ROSILDA D.

MACAPANAS,RN,MAN LPT,MAED-CAR
WHAT IS METREOLOGY?

 it is a science that deals with the atmosphere

and its phenomena and especially with
weather and weather forecasting.
 it guides us into having a “ query” about its
properties and relations.
Categories of Metreology
Aerology: deals with the study of the
structure of the atmosphere.
Dynamic or theoretical Meteorology: studies
the motions of the atmosphere by analyzing
the physical variables of pressure, density,
temperature and velocity in order to
protect the future state of the atmosphere.
Categories of Metreology

Physical Meteorology: covers all physical

atmospheric phenomena and amongst
which electrical, optical and
thermodynamic processes are highly
important. It systematically describes the
working of different kind of forces in the
atmosphere. As a part of natural science, it
analyzes concepts of physics, chemistry and
dynamics of the entire atmosphere.
Categories of Metreology

It also helps in predicting weather

accurately along with an understanding of
artificial control of the atmospheric
phenomena.
CATEGORIES OF METREOLOGY

Aeronautical Meteorology: It is a category

of natural-cum applied science which
analyzes the weather conditions suitable for
aviation purposes. It has gained a lot of
importance over the years especially with
the development of aviation industry.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METREOLOGY
AND OTHER SCIENCES

As a planet, Earth is consist of three substances:

gas (atmosphere), liquid (hydrosphere), and solid
(lithosphere). Physical-chemical processes that
take place within them are now taught by
independent studies. All these components are
integrated under a common name known as
“geophysics”.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METREOLOGY
AND OTHER SCIENCES

Consequently, meteorology is the group of

geophysical sciences, and therefore it is closely
related to other sciences of that group, such as Earth
physics and oceanography. Since a long time ago, the
linkage between meteorology and astrophysics, and
more specifically between meteorology and physics
of the Sun, is established and reinforced.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METREOLOGY
AND OTHER SCIENCES
Regardless of the numerous links to other sciences, according
to the nature of task solution and methods used, meteorology
is a physical science. It can be successfully developed only
based on achievements in physics, more precisely, its main
branches: mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics,
aerodynamics, dynamics, and others. Therefore, there is no
doubt that meteorology may rightfully be called physics of the
atmosphere.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METREOLOGY
AND OTHER SCIENCES

