MySQL Constraints

PRIMARY KEY Constraint

 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far:
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far:

- Theory of Relational Databases

 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far:

- Theory of Relational Databases

- SQL Theory
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far:

- Theory of Relational Databases

- SQL Theory
- Creating a Database
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far: In this section:

- Theory of Relational Databases

- SQL Theory
- Creating a Database
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far: In this section:

- Theory of Relational Databases - Constraints

- SQL Theory
- Creating a Database
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far: In this section:

- Theory of Relational Databases - Constraints

- SQL Theory In this lesson:
- Creating a Database
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

So far: In this section:

- Theory of Relational Databases - Constraints

- SQL Theory In this lesson:
- Creating a Database
- the PRIMARY KEY Constraint
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

constraints

specific rules, or limits, that we define in our tables

 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

constraints

specific rules, or limits, that we define in our tables

- the role of constraints is to outline the existing

relationships between different tables in our database
 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

constraints

specific rules, or limits, that we define in our tables

- the role of constraints is to outline the existing

relationships between different tables in our database

e.g. NOT NULL

 PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Sales
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

foreign key

points to a column of another table and, thus, links the two tables
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

child table
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

parent table

child table
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

parent table

child table
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

parent table = referenced table

child table = referencing table

 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Sales
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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Remember, this is not an obligatory requirement – these two keys may

have two completely different names. What’s important is that the data
types and the information match! It’s just common practice to use, if
not the same, then similar names for both keys.
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Sales

parent table = referenced table

child table = referencing table

 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

a foreign key in SQL is defined through a foreign key

constraint
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

a foreign key in SQL is defined through a foreign key

constraint

the foreign key maintains the referential integrity within the database
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

ON DELETE CASCADE
if a specific value from the parent table’s primary key has been
deleted, all the records from the child table referring to this value
will be removed as well
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
 FOREIGN KEY Constraint

ON DELETE CASCADE
UNIQUE Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint

unique key
used whenever you would like to specify that you don’t want to see
duplicate data in a given field
 UNIQUE Constraint

unique key
used whenever you would like to specify that you don’t want to see
duplicate data in a given field

- ensures that all values in a column (or a set of columns)

are different
 UNIQUE Constraint

unique keys are implemented in SQL through a constraint –

the UNIQUE Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint

unique keys are implemented in SQL through a constraint –

the UNIQUE Constraint

if you attempt to insert an already existing, duplicate value in the

unique column, SQL will display an error
 UNIQUE Constraint

unique keys are implemented in SQL through a constraint –

the UNIQUE Constraint

if you attempt to insert an already existing, duplicate value in the

unique column, SQL will display an error

ERROR
 UNIQUE Constraint

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UNIQUE Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint

Indexes
 UNIQUE Constraint

Indexes
unique keys in MySQL have the same role as indexes
 UNIQUE Constraint

Indexes
unique keys in MySQL have the same role as indexes

the reverse isn’t true !!!

 UNIQUE Constraint

Indexes
unique keys in MySQL have the same role as indexes

the reverse isn’t true !!!

index of a table

an organizational unit that helps retrieve data more easily

 UNIQUE Constraint

Indexes
unique keys in MySQL have the same role as indexes

the reverse isn’t true !!!

index of a table

an organizational unit that helps retrieve data more easily

- it takes more time to update a table because indexes must be updated, too, and
that’s time consuming
UNIQUE Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP INDEX unique_key_field;
DEFAULT Constraint
 DEFAULT Constraint

DEFAULT Constraint
 DEFAULT Constraint

DEFAULT Constraint
helps us assign a particular default value to every row of a column
 DEFAULT Constraint

DEFAULT Constraint
helps us assign a particular default value to every row of a column

- a value different from the default can be stored in a field where the
DEFAULT constraint has been applied, only if specifically indicated.
DEFAULT Constraint
 DEFAULT Constraint

CREATE TABLE customers

(
customer_id INT,
first_name VARCHAR(255),
last_name VARCHAR(255),
email_address VARCHAR(255),
number_of_complaints INT DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (customer_id)
);
DEFAULT Constraint
 DEFAULT Constraint

2
 DEFAULT Constraint

2 Peter Figaro M
 Data Definition Language

Data Definition Language (DDL)

- CREATE
- ALTER
- DROP
NOT NULL Constraint
 NOT NULL Constraint

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

 NOT NULL Constraint

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

the “not null” restriction is applied through the NOT NULL Constraint
 NOT NULL Constraint

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

the “not null” restriction is applied through the NOT NULL Constraint
- when you insert values in the table, you cannot leave the respective
field empty
 NOT NULL Constraint

primary key unique key

NULL VALUES no yes

the “not null” restriction is applied through the NOT NULL Constraint
- when you insert values in the table, you cannot leave the respective
field empty
- if you leave it empty, MySQL will signal an error
ERROR
NOT NULL Constraint
NOT NULL Constraint

NOT NULL
 NOT NULL Constraint

CREATE TABLE companies

(
company_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
headquarters_phone_number VARCHAR(255),
company_name VARCHAR(255),
PRIMARY KEY (company_id)
);
 NOT NULL Constraint

CREATE TABLE companies

(
company_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
headquarters_phone_number VARCHAR(255),
company_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (company_id)
);
 NOT NULL Constraint

Don’t confuse a NULL value with the value of 0 or with a

“NONE” response!

Think of a null value as a missing value.

0 NONE NULL

assigned by the assigned by the

user computer
NOT NULL Constraint

NULL
the value
of 0,
NOT NULL
NOT NULL Constraint

NULL
NOT NULL Constraint

NULL
NOT NULL Constraint

NULL