns blue litmus red. so, ‘X’ has acidic nature.
a) Zn + acid → Zinc salt + H2 ↑ (Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ )
b) Sodium carbonate (s) + Acid (X) → salt + H2O + CO2 ↑
(Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2)
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
17. a) Neutral : “D” with pH = 7
b) Strongly alkaline : “C” with pH = 11
c) Strongly Acidic : “B” with pH = 1
d) Weakly acidic : “A” with pH = 4
e) Weakly alkaline : “E” with pH = 9
pH increasing order : C < E < D < A < B
18. When fresh milk changes to curd, the pH of the solution is likely to decrease. Actually lactose present
in milk gets converted to lactic acid when curd is formed from milk. Therefore, the medium becomes
more acidic and its pH decreases.

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19. a) * C < A < B,
* B is most acidic,
* Hydrogen ion concentration decreases
b) Baking soda is mild base and neutralises the excess acid
c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3
20. a) Lemon juice pH = 2.0 b) Distilled water pH = 7.0
c) 1 M NaOH pH = 14.0 d) Tomato juice pH = 4.0
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
21. i) Sodium hydroxide change Colourless phenolphthalein to pink
ii) If Dil. HCl is added dropwise slowly the pink colour will be disappeared because of nuetralisation
iii) Again if you add NaOH solution to the above mixture it becomes basic and it regains its pink
colour.
22. Dry Hydrogen chloride does not show any colour change with blue litmus because it cannot produce
Hydrogen ions, where as Hydrochloric acid can change the colour of blue litmus in aqueous form
since it has H+ ions
23. a) i) Group A, B< 7,
ii) Group C > 7
b) Universal indicator, pH scale
c) The acids present in tamarind / sour substances react with the coating on metal.
24. a) i) Production of too much acid in stomach during indigestion – Antacid (Sodium
bicarbonate).
ii) Sting by a honey bee / nettle leaves – sodium bi carbonate (neutralisation).
b) pH value will decreases due to the production of lactic acid in curd which is acidic in nature.

PRIORITY – II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Acid is produced by degradation of left out food particles in the mouth. This acid attacks the enamel
on the teeth. To remove the excess acid in the mouth, we brush our teeth with tooth paste which is
alkaline in nature.
2. a) Olfactory Indicators works based on smell
b) Onion extract,vanilla extract and clove oil
Olfactory indicator is a substance whose smell varies when it is mixed with an acidic or basic
solution. Hence it is used to test whether a solution is a base or an acid.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
3. a) Dry Hydrogen chloride gas does not dissouate to give H+ ions. In aqueous solution, HCl
dissociates to form the H+ ions and changes the litmus colour because H+ ions are responsible
for colour change.
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
b) During summer more lactic acid is formed. Thus to neutralize the latic acid, milk man adds
small amount of baking soda to fresh milk, as baking soda is basic in nature
c) On reaction with water, ammonia forms ammonium hydroxide which further on ionization
gives ammonium ion and hydroxide ion.
4. Bee – sting injects methanoic acid
A mild base like baking soda
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
5. a) Bacteria present is the mouth produce hydrochloric acid as one of the products by the degradation
of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth after eating. Tooth enamel
(Calcium - phosphate) gets corroded by hydrochloric acid and forms cavities in the teeth. Tooth
pastes are slightly alkaline in nature and neutralise hydrochloric acid.
b) Methanoic acid ; Lactic acid
c) If the soil is acidic, then the treatment with these materials will neutralise the harmful acidic
effect as these materials are alkaline.
6. a) R>T>S>P>Q
b) Q>P>S>T>R
c) i) S ii) R iii) Q iv) P v) T
7. On dilution of an acid solution, the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) per unit volume decreases.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
8. a) Universal indicator paper
b) Lemon juice
c) Household ammonia
d) Salt solution and Sugar solution
e) Vinegar
f) Baking soda
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
9. a) i) Acidic – Solution A Basic – Solution B
ii) Solution A, because H+ ion concentration is higher in acidic solutions.
b) When same concentration of HCl and Acetic acid are taken (say one molar), then these produce
different amounts of H+ ion. HCl gives more H+ ions, but acetic acid gives less H+ ions
10. 1 M HCl have higher Hydrogen ion concentration due to maximum ionisation.
11. The fruit is acidic, because acid solutions change blue litmus solution to red.
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
12. Since the pH of the soup is less than 7, it is of acidic nature. It will have a sour taste.

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PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Litmus is used for identification of acidic or basic nature of substance.
Acidic substance changes blue litmus to red, basic substance changes red litmus to blue.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
2. Tooth enamel is composed of mineral Calcium Phosphate.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
3. When it rains, the gases like NO2, SO2 etc. of the atmosphere dissolve into it and hence its pH < 7.
When pH of rain water falls below 5.6, it is called acid rain. When this acid rain flows into the river,
the pH of river water falls and the survival of aquatic life becomes difficult.
4. On dissolving excess base in a solution of sodium hydroxide, concentration of OH– ions per unit
volume in the solution increases.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
5. a) Turmeric
b) Washing - Yellow to Reddish brown
Rinsing - Reddish brown to Yellow
c) Basic
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :

Neutral
These pH values are for acids These pH values are for bases (alkalis)

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Weak base Strong base

Strong acid Weak acid or or
Weak alkali Strong alkali

6.
Increasing basic nature
Increasing acidic nature (or Increasing alkaline nature)
Increasing H+ ion concentration Increasing OH- ion concentration
(Decreasing OH- ion concentration) (Decreasing H+ ion concentration)

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
pH Colour pH Colour pH Colour
0 Dark red 5 Orange yellow 10 Navy blue
1 Red 6 Greenish yellow 11 Purple
2 Red 7 Green 12 Dark purple
3 Orange red 8 Greenish blue 13 Violet
4 Orange 9 Blue 14 Violet
7. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in
the mouth after food. If the pH falls below 5.5, the concentration of H+ ions is enough to dissolve
calcium phosphate, one of the ingredients of tooth enamel.
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
8. Milk contains lactic acid and its effect remains in the empty tank. The acidic effect in the tank can be
neutralised by cleaning it with a solution of a base, e.g., NaOH. It changes the acid into salt which
then gets removed from the tank by cleaning with water.

PART – II

PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. The substance which produce only hydrogen ions as positive ions upon hydrolysis is called an acid
i) Weak acid - Carbonic acid
ii) Strong acid - Nitric acid
iii) Organic acid - Acetic acid
iv) Inorganic acid - Sulphuric acid
2. Dilution of concentrated acid with water is a highly exothermic process, if water is added into
concentrated acid, the heat produced is too large that the solution may splash out and the beaker in
which the dilution is carried out
3. Physical properties of acids - sour to taste,turns blue limtus to red, conducts electricity in aqueous
form, corrosive in nature.
Chemical properties of acids
• Reactive with metals to form H2 gas.
• React with metal carbonates and bicarbonates to form CO2.
• React with bases to form salt and water.
• React with metal oxides to form salt and water.
4. Physical properties of bases - bitter to taste, soapy to touch, turns red limtus to blue, conducts
electricity in aqueous form, corrosive in nature.
Chemical properties of bases
• React with some metals to form H2 gas.
• React with acids to form salt and water.
• React with non-metal oxides to form salt and water.