According to the International Union of Geodesy and

Geophysics (IUGG), meteorological science studies only a
layer of the atmosphere in a shallow vertical space up to a
height of 20 km. The rest of the atmospheric studies belong to
so- called “Aeronomy”. Aeronomy is the science of the upper
part of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are
very important (Brasseur and Solomon 2005).
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METREOLOGY
AND OTHER SCIENCES
This kind of division is obviously not appropriate because
the processes in the atmosphere are interconnected. Thus, it
is impossible to observe separately the wave motions that
characterize the dynamics of the mesosphere and the lower
thermosphere from the wave motions in the lower
atmosphere, because these are interrelated motions. Or,
atmospheric discharges in the troposphere result in
spectacular electrical phenomena, such as blue jet, elves, and
ring discharges .
 CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
THREE MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
A. Dynamic meteorology
B. Physical meteorology
C. Applied meteorology
 CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
Dynamic meteorology
- focused on studying the fundamental principles
- studies the movements in the atmosphere using the laws of
the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere
- its main task is to provide a theoretical basis for
understanding the effects of atmospheric movements on
the weather and climate from the smallest to the largest.
- a numerical weather forecast is being developed which
solves the equations of the dynamics and thermodynamics
of the atmosphere by numerical methods
 CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
Dynamic meteorology
- It is the science of dynamics of the atmospheric processes
- It is a fundamental discipline in meteorology where the
complex meteorological processes and phenomena are
interpreted in theoretical way using the fundamental
principles of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.
 CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
Physical meteorology
- focused on studying the processes
- the physical quantities that characterize the state of the
atmosphere are temperature, density, pressure, etc.
Physical meteorology explains the physical processes in
the atmosphere, such as solar radiation, absorption,
refection and scattering, and outgoing terrestrial
radiation.
- studies the cloud physics , aerosols, precipitation,
atmospheric moist processes, and near surface
processes such as mixing, turbulence, and friction.
 CLASSIFICATION OF METREOLOGY
Applied metreology
-focused on the study of application other metreological
foundation and processes in various sectors.
-includes a wide range of individual scientific disciplines which
deal with a specific application of meteorology in many
sectors: transport, health, environment, agriculture, and water
economy
 Branches of Applied Metreology
a. Synoptic meteorology
- is a branch of applied meteorology whose name is derived
from the Greek word synopsis, which is understood.
- aims to forecast the weather.
- analyses processes in the atmosphere based on measurements
and observations recorded on geographic maps for places
where measurements are made at a point in time, so-called
synoptic maps. The modern weather forecast is increasingly
based on a numerical forecast, but still with the decisive role of
man in interpreting the synoptic situation that arises based on
drawn diagnostic maps and diagrams, products of different
numerical models, and radar and satellite images.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
a. Synoptic meteorology
- is a branch of applied meteorology whose name is derived
from the Greek word synopsis, which is understood.
- aims to forecast the weather.
- analyses processes in the atmosphere based on measurements
and observations recorded on geographic maps for places
where measurements are made at a point in time, so-called
synoptic maps.
- is the science of weather prediction (e.g. Lackmann 2012; Barry
and Carleton 2001; Bott 2012).
 Branches of Applied Metreology
a. Synoptic meteorology
- The basic method is synoptic, and it consists of an analysis of
atmospheric phenomena and processes with the help of
special maps with a scale on which the data are caused by
meteorological observations carried out at different points on
Earth. These maps are called synoptically charts. The name
derives from the Greek word “synopsis” which means “entry”,
thus enabling to obtain a representation of time over a wider
region, drawn on the map, and to provide forecasts for future
situations.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
b. Climatology
- refers to a science that is focused on formation of climate in
different geographical region. “Climate” refers to a long-term
specific regime of meteorological weather of a given area
designated by the influx of solar radiation, the properties of the
Earth’s surface, and the atmospheric circulation.
c. Agriculture meteorology
- is a discipline which has studied the impact of meteorological
factors on the state of .
d. Biometeorology or medical meteorology is a discipline that
studies the impact of weather on human health.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
d. Biometeorology or medical meteorology
- is a discipline that studies the impact of weather on human
health.
- It is a separate branch of applied meteorology and studies the
human sensitivity to various atmospheric conditions.
- It is an interdisciplinary activity in science that studies the
interactions between the biosphere and the atmosphere.
Human biometeorology is a part of biometeorology, which
deals with the study of weather and climate impacts on human
health. The title biometeorology is sometimes replaced with the
term bioclimatology that studies the climate impact on health.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
