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21 views14 pages

Rfid Tags

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Always INDIAN
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RFID TAGS

Introduction
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has transformed the way we track and
manage items. From retail to healthcare, RFID tags play a pivotal role in enhancing
efficiency, accuracy, and security. In this assignment, we’ll explore the fundamentals of
RFID, its applications, and advantages.
1. Understanding RFID Tags
1.1 What are RFID Tags?

RFID tags are small electronic devices equipped with an integrated circuit (IC) and an
antenna. They communicate wirelessly using radio waves. Unlike traditional barcodes, RFID
tags do not require direct line-of-sight scanning. Let’s delve deeper into their working
principles.

RFID has high reading speed and this can work in presence of barrier. This
technology is more
effective when longer read range, fast scanning and flexible data carrying
capability is required.
RFID system has received more and more attention in many areas like
manufacturing companies, agriculture, transportation and industries.

These standards include hardware physics specification, tag-reader air


interface specification and reader-host command specification. A number
of organizations have set standards for RFID, including the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electro
technical Commission (IEC) and global. A short list of RFID standards
follows: ISO 10374, ISO 10536, ISO 11784, ISO14443, ISO 15693, IS0
18000, EPC global.

CLASSIFICATION METHOD
The literature review of RFID is divided into five categories: (i) RFID
components, (ii)
Operating frequencies, (iii) RFID principle, (iv) Advantages and limitations,
(v) Application areas.
RFID Components
A combination of RFID technology and computing technology is called RFID
system as shown
in figure 1. A RFID system consists of following components:
1. Tag/Transponder (electronic label).
2. Antenna (medium for tag reading).
3. Reader /Interrogator (read tag information).
4. Communication infrastructure (enable reader/RFID to work through
IT infrastructure).
5. Application software (user database/application/ interface).

Transponder (Tags)
An RFID tag is a small electronic device that is also referred to as a
transponder. The tag consists of a simple silicon microchip and antenna.
The tag can be attached to an object, typically an item, box. Information is
collected by chip and can be transmitted wirelessly. RFID tag can be active
(with batteries), passive (without batteries) and semi-passive (hybrid). Tag
has an identification code that can be transmitted towards reader.
Classification of RFID tags is presented in table 1

Table 1: Classification of RFID Tag


RFID Antenna

RFID antennas are used to collect information about any item. There are
many types of RFID antenna like patch antennas, linear polarized antennas,
stick antennas and adaptive antennas, gate antenna and Omni directional
antennas. RFID antenna types are shown in figure 2.
According to the researchers, an RFID antenna should satisfy following
requirement (i) Its size should be small, (ii) should have omnidirectional
or hemispherical coverage, (iii) must provide maximum possible signal to
the microchip, (iv) be robust and (v) be very cheap.
Antenna designer firstly make a known antenna and then change its
physical parameters to obtain optimum bandwidth.

RFID Reader
Third component of RFID system is RFID reader. The reader sometimes
called an interrogator or scanner sends and receives RF data to and from
the tag via antennas. A reader may have multiple antennas that are
responsible for sending and receiving radio waves. Reader informs data
processing system about presence of tagged item. It consists of three main
parts: control section, high frequency interface and antenna. Read range of
reader is affected by number of factors. Antenna gain, frequency used,
orientation of antenna will effect read range. Reader comes in four types:
Read, Read/write, fixed and mobile as shown in table 2. First two are based
on design and technology used and last two are
based on fixation of device.
Passive tag does not have its own power source. Chip in this tag get power
from reader. Reader antenna transmit RF signal towards tag. Tag gather
energy from RF signal by using inductive coupling in case of LF and HF tag
and backscatter coupling in case of UHF tag.

Operating Principle
Inductive Coupling

An inductively coupled tag consist of an electronic data carrying


device, usually a single microchip and a large area coil that functions as an
antenna. These always operate passively. This means that it gets its power
from reader side. For this purpose, the reader's antenna coil generates a
strong electro-magnetic field, which penetrates the cross-section of the coil
area and the area around the coil. A small part of the emitted field
penetrates the antenna coil of the transponder. By induction, a voltage is
generated in the transponder's antenna coil. This voltage is rectified and
acts as the power supply for microchip. Inductively coupled systems are
based upon a transformer-type coupling between the primary
coil in the reader and the secondary coil in the transponder. This is true
when the distance between the coils does not exceed 0.16 l, so that the
transponder is located in the near field of the transmitter antenna.

Backscatter Coupling
We know from the field of RADAR technology that electromagnetic waves
are reflected by objects with dimensions greater than half the
wavelength of the wave. The efficiency with which an object reflects
electromagnetic waves is described by its reflection cross section. A tuned
receiving antenna retransmits a portion of incident RF energy. This
retransmission is known as backscattering if it is in the direction of the
original transmitter. This backscattering can be detected by another
antenna.

Advantages of RFID System

RFID Applications
Healthcare Applications
RFID applications in healthcare [6] could save important resources that can
further contribute to
better patient care. RFID applications could reduce the number of errors by
tagging medical objects in
the healthcare setting such as patients‟ files and medical equipment
tracking in a timely manner.

Toll Road Application


RFID applications make the toll collection/charging better with improved
traffic flow, as cars/vehicles cannot pass through toll stations without
stopping for payment.

Animal Identification
This is one of earliest RFID application. RFID tag can be injected to
remain under skin of animal .This process is less painful and there is no
identification mark with the help of which tag can
be removing or modify.

Anti-Theft System
Any item can be protected by using RFID anti-theft tag is attached by a
strong string or a plastic band to the item.

REFERENCES
[1] Sam Polniak, “RFID case study book: RFID application stories from
around the globe” Abhisam software, 2007.
[2]Frederick E Terman, Radio Engineers Handbook, McGraw Hill, 1943,
pages 785 - 786
[3]Ray Cronin, “RFID versus Barcode,” Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol. 32,
pp177-178, 2008.
BIT MESRA
ECE Lab Assignment
Semester – 2 (SP 2024)

Name: Anurag Gupta


Branch: Chemical Engineering
Section: N
Roll No.: BTECH/10684/23

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