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5. Uses of acids : As a preservative of food, in the treatment of bone marrow and scurvy diseases, in the
production of adhesives and explosive,As vinegar to preserve food and as a flavouring agent.
Uses of bases : In removing grease stains from clothes, in the manufacture of soaps, in temporary
softening of hard water, Used as an antacid, so as to neutralise stomach acidity
6. NaOH and KOH are hygroscopic in nature. It absorb moisture from atmosphere in which they ultimately
dissolve and qenerates heat.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
7. Acids which ionize completely in aq. Solutions - Strong acids.
Acids which ionize partially in aq. Solution - Weak acid.
Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid - Strong acids.
Acetic acid, Formic acid - Weak acids.
8. When Magnesium react with dilute sulphuric acid, a colourless gas is liberated and test tube becomes
hot.
Mg(s ) + dil H 2 SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H 2( g) ↑

Delivery tube

Burning hydrogen
gas with a pop sound
Stand Candle

Test tube Hydrogen

gas Soap bubble filled
Sulphuric bubbles with hydrogen
acid

Magnesium
Soap
solution

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

9. HCl, HNO3 etc. ionise in the aqueous solution to produce H+ ions. Hence, they show acidic character.
Compounds like C2H5OH and Glucose (C6H12O6) do not ionise in the aqueous solution to give H+
ions, i.e. hydrogen present in them is non - ionizable. Hence they do not show acidic character.
10. i) Bulb does not glow in case of glucose and alcohol but glows in HCl solution
ii) Glucose and alcohol are non electrolytes they cannot ionise to produde free ions, hence bulb
will not glow. But in case of HCl it can undergo ionisation to produce free ions in the solution
and acts as an electrolyte
iii) In beaker B If NaOH is taken instead of Alcohol bulb will glow because NaOH is also a strong
electrolyte
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11. Generally acids react with metals and produce salt and hydrogen gas. So acids are not stored in metal
containers.
Glass containers are safe to store acids as they are not corroded by acids.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

+ Zn
A + H2(g)
Compound + HCl
X B + H2O
12. + CH3COOH
C + H2O

2 NaOH + Zn → Na2 ZnO2 + H 2 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2O

(X ) ( A) ( B)
Sodium zincate Sodium chloride

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H 2O

(C )
Sodium acetate

Moist litmus
13. i) paper

Delivery tube
Diooer
containing Cork
concentrated
H2SO4 Test Tube
A pair of tongs A pair of tongs

Test Tube
Sodium
chlorid

Gurd tube containing

calcium chloride

ii) When the HCl gas evolved in the reaction is trea ted with a wet litmus paper, the colour of the
paper changes from blue to red, showing that HCl solution is acidic in nature, no change in
colour of litmus paper is observed when the paper is kept dry.
iii) The reason behind HCl solution exhibiting acidic character is that when HCl is dissolved in
water, it dissociates into H+ ions.
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V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
14. Fizzing in the reaction is due to the evolution of hydrogen gas by the action of metal on the acid
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2 CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2 Mg(aq) + H2(g)
Since hydro chloric acid is a strong acid than acetic acid, fizzing occurs more readily in test tube “A”
than in test tube “B”. Actually hydrogen gas will be evolved more briskly in test tube “A”.

15. a) Solution of sulphuric acid has charged ions H+ and SO4−2 which help in conducting electricity
whereas alcohol does not give any ions in water.
b) Dry ammonia has no H+ or OH– ions whereas ammonia in water gives OH– ions which turns
red litmus blue.
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
16. Pure water (or distilled water) is a very weak electrolyte and does not dissociate into ions. Therefore,
it does not conduct electricity. However, rain water contains some dissolved acids like Carbonic acid
and Sulphuric acid. As a result, water becomes acidulated and gets ionised easily. Therefore rainwater
conducts electricity.
17. Water helps in the dissociation of an acid to give hydronium ion (H3O+). In the absence of water,
these ions are not produced. Hence acids show acidic behaviour only in the presence of water.

PRIORITY – II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

1. Metals are mostly reactive in nature. They react with dilute acids (HCl and H2SO4) to evolve hydrogen
gas.
For example : Zn(s) + 2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g).
The H2 gas burns with a pop sound when a burning candle is brought near it.
2. The gas evolved is Carbondioxide. When the gas is bubbled through lime water, it becomes milky.

HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H 2O + CO2

CO2 + Ca (OH ) 2 → CaCO3 + H2 O

II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

3. Curd and sour substances are acidic in nature. We know that acids attacks most of the metals. Hence
if acidic substances like curd or other sour substances are kept in copper or brass vessels, they react to
form toxic compounds and make the food stuff unfit for consumption.
4. a) Chemical properties of acids Chemical properties of bases
• Blue litmus changes to Red litmus. • Red litmus changes to Blue litmus.
• React with metal carbonates and • Does not react with metal carbonates and
bicarbonates to form CO2. bicarbonates
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
b) Neutralisation reaction is the reaction between acid and base dissolved in aqueous solution to
form salt and water.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
HNO3(aq)+ KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
5. i) HCl will give rise to more H+ ions and CH3COOH produces less H+ ions. The colour of pH
paper depends on the concentration of H+ ion. Colour becomes red for high H+ concentration.
ii) Aqueous solution of acids have H+ ions which carry electric current through the solution.

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

6. The compound “A” must be Calcium Carbonate because Carbonates react with the acids to produce
Carbondioxide gas which extinguishes fire, and also the compound formed will be Calcium Chloride.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
7. Lemon or tamarind juice is acidic in nature and reacts with oxidised copper (compounds) to dissolve
it into soluble salt and water. Thus, copper vessels are cleaned.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
8. a) Copper (II) chloride, CuCl2
b) CuO + 2 HCl → CuCl2 + H 2O
c) Copper oxide is basic in nature
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
9. i) The reagents used by Deepika to prepare HCl gas are sodium chloride and conc.sulphuric acid.
ii) There are no colour change observed with dry litmus paper. However, wet blue litmus paper
turns red.
iii) HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–
10. a) Vigorous reaction will be seen in test tube B.
b) It is because HCl is stronger acid than HNO3
c) i) Hydrogen gas is liberated in test tube B, NO2 is liberated in test tube A.
ii) When we bring a burning candle near the evolving gas, it burns with a pop sound. This
proves that the produced gas is hydrogen gas.
NO2 – Reddish brown gas
d) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Mg + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
e) HCl will have lower pH.
HNO3 will have lower concentration of H+.
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
11. The milkyness is due to the formation of insoluble Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3).

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12. Alcohols and glucose do not give ions dissolved in water while acids do.
6 volt battery Bulb
Switch

Beaker
Nail
Glucose solution

Rubber cork
i) Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc.
ii) Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100 mL beaker.
iii) Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a bulb and a switch, as shown
in fig.
iv) Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.
v) Repeat with dilute sulphuric acid.
vi) Observe the bulb.
vii) Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol solutions and observe.
viii) Bulb glows in case of HCl and H2SO4 but not with Glucose and Alcohol.

PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. i) Ants – Methanoic acid
ii) Lemon – Citric acid
iii) Milk – Lactic acid
iv) Tomato _ Oxalic acid
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
2. Aqueous solution of HCl gas show acidic properties because only in the aqueous solution, it dissociates
to produce H+ ions.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
3. a) The colour of the solution is bluish - green due to the formation of Copper (II) Chloride.
b) CuO + 2 HCl ⎯⎯
→ CuCl2 + H 2O
(bluish − green colour )

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

4. Neutralisation of a carbonate with an acid produces carbon dioxide gas but not with an oxide or
hydroxide.
5. Carbon and Sulphur - They form acidic oxides
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V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
6. HCl in aqueous solution dissociates to give H+ and Cl– ions but glucose (C6H12O6) does not. Hence
HCl solution conducts electricity but glucose solution does not.
7. The metal Oxide (MO) is basic in nature. It dissolves in water to form metal hydroxide as follows
MO + H2O → M(OH)2
A blue litmus does not undergo any change in colour in the basic Medium.
8. X is Chlorine gas and Y is Bleaching powder
Ca(OH )2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯
→ CaOCl2 + H2O
Bleaching Powder

VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

9. Oxide of a metal which is used in cement industry and metal present in bones is CaO. Thus X is CaO.
With water it forms calcium hydroxide which is a base and turns red litmus blue.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
10. Hydrochloric acid gives white fumes of ammonium chloride when in contact with ammonia. Thus
sodium chloride from sea water reacts with dil. sulphuric acid forms HCl gas. Dry HCl gas has no
effect on litmus paper.
NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + HCl
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

