Seat No:

Name & Student No:

Surname:

FACULTY Humanities and Social Sciences

DEPARTMENT Human Sciences. Psvchologv Section
SUBJECT Research Methodoloey and Statistics
SUBJECT CODE HPSG 3652
DATE October/November 2019
DURATION Time (3) hours MARKS 100

Regular Examination

Examiner:
Internal Examiner: Dr. Poonam Dhaka (UNAM)

Internal Moderator: Dr W. Pieters (UNAM)

Instructions

o Write your name, surname and student number in the spaces provided for on this question paper.
o This paper consists three section.
o Answer all the questions on the question paper and use a BLACK or BLUE pen only.
. This question paper must be handed back to the invigilator.
o Non-programmable calculators may be used.
. Rough work sheet is attached.
GOOD LUCK!
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE eUESTIONS [60 Marksl

I. Choose the correct answer to the questions that follow by encircling only the applicable letter
(either a,b, c, or d). Each question is worth one (1) mark.

Forthefollowingquestion(s)(1-5):Aresearcheri,
questionnaire that measures the degree of affection adult men feel for their fathers. She has
found that for the general population the distribution is skewed to the right, the mean degree
of affection is 60, and the standard deviation is 16. The researcher ro*1. wondering if ilen
who themselves have just become new fathers will score higher on the scale than men in
general. She samples a group of 100 new fathers and finds that their mean is 64.5.

I What is the research hypothesis?

(a) There will be no significant differences between the two populations.
(b) The population of new fathers has a higher mean than the mean of the population of
men in general.
(c) The sample size will significantly affect the level of affection experienced.
(d) The two populations (of men in general and of new fathers) have different variances.

2. What is the mean of the comparison distribution?

(a) 60/100:.60
(b) 60
(c) 64.5/100 : .64s
(d) 64.s

-r- What is the standard deviation of the comparison distribution?

(a) 16/100:.16
(b) square root of 161100: .40
(c) 1621100 = 16.2
(d) square root of(16*16)/100 = 1.6

4. What is the shape of the comparison distribution?

(a) Approximately normal
(b) Skewed to the left
(c) Skewed to the right
(d) It cannot be determined from the information given

5. what is the variance on this questionnaire in the general poputationt

(a) 16
(b) 320
(c) 2s6
(d) soo

6. A raw score is equal to the:

(a) Z score multiplied by the standard deviation, plus the mean
(b) Z score multiplied by the variance, plus the mean
(c) Standard deviation multiplied by the mean, plus the variance
(d) Raw score minus the mean, divided by the variance
 Four friends take an Ie test. fheir scores a.e qO, 100, 106, I14. Which of the following
statements is true?
(a) The mean is 103
(b) The mean is 104
(c) The median is 100
(d) The median is 106

The alternative hypothesis is also called

(a) Null hypothesis
(b) Statistical hypothesis
(c) Research hypothesis
(d) Simple hypothesis

There are three children in a room, ages three, four, and five. If a four-year-old child enters
the room the:

(a) Mean age will stay the same but the standard deviation will decrease
(b) Mean age will stay the same but the standard deviation will increase
(c) Mean age and standard deviation will increase
(d) Mean age and standard deviation will stay the same

A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and conclude with
a universal
statement is called

(a) Deductive Reasoning

(b) Inductive Reasoning
(c) Abnormal Reasoning
(d) Transcendental Reasoning

Which one of these statistics is unaffected by outliers?

(a) Mean
(b) Interquartile range
(c) Standard deviation
(d) Range

While constructing Frequency Distribution, the

(a) None of These
(b) Number of Observation
(c) Size of Class
(d) Range of Data

When selecting a convenience sample,

(a) Accessibility "lemffi
(b) Judgment
(c) Randorn selection
(d) Area

Which of the following is not a ,,Graphic representation,,?

(a) Pie Chart

 (c) Table
(d) Histogram

15. When a given measurement is said to be accurately measuring the concept that the research
claims is being measured, then the study is

(a) Reliable.
(b) Verifiable.
(c) Valid.
(d) True.

16. correlation describes the relationship between two:

(a) Equal-interval numeric variables
(b) Scatterplots
(c) Standard deviations
(d) Horizontal axes

17. A res"archer the level of aggression of six 5-year-old boys over the course of a
school day.
"b*.ves
The number of incidents for the group of boys was 2, 4, 6, 12,8,
1 0. What is the

mean number of aggressive acts for this group of children?

