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DNCV3MS2 Supp Exam 06

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13 views3 pages

DNCV3MS2 Supp Exam 06

Uploaded by

Khethukuthula Zulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU - NATAL

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS: JANUARY 2007

ENCV3MS: MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING

DURATION: 3 HOURS TOTAL MARKS: 80

INTERNAL EXAMINER: Mr M.R. GRIFFITH

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: PROF DD STRETCH

INSTRUCTIONS :

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS


EXPLAIN YOUR PROBLEM FORMULATIONS

NOTES :

THIS IS A CLOSED BOOK EXAM


ALL QUESTIONS HAVE THE SAME MARK TOTALS

DATA :

A FORMULA SHEET IS ATTACHED TO THE END OF THIS EXAM PAPER


MAKE REASONABLE ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANY MISSING INFORMATION

THE EXAM QUESTION PAPER MUST BE RETURNED WITH YOUR ANSWER SHEET
UNIVERSITY OF KZN SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION JANUARY 2007
DNV3MS2 : MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING
PAGE 1

QUESTION 1 [20]
The settlement S of a clay substrate is given by
S = 0.43 Cc H (1 + e0)-1 Ln [1 + σ]
where Cc is the compression index, H is the thickness of the clay layer, e0 is the initial void
ratio, and σ = Δp/p0 is the relative increase in effective stress.
a) Carry out a sensitivity analysis to investigate the effects of uncertainties in Cc, e0
and σ on the settlement for Cc = 0.7, H = 3m, e0 = 0.5, and σ = 0.5.
b) If the uncertainties in Cc, e0, and σ are 10%, 20% and 20% respectively, which
contributes most to the uncertainty in the settlement?

QUESTION 2 [20]
Using the settlement equation from question 1 with H = 3m, e0 = 0.7, Cc = 0.4, apply the
Bisection and Newton-Raphson algorithms to calculate the value of σ for which the
settlement is 30mm to within an accuracy of 5%. Tabulate the results and compare the
two methods.

QUESTION 3 [20]
Suppose that the change in the concentration c(t) of contaminants in a river due to an
accident at an upstream factory can be described by the following differential equation
dc(t)/dt = -2c(t) + 5e-t
th
(a) Use the Euler and the 4 – order Runge Kutta methods to solve the differential
equation numerically for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, with a step size Δt = 0.2 and with c(0) =2.
Repeat the Euler method calculation with the step size halved. [15]
(b) Plot your results and discuss the relative accuracy of the two methods.
Note that the exact analytical solution is c(t) = 5e-t - 3e-2t [5]

QUESTION 4 [20]
A long concrete wall is two metres thick. The initial temperatures (oC) inside the wall are
distributed in a cubic manner as shown in the cross-sectional sketch. If both faces of the
wall are maintained at 350oC, compute the temperatures in the wall as a function of time t
until the value at the centreline has dropped to within 50oC of the face values. Note the
symmetry. Use λ = K Δt/Δx2 = ½ with Δx = 0.25m and thermal conductivity K = 10-5 m2/s.

350 350
358 377 414 475 414 377 358

x
2m

END OF PAPER TOTAL MARKS [80]


UNIVERSITY OF KZN SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION JANUARY 2007
DNV3MS2 : MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING
PAGE 2

FORMULA SHEET

ROOT FINDING ALGORITHMS

Bisection with bracket [xl , xu]:


xr(k+1) = ½ (xl(k) + xu(k))
ξa(k) = |( xu(k) - xl(k))/( (xl(k) + xu(k))|

False Position with bracket [xl , xu]:


(k)
xr = xu(k) - (xu(k) - xl(k)). F(xu(k)) / [F(xu(k)) - F(xl (k))]
ξa(k+1) = |( x(k+1) - x(k))/x(k+1)|

Newton-Raphson:
xk+1 = xk - F(xk)/F'(xk)
ξa (k+1)
= |( x(k+1) - x(k))/x(k+1)|

NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION
To minimize F(x)
Golden-section search:
Golden ratio R = ½ (5½ – 1) = 0.61803…
x1 = xl + R*(xu - xl) ; x2 = xu – R*(xu - xl)
F(xopt) = Min[F(x1), F(x2)]
ξa = (1 - R)*|( xu - xl)/ xopt|

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ODE'S


If dy/dx = f(x,y) ; h = Δx
Euler Method : yi+1 = yi + h.k1
4th- order Runge Kutta : yi+1 = yi + h.(k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4)/6
k1 = f(xi,yi) ; k2 = f(xi+½h, yi+½ h.k1) ; k3 = f(xi+½h, yi+½ h.k2) ; k4 = f(xi+h, yi+h.k3)

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PARABOLIC PDE's


Example: 1-D Diffusion Equation Φt = K .Φxx

Explicit finite difference formulation:


(k+1) (k)
Φi = Φi + λ(Φi+1(k) - 2 Φi(k) + Φi-1(k)) where λ = K. Δt/Δx2 ≤ ½

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ELLIPTIC PDE's


Example: 2-D Laplace ∇2ψ = 0 where (∇2 = ∂xx + ∂yy)

Finite difference Laplacian formulation:


ψi j = ¼ (ψi+1,j + ψi-1,j + ψi,j+1 + ψi,j-1)

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HYPERBOLIC PDE's


Example: 1-D Wave equation Φtt = c2. Φxx
Finite difference formulation:
(k+1)
Φi = Φi+1(k) + Φi-1(k) - Φi(k-1) where c = Δx/Δt

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