PART – III

PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Common Salt is obtained by Evaporation of sea water. We can produce NaOH, Chlorine gas,
Hydrogen gas,washing soda and baking soda etc
2. The electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCl is called chlor alkali process. The main products are
sodium hydroxide,hydrogen and chlorine gas
3. Na2CO3·10H2O – Hydrated Salt / Sodium Carbonate with water of crystallization.
Preparation :
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
2 NaHCO3 ⎯⎯→ heat Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3·10H2O
Uses :
i) Used in glass, soap and paper industries
ii) Used in the manufacture of borax
iii) Used as a cleansing agent for domestic purpose
iv) Used for removing hardness of water

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CHEMISTRY X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME
4. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate :
Sodium hydrogen Carbonate is a basic salt with pH > 7. It is prepared by solvey process.
Baking powder consists of a mixture of baking soda (NaHCO3) and edible acid such as tartaric acid
(C 4H6O6).
NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
NaHCO3 on heating liberates CO2 gas, which makes the cake fluffy. NaHCO3 is also called baking
soda as it is used for baking cakes. It is also a weak base used to neutralise HCl in the stomach.
5. Bleaching powder :
Bleaching powder is prepared when Cl2 gas is passed into dry slaked lime.
Bleaching powder is chemically Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2).
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
On reaction with water, bleaching powder liberates Cl2, which acts as a bleaching agent.
Uses :
i) Acts as an oxidising agent
ii) For bleaching cotton in textile industry.
6. Plaster of Paris :
Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. It is prepared from Gypsum.
1
The chemical formula of plaster of Paris is CaSO4. HO
2 2
373 k 1 1
CaSO4 .2 H 2O ⎯⎯⎯ → CaSO4 . H 2O + 1 H 2O
gypsum 2 2
Plasteof Paris

In Plaster of Paris, two molecule of CaSO4 share one molecule of water.

Uses :
Used to set fractured bones, used for making toys decorative materials, ornaments etc. used as a fire
proofing material.
7. Neutralisation reaction is the reaction between acid and base dissolved in aqueous solution to form
salt and water.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
HNO3(aq)+ KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
8. Uses of washing soda :
i) In the manufacture of glass, soap, paper and chemicals like caustic soda (NaOH) and borax
(Na2B4O7) etc.
ii) As a cleansing agent for domestic purposes.
Uses of baking soda :
i) In baking powder used for preparing cakes.
ii) In Antacids to reduce acidity in the stomach
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
9. i) Hydrate salt is a salt molecule that is lankly attached to a certain number of water molecules.
Most salts are crystals in a hydrated state.
ii) Glauber’s salt - Na2SO4.10H2O
Epsom salt - MgSO4.7H2O
Gypsum salt - CaSO4.2H2O
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
10. Acidic salts : Aluminium chloride, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, ammonium sulphate.
Basic salts : Sodium acetate, sodium carbonate
Neutral salts : Sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate.
(OR)
i) Solution M gives red colour with universal indicator. Hence the natiure of solution M is ‘acidic’.
An acidic solution (M) has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).
ii) Neutral salt.
M gives red colour – acidic solution
N gives blue colour – basic solution
On mixing, it is a neutralisation reaction, the salt formed is neutral.
11. The chemical formula of baking powder is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and tartaric acid.
Whereas, that of washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.10H2O)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate on heating gives CO2 gas which will turn lime water milky whereas no
such gas is obtained from sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3.10H2O ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ Na2CO3 + 10H2O
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
12. In the presence of moisture, plaster of paris gets hydrated and changes to Gypsum which is a hard mass.
1 1
CaSO4 ⋅ H 2 O + 1 H 2 O ⎯⎯
→ CaSO4 ⋅ 2H 2 O
2 2 Gypsum
Plaster of paris

It can be no longer used for making moulds and statues. Therefore, plaster of paris is kept in moisture
proof containers or bags.
13. The taste of cake becomes bitter as the medium becomes too basic due to baking soda. Baking soda
on mixing with other ingredients gives baking powder.
Baking powder contains baking soda, corn and tartaric acid. NaHCO3 in baking powder on heating
gives Na2CO3 and CO2. 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O.
14. i) The formula of ‘G’ is Cl2 and formula of ‘C’ is CaOCl2
ii) 2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
iii) Common name of compound ‘C’ is bleaching powder.
Chemical name is calcium hypochlorite.
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(OR)
The electrolysis of brine solution (10% aq.NaCl) gives.
i) H2 at cathode
ii) Cl2 at anode
iii) NaOH (alkali) near the cathode
The process is called chlor - alkali because of the products formed – [chlor for chlorine and alkali for
NaOH].
15. i) 2 formula units of CaSO4 share 1 molecule of water of crystallisation.
ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an antacid because of its alkaline nature.
iii) Due to loss of water of crystallisation white colour is obtained.
Heat
CuSO4 .5H2O ⎯⎯⎯ → CuSO4 + 5H2O
( )
Blue (White)
(OR)
i) x – Gypsum ; CaSO4. 2H2O
y – Plaster of paris ; CaSO4.½ H2O.
ii) Plaster of paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to gypsum.
1 1
CaSO4 . H 2 O + 1 H 2O → CaSO4 .2 H 2O
2 2 (Gypsum )
( Plaster of paris )

16. a) Chemical name : Sodium carbonate deca hydrate.

Common name : Washing soda
Formula is Na2CO3.10 H2O
b) NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3 .10H2O
c) It forms insoluble Ca or Mg salts in the form of Scum.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
17. The compound ‘X’ is a constituent of baking powder. It is called baking soda. Chemically, the
compound is Sodium hydrogen Carbonate with formula NaHCO3.
On heating, the compound ‘X’ will release Carbondioxide.
heat
2 NaHCO3 ⎯⎯→ Na2CO3 + H 2O + CO2
18. The given compound ‘A’ is calcium oxychloride because it is oxidising agent and in open it reacts
with CO2 to give pungent smelling chlorine gas.
CaOCl2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + Cl2 ;
Method of preparation

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
Bleaching powder :
Bleaching powder is prepared when Cl2 gas is passed into dry slaked lime.
Bleaching powder is chemically Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2).
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
On reaction with water, bleaching powder liberates Cl2, which acts as a bleaching agent.
Uses :
i) Acts as an oxidising agent
ii) For bleaching cotton in textile industry.
19. i) Fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt.
ii) Examples :
Copper sulphate CuSO4.5H 2O
Iron sulphate FeSO4.7H 2O
Washing soda Na2CO 3.10H2O
By heating a few crystals of hydrated copper sulphate in a boiling tube. Water droplets are seen
in the boiling tube.
Colour : The water of copper sulphate changes to white.
State : The blue crystals changes to white powder.
20. a) Fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt.
b) i) 2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯ Heat
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
ii) Gypsum gets converted to plaster of paris at 373 K.

373 K 1 3
CaSO4 .2 H 2O ⎯⎯⎯ → CaSO4 . H 2O + H 2O
(Gypsum) 2 2
( POP )

21. i) When CO2 is passed through lime water calcium carbonate is formed which is insoluble in
water and turns milky
Ca (OH )2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H 2O
ii) When excess CO2 is passed. The milkyness goes away due to the formation of colourless
calcium bicarbonate which is water soluble.
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
22. Gypsum on heating to 373K forms Plaster of paris and water.

373K 1 1
CaSO4 .2H 2 O ⎯⎯⎯ → CaSO4 . H 2 O + 1 H 2 O
2 2
Plaster of Paris

23. When plaster of paris is heated beyond 100°C, it loses whole of water of crystallisation and anhydrous
calcium sulphate is formed. This is called dead burnt plaster.

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VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
24. a) Colour of Copper Sulphate Crystals before heating is blue and after heating, it becomes white.
b) Copper Sulphate Crystals (CuSO4.5 H2O) on heating lose water of Crystallisation which
condenses on the inner side of the test tube as liquid droplets.
25. a) X – Washing soda (Na2CO3. 10H2O)
b) NaCl + H 2O + CO2 + NH 3 → NH 4Cl + NaHCO3
( Sodium bicarbonate )

Heat
2 NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯ → Na2CO3 + H 2O + CO2

Na2CO3 + 10 H 2O → Na2CO3 .10 H 2O

( Sodium carbonate )

c) 10 (ten)
26. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles which remain
in the mouth after eating.
27. X – washing soda
Na2CO3.10H2 O
Uses :
i) Used for removing permanent hardness of water.
ii) Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
28. On heating blue copper sulphate crystals turn white due to formation of anhydrous copper sulphate
(water of crystallisation is removed).