e. Radar and satellite meteorology
- is a discipline that deals with teaching methods, techniques, and
tools for radar observation and identification of clouds and
cloudy systems and methods and devices for satellite monitoring
of the atmosphere and the processes (Raghvan 2003).
f. Hydrometeorology
- is a branch of applied meteorology, which refers to the
hydrological cycle, water balance, and statistics of intensive
rainfall. Hydrometeorologists prepare and issue forecasts of
accumulated (quantitative) precipitation, the rainfall and
snowfall intensity, and emphasize the areas with potential flash
flooding.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
g.Aeronautical meteorology
-is a branch of applied meteorology that refers to the impact of
weather on air traffic management. It is important for pilots to
understand the implications of weather on their fight planning
and on their aircraft, as outlined in the manual for air information.
h. Environmental meteorology
is the study of the physics, dynamics, and chemistry of the
interactions of the Earth’s atmosphere and the urban built
environment and the provision of meteorological services to the
populations and institutions of metropolitan areas.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
h. Environmental meteorology
-mainly analyses industrial pollution dispersion physically and
chemically based on meteorological parameters such as
temperature, humidity, wind, and various weather conditions
important for architecture including analysis of how the
construction phase of industrial and/or commercial buildings,
residential housing, highways, bridges, and towers can be best
accomplished during sustained periods of good weather.
i-Technical meteorology
- deals with the application of meteorology in separate technical
branches of the economy, electric power economy, construction,
transport, tourism, and other disciplines. Weather modification is a
branch of applied meteorology dedicated to human activity to
affect the atmospheric processes which characterize the weather.
 Branches of Applied Metreology
There are standard methods and modern techniques to artificially
influence and modify weather, also used for rain augmentation,
hail suppression, fog dispersal, control of electrical discharges, and
icing prevention. There is also another applied discipline as forensic
meteorology.
j. Forensic meteorology is meteorology, focused on scientific
studying of weather, applied to the process of reconstructing
weather events for a certain time and location.
-done by acquiring and analyzing local weather reports such as
surface observations, radar and satellite images, and other data.
 Classification Based on the Studied Area
Depending on the region or area where certain atmospheric
processes and phenomena are manifested, meteorology is
divided into tropical meteorology, polar meteorology, marine or
ocean meteorology (oceanography), and mountain
meteorology . Tropical meteorology studies the structure of the
atmosphere and its behavior in areas around the equator,
roughly between 30 deg. north and south latitude. Weather and
climate of tropics include phenomena such as northeast and
southeast trade winds, hurricanes, Intertropical Convergence
Zone, jet streams, monsoon, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
Over the tropics more energy from the sun arrives than it is lost in
space (infrared radiation). The opposite occurs in high latitudes
from 30 deg. lat to the poles.
 Classification Based on the Studied Area
The excess energy from the tropics is carried by the winds in high
latitudes, by means of vertical circulation known as Hadley cell.
Polar meteorology is a branch of meteorology which explores
the weather and climate in high latitudes of the Earth. In polar
regions, the Sun never rises far above the horizon, and it remains
constant throughout the year, so that snow and ice can remain
for long periods even at lower positions. Meteorological
processes that occur have exceptionally local characteristics in
large proportions of the two Polar Regions.
 Classification Based on the Studied Area
Marine or ocean meteorology mainly deals with the study of
oceanic areas, including islands and coastal regions. This
discipline is a practical application for the Earth’s needs and
air navigation through the ocean. Coastal meteorology
studies meteorological phenomena in the inner part of the
mainland, about 100 km from the coast. In meteorology, the
determination of the processes in a coastal zone is based on
detailed knowledge of maritime and land boundary layers
and the interactions of the system atmosphere-sea. But, in
order to understand the processes better, the atmospheric
dynamics in large-scale circulation and coastal ocean
should also be considered..
 Classification Based on the Studied Area
Coastal meteorology is used for weather forecasting in
coastal areas. This branch of meteorology helps to under-
stand the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of
ocean coastline. Mountain meteorology is focused on the
effects of mountains on the atmosphere, which are placed in
all scale processes of movement. Alpine meteorology is a
special branch of this scientific discipline that deals with the
impact of the mountain system of central and southern
Europe, approximately 805 km in length and 161 km in width,
which stretches from the Mediterranean Sea through
northern Italy and southeastern France, Switzerland, southern
Germany, and Austria and in the north- western part of the
 Classification Based on the Studied Area
Based on the studied layer in the atmosphere, meteorology is
divided into planetary boundary layer meteorology and
aerology.
The boundary layer meteorology. It is the branch of
meteorology that studies the processes in the layer of air
which is directly above Earth’s surface and is known as the
atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or planetary boundary
layer (PBL) . The effects of surface heating, cooling, and