(a) 4
(b) s
(c) 7
(d) e

18. When a distribution is skewed to the right:

(a) The median is greater than the mean
(b) The mean and the median are the same
(c) The mean is greater than the median
(d) The mean and the median are equal

19. The variance of a group of scores is the same as the:

(a) Average of the squared deviations from the mean
(b) Sum of the squared deviations about the mean
(c) Average of the absolute deviations from the mean
(d) Sum of the absolute deviations from the median
20. When an extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and
influences the dependent variable, it is called:

(a) Another dependent variable

(b) A confounding variable
(c) A moderating variable
(d) An unreliable variable

21 Donald's score on the statistics test was +1 .25. This means that he scored:
(a) Slightly below the average
(b) Just at the average
(c) A little less than one standard deviation below the mean
(d) More than one standard deviation above the mean
 22. statistical test used to compare 2 or more group means is known as :

(a) One-way analysis of variance

(b) Post hoc test
(c) ttest for correlation coefficients
(d) Simple regression

23. .' Brapr rnar snows rne pattern oI the relatlon of two variables is a:
(a) Histogram
(b) Scatterplots
(c) Standard deviations
(d) Horizontal axes
24. A z-score can be.

(a) Either a positive or a negative number

(b) A positive number
(c) A negative number
(d) None of the above

25. Which of the alternatives best describes the pattern of scores on the scatter diagram
below?

(a) No correlation
(b) Curvil inear correlation
(c) Positive linear correlation
(d) Negative linear correlation

26. Tina's score on her rnidterm exam was

distributed. The exam average was 78 and the standard deviation was 6. What was Tina's
score
on the exam?
(a) 90
(b) s0
(c) 8a
(d) 78

27. What shape is a normal distribution?

(a) Negatively skewed
(b) Positively skewed
(c) Bell shaped
(d) Bi-modal
28. Based on the results of his study, a researcher rejects the null hypothesis because the
probability of obtaining his result if the null hypothesis were true is less than 5ol0. How would
this be symbolized?

(a) p = 5Yo
(b) p < .0s
(c) .05 < p
(d) p>5%

29. The difference between scores of 3 and 4 is approximately the same as the difference
between scores of l5 and 16, the type of variable known as:
(a)Equal interval
(b)Differential
(c)No differential
(d)Rank-order
30. A Type I error is the result of:

(a) Improper measurement techniques on the part of the researcher

(b) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is true
(c) lncorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis
(d) Incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis

31 Which word below best describes nonprobabi I ity sampl i ng?

(a) Subjective
(b) Objective
(c) Random
(d) Systematic

32. set ofscores consists the values: 5,8,2,7,5. The value of E(X-2) is
(a) 77
(b) 47
(c) l7
(d) 27

JJ. The estimated population variance is:

(a) The sum ofsquared deviation scores divided by N

(b) The sum ofsquared deviation scores divided by N -1
(c) The sum ofsquared deviation scores divided by N - standard deviation
(d) The sum of squared deviation scores minus 1

34. In general, the shape of a distribution of means tends to be:

(a) Unimodal, symmetrical

(b) Bimodal, symmetrical
(c) Unimodal, skewed
(d) Rectangular, symmetrical
 vocalized
A research tearn studiJ the rate at which infants in the three different countries
distress. Below are the scores from each country. Which group of
infants showed the highest
period?
mean rate of distress vocalization over the 45-minute observation
CountryA: 9,9,.1 0, 13,8,8, 11, 11, 10,7,73,6, 18,9,9'12'13'70'
5, 14

Country B: I 5, I 5, 16,79,74,74,77,77,76, 13,79,72,18' 10' 10'

15,2,2,5
15,
CountryC: 4,6,20,17,75,30, 18, 78,25,2,29,77,16,35' 19' 1' 30'
25, 16,15
(a) CountrY A
(b) CountrY B
(c) CountrY C
(d) Countries B and C were equal

Which correlation is the strongest?

(a) +.10
(b) -.es
(c) +.90
(d) -1.00

Which of the following is not a type of reliability?

(a) Test-retest
(b) Splirhalf
(c) Content
(d) Internal consistencY

What are the generally accepted cutoff points (or conventional levels
of significance) in
hypothesis testing in PsYchologY?

(a) .001 and .10

(b) .01 and .05
(c) .10, .20, and .30
(d) .05, .25, and .95

Research particiPants must give b.flrr. th.y *, ParticiPate in a studY?

(a) Guidelines
(b) A commitment
(c) Informed consent
(d) Private information

Based on the scores 1 , g, 3, 6, 7 , 2, 6, 2, 2,8, a score of 4 is the:

(a) Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) Standard deviation
41 A researcher wants to know if a new type of exercise improves peoples' health. Would this be
a one-tailed or two-tailed test and why?