PRIORITY – II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

1. a) When bleaching powder exposed to air, CO2 of the air attacks it liberating Chlorine gas.
CaOCl2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + Cl2
b) CaOCl2 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2
2. a) i) Na2SO4 - formed from Sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid - Neutral
ii) NH4Cl - formed from Ammonium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid - Acidic
iii) KNO3 - formed from Potassium hydroxide and Nitirc acid - Neutral
iv) NaCl - formed from sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid - Neutral
b) In the above salts NH4Cl is having pH less than 7 because it is formed from strong acod and
weak base
3. The substance which is formed as a result of neutralisation reaction is called salt, it is formed when an
acid is reacted with a base.

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4. NaCl – formed from Sodium hydroxide and Hydro chloric acid - Neutral – pH = 7
CuSO4 – formed from Copper hydroxide and sulphuric acid - Acidic – pH < 7
Na2CO3 – formed from Sodium hydroxide and Carbonic acid - Basic – pH > 7
5. When soap is manufactured, it remains soluble in the solution. On stirring with common salt, the soap
separates out as a solid mass. This is called ‘Salting out of Soap”.
6. The substance which is formed as a result of neutralisation reaction is called salt, it is formed when an
acid is reacted with a base. pH value is 7 as it is neutral in nature.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
7. The common base B which absorbs moisture and becomes sticky and is also a by-product of chloroalkali
process is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It reacts with acidic oxides like CO2 and SO2 to form salt and
water.
2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
Sodium carbonate

2NaOH + SO2 → Na2 SO3 + H2O

Sodium sulphite

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

8. The compound is bleaching powder (CaOCl2). It removes yellowness from clothes due to its bleaching
action.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O.
9. Washing soda undergoes efflorescence (The change of crystals of washing soda to a white powder
on exposure to air) and as a result it loses nine molecules of water to form white powder.
Air
Na2CO3 .10 H 2O ⎯⎯ → Na2CO3 . H 2O + 9 H 2O
(Crystals) (White powder )

10. i) Calcium oxychloride or bleaching powder.

ii) CaOCl2
iii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2(s) + H2O
11. When wetted with water this forms a solid plastic mass and heat is given out during this process and
finally a hard porous mass results within 10 to 15 mins. This involves two steps namely setting and
1 H 2O Hardening
hardening. CaSO4 . H 2O ¾¾¾
Setting
® CaSO4 2 H 2O ¾¾¾¾ ® CaSO4 2 H 2O
2
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
12. a) Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl
b) Sodium chloride, NaCl
c) Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
13. a) NH4Cl,(NH 4)2SO4
b) NaCl, K2SO4
c) Na 2CO3, CH3COONa
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14. In the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas (X) are formed as
by-products. When chlorine gas (X) reacts with lime water, it forms calcium oxychloride (bleaching
powder) Y. The reactions are
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
X → Cl2 (Chlorine gas)
Ca (OH)2 (s) + Cl2 (g) → CaOCl2(s) + H2O
Y – Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder)
15. The compound ‘X’ is a constituent of baking powder. It is called baking soda. Chemically, the
compound is Sodium hydrogen Carbonate with formula NaHCO3.
On heating, the compound ‘X’ will release Carbondioxide.
heat
2 NaHCO3 ⎯⎯→ Na2CO3 + H 2O + CO2
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
16. Sodium hydrogen Carbonate on heating decomposes to give Sodium Carbonate, Carbondioxide and
water.
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
17. i) Acid : Acetic acid and Base : sodium hydroxide
ii) Acid : Hydrochloric acid and Base : Ammonium hydroxide
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
18. Water of crystallization : It is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a
salt.
Aim : To verify the process of water of crystallization.
Required material :
1) Copper sulphate, 2) Gypsum, 3) Water, 4) Test tube 5) Burner

Test tube holder

Water droplets

Boiling
tube
Copper sulphate
crystals Flame

Burner

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
Procedure :
i) Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube.
ii) We will find water droplets on sides of the test tube.
iii) Then add 2 to 3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained after heating.
Observation :
Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization, when heated, this
water is lost and the salts turn white.
If we moistened the crystals then they gain water, the blue colour reappears.
Conclusion :
Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate. Water of crystallization
proves that the crystals contain a fixed quantity of water in them.
19. A) Na2SO4 – formed from Sodium hydroxide and Sulphuric acid - Neutral – pH = 7
B) CH3COOK – formed from Potassium hydroxide and Acetic acid - Basic – pH > 7
C) NH4Cl – formed from Ammonium hydroxide and Hydro chloric acid - Acidic – pH < 7
Test tube B turns pink.

PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. a) Bleaching powder is manufactured by the action of Chlorine on slaked lime Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2 O
(Bleaching powder)
b) It gradually loses its Chlorine when left exposed to the air by action of Carbondioxide
CaOCl2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + Cl2 ↑
c) Uses :
i) Acts as an oxidising agent
ii) For bleaching cotton in textile industry.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
2. i) X = H2, Y = Cl2
Electrolysis
ii) 2NaCl(aq) ⎯⎯⎯⎯
+2 H2 O (l )
→ 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g) + 2H2O(l)
iii) Bleaching powder is obtained when Y (Cl2) is passed over slaked lime.
3. i) On heating baking soda, the main constituent of baking soda, decomposes to produce CO2.
This causes cakes and bread to become light, soft and spongy.
ii) Baking soda on reaction with sulphuric acid gives CO2 vigorously. CO2 helps to extinguish
fire.
iii) The pH of baking soda solution should be greater than 7. (It turns red litmus blue)

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IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
4. X is basic salt. It is formed by combination of strong base and weak acid.
5. He forgot to add Baking soda
Baking powder contains baking soda, corn and tartaric acid. NaHCO3 in baking powder on heating
gives Na2CO3 and CO2. 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O. The liberated CO2 will make cake
light.
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
6. Sodium bicarbonate is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher and in cakes. On heating it gives sodium
carbonate. 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Sodium carbonate on crystallization gives Na2CO3.10H2O
Thus A = NaHCO3, B = Na2CO3, C = Na2CO3.10H2O

PATH TO 100/100
1) a 2) d 3) c 4) a 5) c 6) b 7) c 8) b 9) c 10) b

11) a 12) c 13) d 14) d 15) d 16) d 17) c 18) b 19) a 20) d

21) b 22) a 23) a 24) b 25) d

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
2. METALS AND NON – METALS

PART – I
PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Metal : Elements having tendency to lose 1 or more electrons are metals. Metals are
electropositive in nature.
Occurence: Al > Fe > Ca > Na > K > Mg
2. Non – metal : Elements having tendency to gain electrons are Non – metals.
→ Non – metals are Electronegative in nature.
Occurence : O > Si > P > S
3. Potassium is highly reactive metal. It reacts readily with atompheric oxygen & moisture. To
prevent the reactions, it is stored under Kerosene.
4. a) Gold and silver are more malleable & ductile in nature & less reactive. Hence they are used in
making jewellery.
b) Due to malleability & good conduction of heat and high melting points.
5. Reactivity series : The arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their reactivity is called reactivity
series.
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn. Pb (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pt
6. Aquaregia : It is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated HCl & conc HNO3 in 3 :1 ratio.
→ It is also called royal water
→ It is highly corrosive and fuming liquid.
→ It can dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum.