friction cause turbulent mixing within the layer of air.
Considerable heat flux, mass, or momentum in a time scale
less than a day is transported with a turbulent movement.
Boundary layer meteorology includes the study of all types of
surface boundaries: Earth-surface environment, including
oceans, seas, and lakes and urban and non-urban lands.
Classification According to the Scale of Processes
The atmosphere has a wave nature, characterized by different
spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena and processes
(Lin 2007). Therefore, when studying the atmosphere,
meteorology can be divided into different areas of significance
and importance, depending on the spatial and temporal feld of
interest. One extremely important branch of this scale is
climatology. The time scale of meteorology, hours to days, is
divided into microscale, mesoscale, synoptic-scale, and global-
scale meteorology . Microscale meteorology studies a small-
scale atmospheric process, associated with the interaction of
the atmosphere and Earth’s surface. In these processes surface
transport and exchange of energy, heat and humidity at the
ground layer of atmosphere, convection, microphysical
processes in clouds, turbulent processes in the atmosphere,
Classification According to the Scale of Processes
and the processes of diffusion are included. Spatial scale of
these processes is with a horizontal dimension less than 2–
10 km, with time scales between 15 min and 1 h. Mesoscale
meteorology is a branch covering atmospheric processes
which have horizontal scales ranging from microscale to
synoptic scale from 20 to 200 km approximately, with a
vertical scale that starts at the Earth’s surface and covers
the atmospheric boundary layer, the troposphere,
tropopause, and the lower part of the stratosphere. Time
scale of mesoscale processes may be from a few hours to
less than 1 day, until the end of the life cycle of the
phenomenon. The mesoscale phenomena of special
interest are storms, MCS, squall lines, convective bands,
Classification According to the Scale of Processes
frontal precipitation in tropical cyclones and extratropical
cyclones, and topographic established weather systems,
such as mountain waves and winds from the sea and land.
Synoptic-scale meteorology is basically a more dynamic
feld that refers to the horizontal coordinates in terms of time.
It includes phenomena such as cyclones, extratropical
cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and,
to some extent, jet currents. All these phenomena are
usually drawn on weather maps, to define specific time.
Minimum horizontal scale of synoptic phenomena is limited
in space between the surface and observing stations.
Globalscale meteorology or planetary scale meteorology
encompasses the global atmospheric circulation, long
Classification According to the Scale of Processes
waves, baroclinic waves, synoptic cyclones, radiation, and
surface processes of heat exchange and moisture between
the oceans and land. The study of temporal forms in this area
covers the transport of heat from tropics polewards. Also, the
oscillations in a large scale are of extreme importance. These
oscillations have periods that are greater than the annual
seasonal cycle. Global scale directs the thresholds of
perception of the meteorology towards climatology. The
traditional definition of climate is turned down in a larger
time scale, explaining how the global oscillations caused
climate and weather disturbances in synoptic and
mesoscale.
 The Modern Term of Meteorology
Today we are living in an era of climate change and global
warming. We are witnessing an increased frequency of
atmospheric natural disasters that endanger our planet Earth.
Development and application of new technologies contribute to
obtaining better quality knowledge and information on the status
and behaviour of the atmosphere of our planet and the
processes occurring in it. Modern view of the meteorology (Helmis
and Nastos 2012) almost transcends the conventional definition
of meteorology as the “Physics of the Atmosphere”. Meteorology,
as a sub-discipline of geophysics, grows into an interdisciplinary
science, which is widely devoted to the study of energy and
planetary processes and interactions that take place between
the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere of
planet Earth and greatly affects the global climate system.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Aristotle’s Meteorologica
Occurrences in the atmosphere have long been a subject of
human interest. As with other sciences, it is almost impossible to
precisely determine the beginning of the development of
meteorology (e.g. Ćurić 2006; Neves et al. 2017; Lutgens and
Tarbuck 2009; Spiridonov and Ćurić 2010). One should make a
distinction between meteorology as a natural science and
meteorology as a separate “branch of knowledge”. It seems
that the term “meteorology” originates from 340 BC when the
Greek philosopher Aristotle (Fig. 3.1) wrote a book on human
philosophy titled “Μετεωρολογικά” (Greek) “Meteorologica” or
“Meteora” (Latin).
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Aristotle’s Meteorologica
This book represented the philosophical study of the
atmosphere at that time, including different meteorological
elements and weather phenomena (e.g. humidity, clouds, rain,
snow, wind, hail, lightning, and thunder). Also, other areas such
as astronomy, geography, and chemistry were also included.
The book was titled “Meteorologica” because each particle
that was falling from the sky or that was suspended in the
atmosphere was called “meteor”. Today, we make a distinction
between “meteors” (extra Earth meteors) and hydrometeors
(particles of water or ice in the atmosphere).
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Aristotle’s Meteorologica
The Greek word “meteors” refers to something “high in the sky”,
which is located between Earth and the universe, while
the word “logos” means study. Although there were no
