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Compound Microscope & Telescope (Taught On 21.10.24)

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61 views4 pages

Compound Microscope & Telescope (Taught On 21.10.24)

Hlo help

Uploaded by

dakshchauhan608
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Compound Microscope

(a) When final image is at Infinity:

Magnification due to objective,


ℎ′ 𝐿
𝑚𝑜 = ( ) =
ℎ −𝑓𝑜
Magnification due to eyepiece,
𝐷
𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓𝑒
Total magnification when final image is formed at infinity,
𝐿 𝐷
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑥 𝑚𝑒 = (− 𝑓 ) 𝑥 ( 𝑓 )
𝑜 𝑒
NOTE:
➢ When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, the length of the compound microscope
(tube length),
L = vo + ue
➢ When final image is formed at infinity, the length of the compound microscope (tube length),
L = vo + fe
TELESCOPE
➢ A telescope is a devise which is used to see the distant objects clearly.
➢ There are two types of telescopes:
(i) Refracting Telescope: In this type of telescope lenses are used to see the distant objects. These are
of two types:
• Astronomical Telescope: These telescopes are used to see the heavenly bodies like stars, planets,
Sun etc.
• Terrestrial Telescope: These telescopes are used to see the distant objects situated on the surface
of the Earth.
(ii) Reflecting Telescope: In this type of telescopes converging mirrors are used to view the distant
objects. Examples- Newtonian and Cassegrain telescopes.
ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
➢ It is a refracting type telescope to see the heavenly bodies like stars, planets, Sun etc.
➢ It consists of two converging lenses called objective and eyepiece. The two lenses are mounted co-
axially at the outer ends of two sliding tubes.
➢ Objective is a convex lens of large focal length and large aperture so that sufficient light can be
gathered from the distant objects.
➢ Eyepiece is also a convex lens of small focal length and small aperture. It faces the eye. The
aperture is small so that whole light of the telescope may enter the eye from a distant object.
WORKING: A parallel beam of light coming from infinity falls on objective lens so that a real, magnified
and inverted image (A’B’) is formed at the focal point (fo) of the objective lens.
Now eye-piece is so adjusted that A’B’ is lies just inside the focal point (fe) of eyepiece so that a highly
magnified image (A’’B’’) is formed at least distance of distinct vision (D).
If the eyepiece so adjusted that image (A’B’) lies at the focal point (fe) of the eyepiece than a highly
magnified image is formed at infinity.
MAGNIFYING POWER It is defined as the ratio of angle subtended by the final image to the angle
subtended by the object at the eye.
(a) When final image is at least distance of distinct vision:

By definition of magnifying power, from diagram we have,


𝛽 tan 𝛽
𝑚= =
𝛼 tan 𝛼
𝐴′ 𝐵′/𝐵′𝐸 𝑂𝐵′
= =
𝐴′ 𝐵′ /𝑂𝐵′ 𝐵′𝐸

But, OB’ = +fo and B’E = -ue. Therefore, we have,


𝑓𝑜
𝑚=− 𝑢𝑒

Now for eyepiece, u = -ue and v - -D. now by lens formula we have,
1 1 1
−𝑢=
𝑣 𝑓

1 1 1
− −𝑢 =
−𝐷 𝑒 𝑓𝑒

1 1 1
=𝐷+
𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑒

𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑚=− (1 + )
𝑓𝑒 𝐷

Therefore, for large magnifying power fo>> fe.

(b) When final image is at Infinity:


By definition of magnifying power, from diagram we have,
𝛽 tan 𝛽
𝑚= =
𝛼 tan 𝛼
𝐴"𝐵′/𝐵′𝐸 𝑂𝐵′
= =
𝐴′𝐵′/𝑂𝐵′ 𝐵′𝐸

But, OB’ = + fo and B’E = -fe . Therefore, we have


𝑓𝑜
𝑚=− 𝑓𝑒

Hence, for large magnifying power fo>> fe.

REFLECTING TELESCOPES
➢ In this type of telescope converging mirrors are used to get a brighter image.
➢ There are following two main types of telescopes:
(i) NEWTONIAN REFLECTING TELESCOPE
➢ This was the first reflecting telescope set up by Newton.
➢ This telescope consists of a large aperture and large focal length concave mirror made up of an alloy
of tin and copper.

➢ A beam of light from a distant object is incident on concave mirror and reflecting back. Before the
reflected rays meet at the focal point F, plane mirror inclined at 450 intercepts them and reflect them
towards an eyepiece adjusted perpendicular to the axis of of the objective mirror. The eyepiece a
forms a highly magnified, virtual and erect image of the distant object.

(ii) CASSEGRAIN REFLECTING TELESCOPE

➢ It consists of a large aperture concave paraboloidal mirror called primary mirror having a hole at its
centre.
➢ A small convex mirror is place near the focal point of primary mirror.
➢ The eyepiece is placed along the axis of the telescope near the hole of primary mirror.

➢ A beam of light from a distant object is incident on primary mirror and reflecting back. Before the
reflected rays meet at the focal point F of primary mirror, convex mirror (secondary) intercepts them
and reflect them towards an eyepiece adjusted along the axis of the telescope. The eyepiece forms a
highly magnified image of the distant object.
➢ The final image is enlarged and inverted with respect to the object.
➢ Suppose f0 and fe be the focal length of objective and eyepiece respectively. For final image at the least
distance, magnifying power of the telescope is,
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
𝑚= (1 + )
𝑓𝑒 𝐷

When final image is at infinity, then


𝑓𝑜
𝑚= 𝑓𝑒

ADVANTAGES OF REFLECTING TELESCOPE OVER REFRACTING TELESCOPE

A reflecting type telescope has following advantages over refracting telescope:

(i) A large aperture concave mirror can gather more light which gives the brighter image of the distant
image as compared to refracting telescope.

(ii) Reflecting telescopes have large resolving power as they have large aperture mirrors.

(iii)The mirrors are free from chromatic aberration.

(iv) The large aperture mirrors are free from spherical aberration

(v) A reflecting type telescope is cheaper as compared to refracting type telescope.

(vi) A reflecting type telescope is lighter as compared to refracting type telescope.

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