3Fe + 4 H 2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2
7. a)
( s) ( g) ( s) ( g)
Ca + 2 H 2O → Ca (OH )2 + H2
b)
( s) (l ) ( aq) ( g)
c) 2 K(s ) + 2 H 2O(l ) → 2 KOH (aq ) + H 2( g )

8. a) Cu + HNO3 → Cu ( NO3 )2 + NO + H 2O
( dil )
Cu + HNO3 → Cu ( NO3 )2 + NO + H 2O
(mod)

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Cu + HNO3 → Cu ( NO3 )2 + NO2 + H2 O

( conc)
b) Oxidation: Addition of oxygen / removal of Hydrogen / loss of electron.
→ In the above reactions
Cu is Oxidised
HNO3 act as Oxidising agent.
9. i) Sodium is soft metal, it can be cut with a knife
ii) It has low density
iii) It has low melting point.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
10. Amphoteric acid: The metal oxides reacts with both acids and bases to produce salt and water.
EX: Al2O3, ZnO
11. * Metals which can displace H 2 from dil acids. sodium, Zinc, Calcium, Aluminium, Iron etc.
* Metals which cannot displace H 2 from dil acids. copper, silver, gold, platinum.
12. Gold and silver are more malleable & ductile in nature & less reactive. Hence they are used in making
jewellery.
Malleability : The property of metals which can be beaten into sheets.
Ductility : The property of metals which can be drawn into wires.
13. Sodium Calcium Magnesium
→ It is reacts with → It reacts with → It donot react with cold
cold and hot water water cold and hot water less but react with hot water.
vigorously vigorously
2 Na + 2 H 2O → 2 NaOH + H 2 ↑ Ca + 2 H 2O → Ca (OH )2 + H 2 ↑ Mg + 2 H 2O → Mg (OH )2 + H 2 ↑

14. Fe – H 2O
Mg – H 2O
Cu – H 2O
Mn – H 2O
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

15. i) 2 Na + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + H 2 ↑ (H2 gas is liberated)

( dill )
ii) Al2O3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + H 2O (A mixed salt and water are formed)
ZnO + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + H2O
iii) No reaction occurs
iv) CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H 2O + CO2 ↑ (CO2 gas is liberated with brisk effervescence)
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
16. a) i) Set up an electric circuit as shown in fig
ii) Place the metal to be tested in the circuit between terminals A and B as shown
Cell

Bulb

Copper Wire A B

iii) Does the bulb glow ? What does this indicate ?

b) Polyvinyl chloride / PVC
To provide insulation to the metallic wire
17. The malleability property and antibacterial activity of silver are useful properties for coating on sweets.
18. Yes it is true. Sodium react with cold water, while Mg react hot water, Iron react with only steam.
That shows decrease in reactivity of these metals
19. a) i) Sodium, potassium
ii) Iodine
iii) Mercury
iv) Gold
v) Silver
vi) Carbon
b) Alloys are less reactive and corrosion resistant.
They are lighter and harder than metals.
i) Solder – Pb + Sn
ii) Amalgam – Metal + Hg

20. i) Al2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H 2O

ii) K 2O + H2O → 2KOH
iii) 3Fe + 4 H2 O → Fe3.O4 + 4 H 2
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
21. a) M − Mg N − MgO
b) 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
c) M undergo Oxidation.
Addition of O2 to M to from its oxide.

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V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
22. Cu + ZnO → No reaction [Cu is less rective than Zn]
Zn + MgO → No reaction [Zn is less reactive than Mg]
Mg + CuO → MgO + Cu [Mg is more reactive than Cu]
23. a) B
b) Displacement reaction takes place B displaces Cu from CuSO4
c) B, A, C, D

24. conc. HNO3 act as Oxidising agent. It Oxidises the liberated H 2 to water.

25. a) Due to formation of a layer of Oxide Al2O3 .

b) Na, Mg are more reactive metals as compared to carbon.
c) In solid NaCl, no freely moving ions, but in aqueous/molten state ions can move freely.
d) To protect from corrosion zinc is coated
e) They are highly reactive
2Cu ( s) + O2( g ) → 2CuO(s )
26. a) Re ddish brown Black

b) Amphoteric oxide reacts with both acids and bases to give salt and water – ZnO (Zinc oxide)

c) Na2O + H 2O → 2 NaOH

Al2O3(s ) + 2 NaOH (aq ) → 2 NaAlO2(aq ) + H 2O(l )

Sodium Aluminate

VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

27. Zn displaces Fe from Iron (II) sulphate as Zn is more reactive than Fe, light green changes to colour
less.
Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe

28. * M + 2 NaOH → Na2 MO2 + H 2 ↑

Zn + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + H 2
* M + 2 HCl → MCl2 + H2 ↑
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H 2 ↑
→ When burning match stick placed at the mouth of test tube H 2 gas produces pop sound.

PRIORITY – II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. i) Hg ii) Na, K iii) Ag iv) Pb, Hg
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
2. Malleability : The property of metals which can be beaten intio sheets.
Ductility : The property of metals which can be drawn into wires.
3. Gold and Platinum
4. a) They are highly reactive
b) Due to its low melting point
c) due to formation of Ag2 S
d) It reacts with both acids and bases
e) Fe becomes passive towards HNO3, HNO3 acts as oxidising agent.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
5. Copper is good conductor of heat compared to steel.
6. Hydrogen gas
Zn + H 2 SO4 → ZnSO4 + H 2 ↑

Fe + H 2 SO4 → FeSO4 + H 2 ↑
7. B is near to top of the activity series.
8. Due to free movement of electrons, metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

9. a) With the help of hammer, convert both the metals & non – metals in the form of sheets or wires.
Metals will readily form these since they are malleable.
Non – metals being brittle will break when they are Hammered. Now construct a cell in both
the cases using these sheets / wires as electrodes and switch on current. If the bulp glows, that
electrodes are of metals, does not glow, the electrodes are of non –metals.
b) From these tests, we can conclude like
1) Metals are mallcable while non – metals are not
2) Metals are good conductors of electricity while non – metals are not.
10. Na, K – reacts violently with water
L – reacts less violently with water
Mg – reacts with hot water and floats
11. As Al is more reactive than Fe. It displaces Fe
2 Al + 3FeSO4 → Al2 ( SO4 )3 + 3Fe

12. Even though Aluminium is more reactive metal, it is used to store food because it forms a protective
layer of its oxides on its surface and become passive.

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IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
13. a) ‘X’ may be Na, Ca
Sodium : NaOH & liberates H 2
Calcium reacts less vigorously with cold water & forms Ca(OH)2 & liberates H 2 .
b) Chemical displacement, exothermic, redox reaction
2 Na + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + H2 ; Ca + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2 .
14. A – 2,8,8, B – 2,8,2 C – 2,6 D – 2, 8
i) Mg – B ii) O – C iii) Na+ – D iv) Cl– – A
V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
15. Na2O and CaO are basic (oxides of metals). They will turn red litmus to blue. SO2 and N2O5 are
acidic (Oxides of non-metals). Hence, they will turn blue litums to red.
16. All Chemical reactions are the example of displacement reactions. only that reaction will take place in
which the metal to displace the other metal from the salt solution is placed above it in the reactivity
series of metal
i) Zinc can displace Copper from Copper sulphate solution because it is placed above Copper in
the reactivity series
ii) Iron cannot displace Zinc from Zinc sulphate solution because it is placed below Zinc in the
reactivity series
iii) Zinc can displace iron from Ferrous sulphate solution because it is placed above Iron in reactivity
series
17. i) Metals are regarded as electro-positive elements because they have 1 or 2 or 3 electrons in outer
most shell, they have a tendency of losing electrons
ii) Articles made of aluminium do not corrode even though aluminium is an active metal because
it forms a protective layer of aluminium oxide on it
iii) Metals like Sodium and Potassium are very reactive when exposed to open air, they catch fire
immediately, hence for protection, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil
18. a) As metal atoms have free electrons to flow
b) As hydrogen atoms sometime form positive ions by losing electron from their shell
c) As Zn is more reactive than Copper, it displaces Copper and forms its own colourless solution
of Zinc sulphate
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Blue Colourless
Solution Solution
d) Nitrogen is an inert (non-reactive) gas.
19. a) These metals placed at the bottom of the activity series are very little reactive in nature. Gold
and Platinum are even known as noble metals. They are not affected by air, water and even by
chemical. Since they have bright lustre, jewellery can be made from them.