instruments yet, the ancient Greeks collected data on the state
of the atmosphere, primarily wind and precipitation, and various
atmospheric phenomena were described and interpreted.
Greek philosophers seemed to understand the hydrological
cycle, while water vapour, since it was invisible, was less
understood. Aristotle’s disciple Theophrastus wrote “Weather
Signs” containing a set of prognostic rules derived from celestial
phenomena.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Aristotle’s Meteorologica
In “Meteorologica” Aristotle tried to explain weather
phenomena in a philosophical way. Although most of his claims
were wrong until the seventeenth century, many Aristotle’s
original ideas were not scientifcally recalled.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
The origin of meteorology dates since its beginning in
3000 BC (Teague and Gallicchio 2017), through
development as a legitimate, natural science dating from
late sixteenth century. Meteorology has been recognized
as a natural science only since the end of the 16th
century. At that time, it was clear that the speculations of
natural philosophers were inadequate and that greater
knowledge was necessary for further understanding of the
atmosphere. Certain instruments that would likely measure
properties of the atmosphere (e.g. temperature, humidity,
pressure) were necessary, but such instruments were never
found until the end of that period.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
The first of such discoveries was the hygrometer. Greek
philosophers seemed to understand the physical basis of the
circulation of water through land-atmosphere system, even in
the absence of the instruments. Because the water in the gas
(vapour) state is invisible, these processes were less
understandable. Questions pertaining to the properties of this
“invisible water vapour” led to the finding of an instrument for
measuring humidity by the German mathematician Cardinal
Nicolas de short, around 1450. The second invention of that
kind was the water thermometer. The discovery was
attributed to Galileo Galilei in 1593, although the exact date
of his finding is not certain to this day.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
The ideas and the inventions of Galileo motivated other scientists at
that time to continue the search and the discovery of other
instruments for measuring atmospheric phenomena. Another
invention in the seventeenth century was instrument for measuring
atmospheric pressure, called “barometer”. The “barometer” is known
as an instrument of Torricelli Evangelista, an Italian mathematician
who studied in the class of Galilei. In 1643, Torricelli and his student
Vincenzo Viviane constructed a vacuum tube and used mercury for
measuring the weight of the air column. The first anemometer for
measuring wind speed was constructed in 1667 by Robert Hock, while
Horace de Saucer completed this list of important meteorological
instruments in January 1780, with the construction of fibrous
hygrometer as an instrument for measuring the humidity of the air.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
In 1765, daily measurements of air pressure were conducted;
the moisture content of the direction and speed of wind
were determined. For the first time, this is done by the French
scientist, Lavoisier Laurent, who stated: “With all this
information it is almost always possible to provide the
weather forecast with reasonable accuracy, one to two
days in advance”. However, things were not as simple as
Lavoisier thought. Since 1872 the Government British
Meteorological Office had prepared daily weather maps
collecting the data and drafting on a simple weather chart.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
Later, a new graphical tool was developed to enable more
rapid transmission of information. In that period, isobars-drawn
lines on a weather map, connecting points of equal barometric
pressure and isotherms connecting lines having equal
temperature were found. Other graphic devices were also
developed for characters for the display of wind direction and
strength, as well as lines that describe the intersections of warm
and cold air masses. In 1854 a French warship and 38 merchant
ships sank in fierce storm near Krim’s port of Balaklava.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
The Director of the Paris Observatory was asked to investigate the
temporal disaster. With the analysis and verification of
meteorological reports, it was noticed that the storm occurred 2
days before the ships sank and passed through Europe from the
southeast. If there was a system for monitoring the weather at
that time, ships would be notified of a storm surge. As a result of
these findings, a national storm warning service was established in
France. This period is recognized as the beginning of the modern
meteorology. In 1862 Lord Kelvin, Scottish mathematician and
physicist, suggested an absolute temperature scale, as the
important finding, which allowed further application in research
and study of temperature characteristics of the atmosphere.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
Instruments continue to develop during the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, with the full support of new technological
achievements that impact on the deepening of our knowledge of
the atmosphere. The invention of telegraph in 1843 allowed routine
transmission of the weather observations and the observations
installed across the globe. Using these data, weather maps and
tracks from the surface of the wind were roughly drawn, and with
their help storm systems could be identified and spatial scales
could be studied for a longer time. Among many other advances,
mainly related to the progress in physical science was the
discovery of Robert Boil, the dependence of the volume of the gas
pressure, which led to the thermodynamics and experiments with