(a) One-tailed because the study is only interested in whether the exercise increases health
(b) Onetailed because the study only looks at the effects of exercise and does not take
other factors into account
(c) Two-tailed because they will have to study healthy and unhealthy people
(d) Two{ailed because there is no predicted direction of difference

42. The dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region
where it is not rejected is said to be:
(a) Critical region
(b) Critical value
(c) Acceptance region
(d) Significant region

43. ln a class of students in which everyone is exactly 24 years old, the variance would be:

(a) Approxirnately I
(b) Exactly 0
(c) Between 0 and I
(d) Impossible to determine without more information

44. For a particular group of scores, M:20 and SD : 5. What isthe Z score for a raw score of
l0?

(a) 2
(b) 0
(c) -2
(d) -t

45. What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?

(a) In a negative correlation high scores go with high scores and low with low; in a
positive correlation high scores go with low scores and low with high.
(b) In a negative correlation high scores go with low scores and low with high; in a
positive correlation high scores go with high scores and low with low.
(c) Negative correlations are curvilinear; positive correlations are straight lines.
(d) Negative correlations represent a weak relationship; positive correlations represent a
strong relationship.

46. A bar chart constructed in which area ofeach bar is proportional to number of items in each
group is known as

(a) pi chart
(b) Histogram
(c) Frequency distribution table
(d) Polygon
47. What is the main difference between Z score and t score?
(a) t scores are used when the study requires a one-tailed test
(b) t scores are used when the population variance is unknown
(c) t scores are used whenever the sample size is greater than 30
(d) t scores are only used when inferences are made about other samples
48. In a chi-square test, the variables are:

(a) Rank-order (ordinal)

(b) Ratio-scale
(c) Continuous (quantitative)
(d) Categorical (nominal)

49. Variance of the data 2,4,5,6,8, 17 is23.33. Then variance of 4, 8, 10, 12,
16, 34 will be
(a) 23.23
(b) 2s.33
(c) 46.66
(d) 48.66

50. A variable tlrat is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
(a) Categorical variable
(b) Dependent variable
(c) Independent variable
(d) Intervening variable

5l People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method
called _.
(a) Simple random sampling
(b) Cluster sampling
(c) Systematic sampling
(d) Convenience sampling

52. Frequency polygon is constructed by plotting frequencies against their

(a) Standard deviations

(b) Class marks
(c) Variances
(d) Means

53. A researcher asks three groups of6 depressed individuals from 3 different mental health
units how they think they are stigmatized by society given their mental health. Each group
discusses the topic.
What type of rnethod of data collection is this?
(a) Structured interviews.
(b) Experiment.
(c) Participant observation.
(d) Focus groups
54. The mean of a distribution is 23, the median is 24, and the mode is 25.5. It is most likely that
this distribution is:

(a) Positively Skewed

(b) Symmetrical
(c) Asymptotic
(d) Neeativelv Skewed
55. Which one is not the measure of dispersion.

(a) The Range

(b) 50th Percentile
(c) Inter-Quartile Range
(d) Variance

56. The capital Greek letter "sigma" is the symbol for:

(a) "average of'
(b) "sum of''
(c) "variance of"
(d) "median of'
57. One way to measure the spread is to calculate the difference between the third and first
quartile. This rneasure is called
(a) The inter quartile range
(b) The mid quartile
(c) The differential quartile
(d) The Third quartile
58. The main cause of extreme skewness is:
(a) Outliers
(b) Bimodal distributions
(c) Rectangular distributions
(d) Average scores
59. Ifa sample has 27 people in it, the degrees of freedom used in the formula to estimate the
population variance would be:
(a) 26
(b) 27
(c) 272
(d) square root of27
60. Mark and Eve collect data on the same student using the same assessment and find their data
is almost exactly the same. It could be said that Mark and Eve have
(a) lnterrater reliability
(b) Split half-reliability
(c) Test-retest reliability
(d) Alternate forms reliabilitY
SECTION B: Fill in the blanks [10 Marks]

II. Complete the following sentences or statements by filling the blanks with word(s), symbol(s),
letter(s) or figure(s). [Question 1 to 10, is each worth one (l) mark].

l. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a

2. The most freqr.rently occurring number in a set of values is called the

3. If a distribution is skewed to the left, then it is

4. The third column of a frequency table usually contains

5. The formula for changing aZ score to a raw score is

6. The mean, standard deviation, and variance of a population are called population

7. A(n) refers to the scores of the particular set of people studied that are
intended to represent the scores in some larger population.

8. ln research, sometlring that does not "vary" is called a

9. A Tvoe II error is also known as a

10. A group ofscores is 2, 8l ,82,82,84,86,90. The number is an outlier.

SECTION C:
Section c consists of 2 questions. All questions are compulsory [30 Marks]

Ql. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data:
57 . 64. 43 . 61 , 49, 59, 44, 47 , 61, 59
a. Find the rnean 2

b. Find the variance l0

c. Find the standard deviation J

11
 Q2. The following table gives the heights and weights of 10 friends. (15)
Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient

Heieht(crn) r80 176 144 l9s 159 18s 166 173 149 168
Weieht(Ke) 87 65 52 94 87 79 59 64 45 77

Correlation coeffi ci ent :

Interpret of your result:

Note: Marks are also allocated if formula is written.

L2
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