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b) All the three metals react with water producing lot of heat. As a result, hydrogen gas evolved
catches fire. These are kept under kerosene to avoid contact with both air and water.
c) When exposed to air the metal changes to its oxide called Aluminium oxide (Al2O3). It gets
deposited over the surface of the metal and forms protective coating on the surface, it becomes
unreactive and can be used in making cooking utensils.
d) Metal oxides can be easily reduced to metallic form with coke (C) any other suitable reducing
agent. Therefore, carbonates and sulphides are converted into the oxide form by process of
calcination and roasting
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
20. a) Copper is more reactive than Silver and hence, displaces Silver from its salt solution.
As a result Cu(NO3)2 is formed which is bluish green in colour
b) Cu(s) + 2Ag NO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Bluish green

PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

1. i) 4 Al + 3O2 → 2 Al2O3 (Aluminium oxide)

ii) 3Fe + 4 H 2O → Fe O 3 4 + 4H 2 ↑
Steam Ferrous ferric oxide
( Magnetite )

iii) Ca + 2 H 2O → Ca (OH )2 + H 2 ↑
H2 gas liberated is stick to the surface of calcium and makes it float on water.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

2. i) Due to thermal conductivity

ii) Malleability
iii) High melting point.
3. 4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O (Reacts readily)

2 Na + 2 H 2O → 2 NaOH + H2
cold

2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO (Reacts slowly)

Mg + 2 H 2O → Mg (OH )2 + H2
Hot

4 Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O3 (Reacts on heating)

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3Fe + 4 H 2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2
Steam

Na > Mg > Fe

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

4. a) Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Cu
b) 2 Na + 2 H 2O → 2 NaOH + H2 ↑ Na > Mg > Al > Cu
cold

Mg + 2 H 2O → Mg (OH ) 2 + H2 ↑
Hot

2 Al + 3 H2 O → Al2O3 + 3 H2 ↑
Steam
Cu + H2O → No reaction

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :

5. The hydrogen gas liberated sticks to the surface of metal and makes them to float on water.
6. Because it is used for making certain war equipment, Bridges etc.
Properties : low density, high strength
7. Given reasons
i) Due to mobile electrons
ii) Because 24 carat gold is soft in nature and cannot be used to make ornaments, so 22 carat gold
with Cu like alloy is used for ornaments as its is harder than pure gold.

V. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

8. 1 Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Grey Blue Colour less Brown
i) Zn is more reactive than copper, So displacement reaction takes place

ii) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu ( s )

(s) ( aq ) (aq )
Colour
Blue Brown
less

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PART – II
PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. The force of attraction which hold two (or) more atoms (or) ions together in a molecule is called
chemical bond.
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
1) They are crystalline solids at room 1) They are solid, liquid, gases at
temperature room temperature
2) They have High M.P and B.P 2) They have low M.P and B.P
3) They are good conductor of electricity 3) They are bad conductor of electricity in
in aqueous state (or) molten state solid, liquid and gaseous state.
4) They are Hard in nature 4) They are soft in nature.
5) They are soluble in H2O 5) They are soluble in organic solvents
–1 –2

2. i) Cl– → Cl ii) O–2 → O

–3

iii) N–3 → N iv) Na

v) Mg vi) Al
–1 –4

vii) F–1 → F viii) C–4 → C

–2

ix) S–2 → S x) Ca

xi) K
3. i) Electron dot structure sodium
Na11 = 2, 8, 1 it has 1 valence electron.

Na
Electron dot structure Magnesium
Mg12 = 2, 8, 2
It has 2 valence electrons
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Mg
Electron dot structure of oxygen
O8 = 2, 6
It has 6 valence electrons

ii) Na 2O
Na11 = 2, 8, 1 O8 = 2, 6
It has only one valence electron It has 6 valence electrons

Na O

–2
Na + O 2 Na+ O (or) Na 2 O

Na
MgO
Mg12 = 2, 8, 2 O8 = 2, 6
It has 2 valence electrons It has 6 valence electrons

O
Mg

+2 –2
Mg + O Mg O (or) MgO

iii) Na2O contain Na+ and O–2 ions

MgO contain Mg+2 and O–2 ions.
4. A chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons is called covalent bond or covalent bonds are formed
by sharing of electrons.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
5. The given lonic compound is CaO.
a) Ca20 = 2, 8, 8, 2 O8 = 2, 6
It has 2 valence electrons It has 6 valence electrons

O
Ca
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY

–2
+2
Ca + O Ca O (or) CaO

b) Bronze contain – Copper and tin

6. Generally covalent compounds are poor conductor of electricity due to absence of free ions.
7. a) Al13 = 2, 8, 3
It has three valence electrons

Al
Al → Al+3 + 3e–
∴ Valency of Al = 3
C17 = 2, 8, 7
It has 7 valence electrons

Cl

Cl + 1e– → Cl–1
Valency of “Cl” = 1

Al + Cl +3 –1
Al 3 Cl (or) AlCl3

b) Cl

Cl
Formula = AlCl3
Nature of compound is “Ionic compound”
* They are crystaline solid at room temperature due to strong electrostatic force of attraction
is present in between opposite charged ions.
* They are good conductor of electricity due to presence of force ions.
* They have high M.P and B.P due to strong force attraction is present in between opposite
charged ions.
8. i) Mg12 = 2, 8, 2 Cl = 2, 8, 7
17

Cl
Mg MgCl2
Cl
2+ −
Ions present in the compound Mg , Cl
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ii) Strong electrostatic force act on Ionic compounds since they are tightly packed with each other
to form a crystal lattice.

Glass-wool
soaked in Stand
water
Hydrogen gas
Stand

Cork
Metal sample
Delivery Water
iii) tube

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

9. Ionic compounds are conducting electricity in aqueous state (or) in molten stats due to presence of
free ions.
NaCl → Na + + Cl A
(aq ) (aq ) ( aq )
10. * Generally metals with more electro positivity show tendency to loose electrons and form
cations.
* Non-metals with more electro negativity show tendency to gain electrons and from anions.
* The factors which will effect formation of cation and anion.
i) Atomic size ii) Ionisation potential
iii) Electron affinity iv) Electro negativity
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
11. a) Strong electrostatic force of attraction is presents in between oppositely charged ions.
b) Due to presence of free ions
c) Due to strong electro static force of attraction is present in between oppositely charged ions.

PRIORITY - II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Ionic bond : The electro static force of attraction is present in between oppositely charged ions which
are formed by transfor of one (or) more electrons from one atom to another atom is called Ionic bond.
* The compounds formed by the transfor of electrons from a metal to a non-metal are called
lonic compounds.
* Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity because movement of ions in
the solid is not possible due to their rigid structure.
* But in the molten state ions move freely because the electro static force of attraction between
the oppositely charged ions are overcome due to melting.

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II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

2. i) Mg12 = 2, 8, 2 Cl17 = 2, 8, 7
It has two valence electrons It has 7 valence electrons

Mg Cl

Cl –1
+2
Mg + Mg 2 Cl
(or) MgCl2
Cl

Na11 = 2, 8, 1 Cl17 = 2, 8, 7
It has only one valence electron It has 7 valence electrons

Na Cl

–1
ii) +
Na + Cl Na Cl

* MgCl2 contain Mg+2 and Cl–1 ions

* NaCl contain Na+ and Cl–1 ions
iii) Due to absence of free ions
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
3. Sodium chloride consist of Na+ and ClA ions. These ions are held together by strong electrostatic
force of attraction.
1) Water moelcules being polar, can break these strong forces between Na+ and ClA ions.
2) On the other hand, molecules of Kerosene oil, being non-polar, can not break the strong elec-
trostatic force of attraction between. Na+ & Cl–.
3) Hence NaCl does not dissolve in Kerosene and oil
4. i) Na, K, Mg, Ca etc
ii) Ionic compound
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
5. Ionic bond

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6. C19 = 2, 8, 8, 1 D = 2, 7
It has one valence electron It has 7 valence electron
Valency = 1 Valency = 1
Nature = Metal Nature = Non - metal
a) Ionic bond
b) B