lightning by Benjamin Franklin.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Research Period
The first correct explanation essential to the global atmospheric
circulation, whether based on a study of trade winds of George
Hadley written in 1735, which contributed to the mean tropical
cell zonal atmospheric circulation is referred as “Hadley cell”. In
1835, physicist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis found that the
rotation of Earth causes power to depend on the velocity of
bodies in a reference composition of non-rotating Earth.
Synoptic observations at the time showed that there were some
difficulties for the establishment of certain characteristics
associated with weather, such as clouds or winds. These
difficulties were overcome when Luke Howard and Francis
Beaufort introduced systems for cloud classification (1803) and
wind speeds (1806), respectively.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Modern Research Period
A real milestone in that time was the invention of the telegraph in
1843 which has provided exchange of information within
invaluable time speed. At the beginning of the twentieth century,
theoretical studies of atmospheric phenomena were usually
performed analytically, taking the basic equations of fluid
dynamics which govern atmospheric processes, simplifying them
to the neglect of more terms, and seeking solutions to these
equations (Thaxter 1990). Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes is a
pioneer in the modern practice of weather forecasting. He was
especially famous in his studies of hydrodynamics and thermo-
dynamics and their association with the atmospheric motion.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Modern Research Period
For example, Bjerknes developed the model that explains the
formation, intensification, and dissipation, i.e. the life cycle of
cyclones at high latitudes, by introducing the idea of frontal
systems as closely defined boundaries between two air
masses (Bjerknes 1921). In 1922, an English mathematician,
physicist, meteorologist, psychologist Lewis Fry Richardson . made
a pioneering work in developing the first numerical weather
prediction experiment. He is also noted for his pioneering work
developing a method for solving a system of linear equations
known as modified Richardson iteration. Richardson was several
decades ahead of his time in what he attempted to do.
Modern Research Period
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
At the time of the World War I, computational weather
forecasting was impractical for several reasons (e.g. lack of
available observations, instabilities of the algorithms for solving
the atmospheric equations, inadequate knowledge of the
balance of the atmosphere, and massive volume of
computation required to advance the numerical solution).
Later, John von Neumann, Jule Charney, and Ragnar Fjørtoft
made the first numerical weather prediction by computation
of a solution of a simple equation, the barotropic vorticity
equation (BVE), on the only computer available, the
ENIAC. Starting in the 1950s of the nineteenth century, the
numerical experiments with computers became feasible and
practical (Lindzen et al. 1990). The first weather forecasts
derived this way used bar tropic (single-vertical-level) models,
which could successfully predict the movement of Rossby
waves in large scale, a general model of atmospheric
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The theory of chaos, i.e. nonlinearity of atmospheric
processes, has great significance for the development of
meteorology, especially in the description of the limitations of
the forecast period; that fact is an integral part of
atmospheric modelling.The chaotic nature of the atmosphere
was first studied by Edward Lorenz. In 1960, Lorenz reveals the
theory of chaos and the well-known “butterfly effect”. In his
theory, Lorenz is linking the 1-min-long swings of the wings of a
butterfly in a place with great disturbances which later would
be caused elsewhere. Faster technological development in
the 1960s allows launching of the world’s first weather satellite
(TIROS-1), which was equipped with a camera.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
. Today, weather satellites pass from pole to pole.
Geostationary satellites are positioned in a fixed position
above Earth and constantly monitor a part of the globe. The
development of advanced remote sensing techniques such
as radars, satellites, lidars, sodars, and other technology
continues so that meteorological satellites of the second
generation (MSG-2) are designed to monitor the advantage
of the new technology and to improve the already successful
and proven design of the original (METEOSAT) satellites.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Modern Research Period
The development of modern satellite technology creates
tools that are applied in the monitoring the weather and
climate, the atmospheric phenomena, and processes that
are manifested at different spatial and temporal scales and
which substantially affect our daily lives and our daily
activities. Today, automated weather stations (AWS) send
balloons into the atmosphere that contain so-called
radiosondes.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
These instruments can measure atmospheric conditions using
the radio to return information back to the station. Of course,
weather stations now also use radars. New scientific and
technological achievements in the twenty- first century
allowed rapid progress in the development and application
of computer models for weather forecasting, water, climate,
and environment. More detailed description of the historical
development of meteorology, early research period until the
modern period of development and application of
meteorological science, can be found in one of the few
monographs which are a historical treasure for development
of meteorological practice and science.
THANK YOU!
Prepared by:

MRS. ROSILDA D. MACAPANAS

Instructor I