PRIORITY - III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. Polar solvents (Water).
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
2. i) a) Element A atomic number is 6. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p2.
b) Element ‘A’ cannot form ionic bond. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. Its valence
electrons are 4. It is difficult to lose or gain 4e– to get octet configuration. So it can forms
covalent bond [atomic number of A is 6 this element is carbon (C)].
ii) a) Element ‘B’ atomic number is 11 its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
b) B element cannot form covalent bond. Its valence electrons are 1 only. So it is easy to
donate this one electron to other atom and become an ion. So it can form ionic bond
[atomic number of B is 11, so this element is sodium (Na)].
iii) a) Atomic number of elements is 17 its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5.
b) Element ‘C’ can form ionic as well as covalent bonds to satisfy its octet configuration. It is
able to combine with Na in ionic bond and with hydrogen in HCl molecule as covalent
bond.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
3. Two non - metals combine with each other by the sharing of electrons to form a compound X.
a) What type of chemical bond is present in X ? : Covalent bond
b) State whether X will have a high melting point or low melting point. : Low melting point
c) Will it be a good conductor of electricity or not ? : No
d) Will it dissolve in an organic solvent or not ? : Yes
4. A metal combines with a non - metal by the transfer of electrons to form a compound Y.
i) State the type of bonds in Y. : Ionic bond
ii) What can you say about its melting point and boiling point ? : High melting point and boiling
point
iii) Will it be a good conductor of electricity ? : Yes
iv) Will it disslove in an organic solvent or not ? : No

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5. The electronic configuration of three elements X, Y and Z are as follows :
X 2, 4
Y 2, 7
Z 2, 1
a) Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound ? : Y and Z
b) Which two elements will react to form a covalent compound ? : X and Y
6. X – Na, Y – NaOH, Z – H2
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
7. X – Carbon , Y – Diamond, Z – Graphite.

PART - III
PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

Battery
+ -

Anode Cathode

1.

Fused NaCl

Metals high up in reactivity series are extracted by electrolytic reduction. While those in the middle
are extracted by first converting into oxide and then reducing by carbon. Same method cannot be
used for higher metals because they have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Molten Sodium
chloride is taken for electrolytic reduction. The metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine is
liberated at anode.
At cathode Na+ + e– → Na
At anode 2Cl– → 2e– + Cl2

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2. Extraction of Moderately reactive metals :
Moderately reactive
metals

Carbonate ore Sulphide ore

Calcination : Heating of ore in Roasting : Heating of ore in

the absence of air the presence of air.
Ex : ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Ex : 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2

Oxide of Metal + Reducing agent

ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Refining of Metal
3. Auto Reduction : The auto reduction is the process in which sulphide ores of less electropositive
metals are heated in air to convert that some part of ore into oxide (or) sulphide which then reacts with
remaining sulphide one in absence of air which gives pure metal and sulphur dioxide.
Heat
Ex : 2Cu 2S + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯ → 2Cu 2 O + 2SO2
Heat
2Cu2 O + Cu2S ⎯⎯⎯ → 6Cu + SO2
4. Corrosion : The process of eating up of metals by the action of air and moisture and chemicals on
then metallic surface is called corrosion.
Metal Original Colour Colour after Corrosion Chemical formula after corrosion
1. Fe Grey Reddish brown Fe2O3. XH2O
2. Al Grey (shiny Dull appearance Al2O3
appearance)
3. Cu Reddish brown Green CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
4. Silver (Ag) Silvery white Black Ag2S
5. i) Minerals : These are the combined states of metals generally with non - metals.
ii) Ores : The minerals from which metals can be conveniently and profitably extracted are called
ores.
iii) Gangue: It represents the earthy impurities such as mud, sand, clay associated with the ore.
6. a) Iron : Ferric oxide, Brown
Silver : silver sulphide, black
Copper : copper carbonate, green
b) Oiling, greasing, painting, galvanisation, chrome plating, anodising, making alloys.

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7. Minerals are naturally occurring materials found inside earth’s crust containing metals in their combined
state whereas minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are ores.
8. The process of depositing a thin layer of zinc on the surface of iron is called galvanization. Galvanization
prevents iron from rusting since it doesnot allow air and moisture to come in contact with iron.
9. a) Anodising : Anodising is a process for producing decorative and protective films on articles
made of aluminium and its alloys.
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 6H+ + 6e–
b) Aqua regia : It is a mixture of 3 parts of Conc. HCl and 1 part of Conc.HNO3
Conc. HCl : Conc.HNO3 = 3 : 1
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
10. Homogeneous mixture of two or more Molten metals or a metal and a non - metal is called an Alloy.
Alloys are prepared by Melting the primary metal and dissolving the other elements in definite
proportion.
Improves properties, prevents corrosion
a) Bronze : Copper and Tin
b) Solder : Lead and Tin
c) Brass : Copper and zinc.
11. a) Calcination :
i) Heating the ore in limited supply of air.
ii) Used for carbonate ores.
Roasting :
i) Heating the ore in excess supply of air.
ii) Used for sulphide ores.
Roasting : 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
Calcination : ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Metal oxide is reduced by using a reducing agent
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
b) Sodium, Calcium, Aluminium,
(OR)
a) A - CO2
Substance formed of green coating CuCO3
b) Roasting and Electrolytic refining
2Cu2 S(s ) + 3O2( g ) + heat → 2Cu2O(s ) + 2 SO2 (g )

2Cu2O(s ) + Cu2 S( s ) + heat → 6Cu( s ) + SO2( g )

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12. Cinnabar HgS is an ore of mercury when Cinnabar HgS is heated in air it is first converted into HgO
HgO is then reduced to Hg on further heating.
Cinnabar HgS is an ore of Mercury. The metals being less reactive can be obtained by reducing their
oxides to metals by heating alone. So when Cinnabar is heated in air it first changes into its oxide and
then into mercury metal.
2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2
Hg(s) + 2 HgO → 3Hg + SO2
13. a) Alloy : A homogeneous mixture of two (or) more metals (or) metals and non metals is called
alloy.
Amalgam : An Alloy of mercury with one (or) more metals is called amalgam.
* The alloy used for soldering electrical wires is solder it is an alloy of lead and tin.
b) i) Brass - [Cu - 66%, Zn – 34%]
ii) Stainless steel - [Cr - 15%, Ni – 1%, Fe – 83%, C – 1%]
iii) Bronze - [Cu – 88%, tin – 12%]
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

Battery
+ -

Anode Cathode

14.

Fused NaCl

Metals high up in reactivity series are extracted by electrolytic reduction. While those in the middle
are extracted by first converting into oxide and then reducing by carbon. Same method cannot be
used for higher metals because they have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Molten Sodium
chloride is taken for electrolytic reduction. The metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine is
liberated at anode.
At cathode Na+ + e– → Na ; At anode 2Cl– → 2e– + Cl2
15. The reaction in which Iron (III) oxide is heated with Aluminum powder to give Iron and Aluminum
oxide.
Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + heat
i) Displacement reaction ii) Exothermic reaction
It is used to join railway tracks/ cracked machine parts
Reason : Since it is highly exothermic reaction, iron is produced in the molten state which may be
allowed to trickle down to weld two iron objects.
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16. a) 2Cu2S + 3O2 ⎯⎯→
heat 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S ⎯⎯→heat 6Cu + SO2
On passing current through electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited at the cathode.

Battery
+

Anode Cathode

Impure Pure copper

copper as as cathode
anode Electrolytic tank

Impurities Copper sulphate

solution
Anode mud Acidified
Electrolytic refining of copper

b) i) Mg + 2 HNO3 → Mg ( NO3 )2 + H 2O
(very dilute)

2 K + HNO3 → KNO3 + NO + H 2O
ii) ( very dilute)

iii) Ca + 2 HNO3 → Ca ( NO3 )2 + NO + H 2O

( Mod conc)

iv) Ca + 2 HNO3 → Ca ( NO3 )2 + NO2 + H 2O

(conc)

17. a) Amalgam is an alloy in which one of the constituent is the mercury

b) Solder used for making electrical fuse because of its lower melting point
c) Galvanisation is the process of coating of iron with layer of Zinc to protect it from rusting.
d) Anode – Impure copper
Cathode – Pure copper
Electrolyte – Acidified copper sulphate solution
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
18. i) When mercuric oxide (HgO), a red solid, is heated at a very high temperature, it decomposes to
give mercury (Hg), a grey residue and Oxygen gas (O2) liberates.
2HgO → 2Hg + O2
ii) When a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is heated, copper metal is produced as
residue along with the evolution of SO2 gas.
2Cu2O + 2Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2
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iii) When Aluminium is reacted with manganese dioxide, Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and
Manganese (Mn) is produced as a residue.
3MnO2 + 4Al → 2Al2O3 + 3Mn + Heat
iv) When Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium, Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron (Fe) is
produced as a residue.
Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat
v) When Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination (heated in the absence of air), zinc oxide, ZnO
(yellow when hot and white when cold) is formed as residue along with the evolution of CO2
gas.
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
19. a) Ore X gives CO2 gas, hence, it is a metal carbonate.
Calcination :
Metal carbonate heated strongly in the presence of limited supply of air it gives us :-
MCO3 → MO + CO2
Reduction : The oxide ore is reduced with carbon (coke).
MO + C → M + CO
b) ore Y gives SO2 gas, hence, it is a metal sulphide.
Roasting– Metal sulphide heated in the presence of excess air, then it gives us :-
MSO3 → heat [air] MO + SO2
Reduction : The metal oxide is reduced to metal by a most common reducing agent called
carbon or coke.
MO + C → M + CO
VI. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
20. When Copper vessels are exposed to moist air, they get tarnished (or corroded) by the formation of a
green coating of basic Copper carbonate, CuCO3. Cu(OH)2.
2Cu(s) + CO2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) → CuCO3. Cu(OH)2
(Green)
Now lemon juice contains Citric acid and tamarind contains Tartaric acid. When tarnished Copper
vessels are rubbed with lemon juice or tamarind, the weak acids present in them dissolve the basic
Copper carbonate and the original shine of the Copper vessel returns.
21. An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals having some times a non – metal component
also 22 – carat gold is an alloy of gold and copper having 22 parts gold and two parts copper 24 –
carat gold is very soft. It is converted into 22 – carat gold to provide it some hardness so that ornaments
made from it be durable.
22. a) Cinnabar – HgS
Mercury is found in the sulphide state.
b) ZnCO3(s ) → ZnO(s ) + CO2( g )
c) I) Metal A = Al ; Thermite reaction.
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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY

II) Al(s ) + Fe2O3(s ) → Al2O3(s ) + Fe(l ) + Heat

(OR)
Because sodium has more affinity for oxygen than carbon. During elecgrolytic reduction of NaCl
At cathode : Na + + e− → Na
At anode : 2Cl − → Cl2 + 2 e−
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

23. a) The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities. The
following series is known as the reactivity series
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au.
b) i) Blue colour of Copper sulphate solution would slowly disappear.
ii) No change would be noticed

PRIORITY – II
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. K, Na, Ca, Mg
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
2. Calcium and magnesium are two metals that start floating after some time when immersed in water.
The bubbles of the hydrogen gas so formed in the reaction stick to the surface of the metal surface,
and thus the metals float on water.
3. Reaction of cinnabar with oxygen:
• When cinnabar (HgS) is heated in presence of atmospheric oxygen (O2) then Mercury (II)
oxide (HgO) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) are formed. Then further mercury oxide is heated and
elemental mercury (Hg) is obtained.
• The chemical reaction can be depicted as :

HgS(s ) + O2(g ) + Heat → 2 HgO

Δ

2Hg + O2

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

4. a) It must be a carbonate ore because the reaction is releasing carbon di oxide.
reaction which takes place, ZnCO3 + HCl - 2ZnCl2 + H2O + CO2
let us take an example of calcinating zinc calamine(ZnCO3)
first of all, it is calcinated with insufficient oxygen
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

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CHEMISTRY X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME
than, the ZnO obtained is reduced using carbon in form of coke.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO

b) Displacement reaction Cu( s ) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Cu ( NO3 )2(aq ) + 2 Ag( s )

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

5. i) The metal 'X' is aluminium (Al)
ii) Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe + heat.
This reaction is useful in thermite welding.
6. Copper is heated in air
• Copper is heated in the presence of air to produce black copper oxide.
• The balanced equation is as follows:
2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
Aluminum oxide is reacted with hydrochloric acid
• Aluminum oxide is treated with hot dilute hydrochloric acid to produce aluminum chloride and
water.
• The balanced equation is as follows :
Al2O3(s) + 6HClaq → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Potassium reacts with water
• When potassium combines with water, potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are formed.
• The balanced equation is as follows :
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOHaq + H2(g)
Cinnabar is heated in air
• When cinnabar is burned in air, it is converted to mercuric oxide, which produces sulfur diox-
ide gas.
• The balanced equation is as follows :
2HgS(g) + 3O2(g) → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Aluminum oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide
• Sodium aluminate and water are formed when aluminum oxide combines with sodium
hydroxide.
• The balanced equation is as follows : Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO2 + H2 O

7. Gold and platinum.

a) A thin layer of aluminium oxide forms a protective layer which protects the aluminium metal
from further damage. Here, corrosion is an advantage
b) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year enormous amount of money is spent to
replace damage iron structures. Here, corrosion is a serious problem

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PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

1. Metals cannot be obtained directly from carbonates and sulphides. It is easier to reduce oxides with
carbon :
Heat
ZnCO 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Calcination
→ ZnO + CO 2
ZnS + O2 → ZnO + SO2 Roasting ; ZnO + C → Zn + CO Reduction
2. i) Reducing agents like carbon cannot break strong affinity between metal and non-metal.
ii) Electrolytic reduction.
3. Refining of metals : The process of removing impurities from a reduced metal to obtain its pure state
is called refining of metals.
Electrolytic refining of copper -
An impure metal is made the anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode. A solution of
metal salt is used as an electrolyte. On passing
CuSO4 → Cu2+ + SO 2 − 4

At anode Cu → Cu 2+
+ 2e–
(from anode) (in solution)
At cathode Cu + 2e → Cu
2+ –

(from solution) (to cathode)

In soluble impurities settle down as anode mud.
Battery
+

Anode Cathode

Impure Pure copper

copper as as cathode
anode Electrolytic tank

Impurities Copper sulphate

solution
Anode mud Acidified
Electrolytic refining of copper

4. i) 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2 SO2(Roasting)

ii) ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 (Calcination)
iii) 3MnO2 + 4Aw → 3Mn + 2Al2O3(Reduction)

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CHEMISTRY X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :
5. a) In test tube A
b) Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
c) Displacement reaction.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :
6. Reducing agents like carbon cannot break strong affinity between metal and non-metal, electrolytic
reduction.
i) Molten sodium chloride and at cathode.
ii) Chlorine at anode
iii) 2Na+ + 2 e– → 2 Na (cathode), 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (anode)
iv) Potassium and Magnesium
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
7. i) X is copper and the process is corrosion
ii) Basic copper carbonate - CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
iii) Galvanisation and painting
VI. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
8. Yes, copper metal is converted into copper oxide.
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

A B C

Air Air Dry air

Layer of
Rusty olive oil
iron (Prevents
nails air dissolving
in the water)
water
9.

Boiled Anhydrous
distilled water calcium chloride
(boiled to remove (drying agent)
any dissolved air)

The boiled distilled water in the test tube B did not have any oxygen and the layer of oil also prevented
oxygen which being dissolved in the water. Since there was no oxygen and the nail was not affected
by rust. The anhydrous calcium chloride in the test tube C absorbed moisture from the air in the test
tube and therefore the nails were not affected by rust. In the test tube A, the nails are exposed to both
air and water and therefore the nails got coated with reddish-brown rust.

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY

PATH TO 100/100
1) a 2) a 3) c 4) c 5) d 6) b 7) d 8) b 9) c 10) d

11) c 12) b 13) b 14) c 15) b

Assertion and Reason :

16) a 17) d 18) d 19) c 20) b 21) c 22) d 23) d 24) c 25) d

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